Proposals for improving the organization of product quality control. Modern problems of science and education. Product quality control in the trade area

18.04.2020

International Institute for the Humanities and Economics

Department of Economics and Management

Course work

in the discipline "Management"

on the topic "Management of product quality control at JSC "Keramin"

Executor:

3rd year student

gr. ek 3-02 code 298/2006

INTRODUCTION

1. THEORETICAL QUESTIONS OF ENSURING PRODUCT QUALITY

1.1 The concept of quality and its role in ensuring the competitiveness of products

1.2 Essence technical control and requirements for its organization

1.3 Types and organizational forms of technical control

1.4 International standards for quality management and organization of technical control at the enterprise

2. ORGANIZATION OF TECHNICAL CONTROL AT THE ENTERPRISE

2.1 Production characteristics of the enterprise

2.2 Product quality problems in the enterprise

2.3 Structure and functions of QCD. Organization of the work of the QCD at the enterprise..31

3. SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE QUALITY CONTROL IN THE ENTERPRISE

3.1 Measures for further implementation international standards ISO-9000 in the enterprise

3.2 Economic incentives to improve product quality at the enterprise

CONCLUSION

LIST OF USED SOURCES

ATTACHMENT 1

APPENDIX 2

Introduction

AT modern conditions One of the key problems of economic development is to ensure the competitiveness of products. It can be achieved through quality improvement and a strong customer focus. It has become obvious that product manufacturers cannot attract and retain consumers (customers) if they do not consider quality as a strategic goal.

Ensuring the quality of products at manufacturing enterprises is determined by a number of internal factors: technical, organizational, economic, socio-psychological. An important place among these factors is occupied by organizational factors related to the improvement of the organization of production and labor, etc. It is with these factors that the use of an effective approach to solving quality problems in an enterprise - systemic quality management is associated.

Today, every enterprise, regardless of its scale and industry specifics, runs the risk of quickly being out of the scope of solving the quality problem if it refuses to implement a quality management system. Of course, each enterprise is individual and there can be no absolutely identical approach to solving the problem of quality. There are also differences in the creation of quality management systems in large and small enterprises.

The purpose of the course work is to improve the organization of product quality control at the enterprise based on the requirements of ISO 9000.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

considered the theoretical foundations of quality and competitiveness of products based on the requirements of ISO 9000;

an analysis of the quality and competitiveness of products in terms of technical and economic parameters was carried out using various methods;

substantiated ways to improve product quality through the further implementation of ISO 9000 standards.

The object of research in the work was the products of JSC "Keramin".

The subject of research is product quality control.

1. Theoretical issues of product quality assurance

1.1 The concept of quality and its role in ensuring the competitiveness of products

The particular importance of the problem of product quality is determined by the fact that it is complex and affects the interests of both producers and consumers and society as a whole. Product quality for the consumer means suitability for use, reliability, compliance with delivery dates, the availability of a technical service system, and a reduction in unit costs. For society as a whole, improving the quality of products is considered in the aspect of limiting the risk from its use or consumption, minimizing pollution. environment, saving resources, solving social problems. The release of high-quality products by manufacturers is a factor in their competitiveness and successful promotion to domestic and foreign markets, ensuring sales and profit growth, efficient use of production resources, increasing the degree of adaptability to changing environmental conditions, and intensifying the process of searching for and introducing innovations. The high quality of products of domestic enterprises provides a number of advantages for the national economy: an increase in export potential, strengthening the economic independence of the state and its security, accelerating scientific and technological progress, increasing the welfare of society, and creating prerequisites for sustainable economic growth.

In 1987, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed terminology in the field of product quality. In accordance with this terminology, product quality is understood as a set of characteristics that give it the ability to satisfy conditional or implied needs.

Description of product quality is carried out using single, complex and general indicators.

Single quality indicators characterizing a certain product property are combined into the following groups:

purpose - characterize the scope and functions of the product (performance, power, accuracy, etc.);

reliability as a property of a product to maintain performance indicators within the specified limits for the required period of time (reliability, maintainability, storability, durability);

manufacturability, which reflects the effectiveness of design and technological solutions (material consumption of the product, labor intensity of manufacturing, etc.).

aesthetic - characterize the appearance of the product (originality, harmony, rationality of form, etc.).

ergonomic - reflect the interaction in the system "man - product - environment", etc. characterize the compliance of the product with hygienic, anthropometric, physiological and psychological needs of a person (vibration, illumination, noise, etc.);

standardization and unification - show the degree of use of standardized and unified units, parts;

patent law - reflect the degree of protection by patents of the main technical solutions of the product;

transportability - suitability of products for transportation

environmental - the level of impact on the environment (content harmful impurities, the probability of emission of harmful substances);

safety for the buyer and service personnel.

Various methods are used to determine the values of quality indicators:

measuring - implemented with the help of special devices, tools;

registration - based on registering the number of certain events (failures), counting items (unified, protected by patents);

computational - involves the use of mathematical models;

organoleptic - based on the analysis of the perception of the senses;

sociological - collection and analysis of opinions of actual or potential consumers;

expert - implemented by a group of specialists (designers, tasters, etc.).

Comprehensive quality indicators characterize several properties of the product. They are used in the management of product quality, evaluation of its competitiveness. To calculate complex indicators of product quality, an analytical or coefficient method is used. The analytical method is applicable if it is possible to establish the functional dependence of a complex indicator on single ones. With the coefficient method, a complex indicator is formed as a result of summing individual indicators, weighted by significance factors.

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annotation
introduction
	theoretical aspects of the organization of the product quality assurance system
1.1. The concept and indicators of product quality
1.2. Domestic quality control systems
1.3. Qualimetry: history of development, tasks, objects
1.4. International standards of the ISO 9000 series and their importance in the development of a quality system
	quality control of repaired products of a machine-building enterprise on the example of OAO "Maiminsky Motor Repair Plant"
2.1. Quality control of products of a machine-building enterprise and its legal basis
2.2. Structure of production of JSC "MMRZ"
2.3. Organization and methods of quality control of repaired products in JSC "MMRZ"
	directions for improving the organization of quality control of repaired products at JSC "Maiminsky Motor Repair Plant"
3.1. Improving the technical control service of OJSC MMRZ
3.2. Proposals for the creation of a quality system at OAO MMRZ
3.3. Ensuring the effective functioning of the quality control system of OAO MMRZ
Conclusion
literature
applications

INTRODUCTION

Recently, domestic enterprises, as their products are promoted to sales markets, are increasingly faced with stringent quality requirements. In market conditions, no investment will save the enterprise if it cannot ensure the competitiveness of its products or services. The basis of competitiveness is quality. It is the quality that buyers and customers prefer when choosing products. One of the main functions of quality management is quality control, which is carried out using appropriate measuring instruments. The use of specific control methods requires knowledge in the relevant fields of technology, the ability to use statistical methods and computational tools. All this confirms the relevance of the topic chosen by the author.

The purpose of the thesis is to study the organization of quality control of repaired products of a motor repair enterprise, to determine the main directions for improving the quality control system.

Based on the goal, the main objectives of the thesis work are:

Consideration of theoretical aspects of the organization of the quality assurance system;

Follow the development of domestic quality control systems;

Learn the basics of qualimetry;

Designation of the role of standardization in improving product quality;

Identify directions to improve the efficiency of the quality control system.

The object of the study is OAO "Maiminsky Motor Repair Plant" (abbreviated name of OAO "MMRZ"), which is engaged in mechanized work to service enterprises. Agriculture, repair of engines and tractors, trailers for agricultural enterprises, manufacturing and restoration of components and parts for agricultural machinery.

When writing the thesis, a large amount of information sources was used: textbooks, reference literature, regulatory documents, periodicals and monographic publications of specialists considering various methods and quality problems. So, in the manual Ogvozdin V.Yu. "Quality Management: Fundamentals of Theory and Practice" examines the theoretical foundations of quality management and provides practical recommendations for creating quality systems at enterprises that meet the modern international level. In the monograph of Fomin V.N. "Qualimetry. Quality control. Certification” examines the problems of quality and science intensity of products and services, gives a methodology for solving issues that underlie the regulation of quality indicators in regulatory documentation, assessing the level of quality and quality control.

Relevance, purpose and objectives, the information base predetermined the structure of the thesis. It consists of three chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the theoretical aspects of the organization of the quality assurance system. The second chapter includes methodological issues of quality control, the quality system of OAO MMRZ is analyzed. The third chapter is of a design nature and is devoted to the development of directions for improving the quality control system for repaired products of the enterprise under study.

1. Theoretical aspects organization of product quality assurance system

1.1. concept and indicators of product quality

AT modern world the survival of any firm, its stable position in the market of goods and services are determined by the level of competitiveness. In turn, competitiveness is associated with two indicators - the price level and the level of product quality. Moreover, the second factor gradually comes to the fore. Labor productivity, economy of all types of resources give way to product quality.

Product quality - the most important indicator enterprise activities. Improving the quality of products to a large extent determines the survival of the enterprise in market conditions, the pace of scientific and technological progress, the growth of production efficiency, saving all types of resources used in the enterprise. The growth of product quality is a characteristic trend in the work of all the leading companies in the world. It has swept the whole world, be it European, American or Asian enterprises. And the quality of manufactured products is the main factor of competition between firms.

The concept of quality is regulated by GOST 15467-79 “Product quality management. Basic concepts. Terms and Definitions". Quality is a set of product properties that determine its suitability to satisfy certain needs in accordance with its purpose.

Quality as a factor of competitiveness extends to the entire national economy. It promotes rational use of resources.

The list of consequences of an insufficient level of product quality is presented in Table. one .

Table 1

Consequences of insufficient level of product quality

Effects

1.Economic

2.Social

3.Environmental

1.1. Loss of material and labor resources spent on the manufacture, transportation and storage of products that failed earlier than the planned dates of physical wear and tear.

1.2. Losses in the production infrastructure

1.3. Additional costs for equipment repairs

1.4. Additional time spent by the population on the repair of household appliances.

1.5 Losses natural resources as a result of the low quality machines used to extract these resources.

1.6. Lost foreign exchange earnings due to the low share of exports finished products.

1.7. Additional loss of foreign exchange funds for the import of equipment and consumer goods.

1.8. Additional costs of material and labor resources for the implementation of a multi-link and multi-stage system of technical quality control bodies

2.1. Shortage of domestic products

2.2. Decline in the prestige of products manufactured at national enterprises.

2.3. Insufficient satisfaction of the needs of the production, technical and personal plan

2.4. Decreased growth in the welfare of the population.

2.5. Irrational waste of free time by the population to eliminate defects in the manufacture of consumer goods

2.6. Deterioration of the moral climate in the team.

2.7. Reducing the profit of the enterprise

3.1. Additional cleaning costs: air basin, water basin, land resources.

3.2. Additional costs for measures to improve the health of the population.

3.3. Loss of agricultural productivity due to inadequate air, water and soil quality.

3.4. Accelerated depreciation and additional repair costs civil buildings and transport due to poor air quality.

The concept of the technical level of products is closely related to the concept of quality - a relative characteristic of product quality based on a comparison of the values of indicators that determine the technical excellence of the evaluated product with the corresponding basic indicators, their values.

Product quality is not limited to only one property, it is a combination of properties. Let's highlight these properties. Product properties are quantified in terms of quality. The classification of ten groups of properties and, accordingly, indicators is generally recognized.

Purpose indicators characterize the beneficial effect of using the product for its intended purpose and determine the scope of the product. For production and technical purposes, the main indicator of productivity can serve as a measure of the volume of products that can be produced with the help of the evaluated products or the volume of production services that can be provided in a certain period of time.

Reliability indicators - non-failure operation, storability, maintainability, as well as product durability. Depending on the characteristics of the product being evaluated, to characterize the reliability,

use all four or some of these indicators. For some products related to human safety, reliability may be the main, and sometimes the only indicator of reliability. The reliability of household electrical appliances, some car mechanisms (brake system, steering) is extremely important. For aircraft, reliability is the single most important indicator of quality. To characterize the shelf life - the properties of the product to maintain its performance during storage and transportation - such indicators as the average shelf life, gamma-percentage shelf life have become widespread. Preservability plays an important role in food production. Maintainability is determined by indicators such as the average cost of maintenance, the probability of performing repairs at a given time. Durability is determined by the cost of maintaining the product in working condition.

Manufacturability indicators characterize the effectiveness of design and technological solutions to ensure high labor productivity in the manufacture and repair of products. It is with the help of manufacturability that the mass production of products is ensured, the rational distribution of the costs of materials, funds, labor and time during the technological preparation of production, manufacture and operation of products.

Indicators of standardization and unification are the saturation of products with standard, unified and original components, as well as the level of unification compared to other products. All parts of the product are divided into standard, unified and original. The fewer original products, the better for both the product manufacturer and the consumer.

Ergonomic indicators reflect the interaction of a person with a product and a complex of hygienic, anthropometric, physiological and psychological properties of a person that manifest themselves when using the product.

Aesthetic indicators characterize the informational expressiveness, the rationality of the form, the integrity of the composition, the perfection of execution and the stability of the presentation of the product.

Transportability indicators express the suitability of products for transportation.

Patent-legal indicators characterize patent protection and patent purity of products and are an essential factor in determining competitiveness. When determining patent and legal indicators, one should take into account the presence of new technical solutions in the product, as well as solutions protected by patents in the country, the presence of registration of an industrial design and trademark, both in the country of manufacture and in the countries of intended export.

Environmental indicators are the level of harmful effects on the environment that occur during the operation or consumption of products.

Safety indicators characterize the features of products for the safety of the consumer and maintenance personnel.

The combination of these indicators forms the quality of products. But in addition to all these indicators, the price of the product is also important. It is with the price that the question of economically optimal quality, or economically rational quality, is connected. When purchasing a product, the buyer always compares whether the price of the product compensates for the set of properties that it possesses. In addition to the price, the performance of the product is also important, since they entail operating and repair costs, and if the product has a long service life, these costs are quite comparable to the price of the product, and for some products significantly exceed the selling price of the product.

Economically optimal quality is understood as the ratio of quality and costs, or the price of a unit of quality, which can be represented by formula 1:

K opt \u003d Q / C (1)

where: K opt - economically optimal quality;

Q - product quality;

C - the cost of purchasing and operating the product, rub.

It is not difficult to determine the denominator of the formula, since it includes the selling price of the product, the costs of operating, repairing and disposing of the product. It is more difficult to determine the numerator, i.e. quality, which includes a wide variety of indicators. The whole science of qualimetry is engaged in this, which has developed quite acceptable methods for quantifying quality, that is, an increase in a unit of product quality per ruble of costs.

So, the quality of products in the conditions of modern production is the most important component of the efficiency, profitability of the enterprise, and therefore it must be given constant attention. Everyone should be engaged in quality - from the director of the enterprise to the specific performer of any operation. All processes for ensuring, designing, maintaining quality are integrated into a quality management system.

1.2. domestic quality control systems

The movement for improving the quality of products in Russia has existed since the period of industrialization. Over time, it became clear that a sustainable improvement in product quality could not be achieved through the implementation of separate and even large, but disparate events. Factors influencing product quality are presented in table 2.

table 2

Classification of factors influencing product quality

Technical

Organizational

Economic

Social

Type of manufactured products and seriality of its production;

Status of technical documentation;

The quality of technological equipment, tooling, tools;

Condition of test equipment;

Quality of measuring and control instruments;

The quality of raw materials, raw materials, kit. products

Provision of materials, raw materials and

Maintenance of equipment, tooling, etc.;

Planned and rhythmic work;

Organization of work with suppliers;

Organization of information support;

Scientific organization of labor, culture of production;

Catering and recreation

The form of remuneration and the amount of wages;

Award for high quality work and products;

retention for marriage;

The relationship between product quality, cost and price;

Organization and conduct of households. calculation

The state of educational work;

Selection, placement of personnel and movement of personnel;

Organization of studies and advanced training;

Organization and conduct of social. competition;

Relationships in the team;

Housing conditions;

Organization of rest during non-working hours

Only through a systematic and integrated, interconnected existence of technical, organizational, economic and social measures on a scientific basis, it is possible to quickly and steadily improve the quality of products.

The quality system is developed taking into account the specific activities of the enterprise, but in any case, it should cover all stages of the life cycle of quality products. Firms operating in a market economy formulate a quality policy in such a way that it concerns the activities of each employee, and not just the quality of the products or services offered. The policy clearly defines the levels of performance standards for a particular firm and aspects of the quality assurance system. At the same time, products of a given quality must be delivered to the consumer on time, in given volumes and at an acceptable price. Achieving a certain quality requires costs. The value of quality costs is the most important characteristic that reflects quality management. But the cost of quality does not yet characterize the potential for achieving quality. The costs may be very high, but the quality is low, because the costs do not always have an immediate and direct return. They sometimes serve only the consistent formation of quality potential, for example, the cost of staff development, production infrastructure. Therefore, in quality management, the formation of quality potential is of great importance, which includes the culture of activity, the socio-psychological atmosphere, the qualifications and education of employees, technology, technical equipment, and the type of organization of activity.

Improving the quality of products is carried out within the framework of the Unified System government controlled quality. The main goal of this system is the systematic and comprehensive use of scientific, technical, production and socio-economic opportunities in order to constantly improve the quality of all types of products in the interests of increasing the efficiency of production and exports.

The sequence of implementing a systematic approach to organizing work to improve product quality in domestic practice is presented in Table 3.

Table 3

The sequence of implementing a systematic approach to organizing work to improve product quality in Russia

System name	Date and place of creation	The main essence of the system	Control criterion	Control object	Application area

		Strict execution of technological operations	Single: compliance with the requirements of NTD; Generalized: the percentage of delivery of products from the first presentation		Production
		High level of performance of operations by all employees	Single: compliance of the quality of the result of labor with the established requirements; Generalized: labor quality coefficient	The quality of the work of an individual performer. The quality of the work of the team through the quality of the work of individual performers	Any stage of the product life cycle
3. CANAR-SPI		High level of design and technological preparation of production	Compliance of the quality of the first industrial products with the established requirements		Design, technological preparation of production production
	Yaros-love	Improving the technical level and quality of products	Correspondence of the achieved level of motor resource to the planned value during step planning	The quality of the product and the quality of the work of the team	Whole product life cycle
		Quality management based on standardization	Compliance of product quality with the highest achievements of science and technology	The quality of the product and the quality of the work of the team	Whole product life cycle
	1980 Dnepro- petrovsk	Product quality management, taking into account the rational use of resources	Resource saving and production efficiency achieved by improving quality	Product quality, savings material resources, economic indicators enterprises	Whole product life cycle
	Krasno-dar	Production efficiency management, including product quality	Production efficiency achieved through the best organization all activities and quality improvement	Product quality, economic indicators of the enterprise	Whole product life cycle
Symbols of systems: BIP– defect-free production of products; SBT- a system of defect-free labor; CANARSPI– quality, reliability, resource from the first products; NORM– scientific organization of work to increase the motor resource of engines; CS UKP– a comprehensive product quality management system; CS UKP and EIR– an integrated system for managing product quality and efficient use of resources; CS PEP– a comprehensive system for improving production efficiency

For several decades, quality systems have been created and improved. On the present stage the quality system established in international standards - ISO 9000 series has been adopted. The requirements for the quality system complement the technical requirements for products. The fundamental concept in the doctrine of the quality system is the concept of product life cycle (LCP).

The life cycle of a product is a set of interrelated processes of changing the state of a product during its creation and use. There is a concept of the stage of the product life cycle - its conditionally allocated part, which is characterized by the specifics of the work performed at this stage and the final results.

The continuity of the stages of the LCP suggested to the researchers of the quality problem a model of quality assurance in the form of a continuous chain (circle), the components of which are the individual stages of the LCP. This model was previously called the quality loop (quality spiral), and in the latest version of ISO 9000 - "product life cycle processes". The most important requirement for a quality system is that quality management should cover all stages of the life cycle.

The modern quality system is based on two approaches: technical (engineering) and managerial (administrative).

The technical approach is based on the requirements of product standards and involves the use of statistical methods, metrological methods and other scientific methods used to assess the stability of production processes and ensure the reliability of the results of measurements, control and testing of products.

The management approach is based on the requirements of ISO 9000 series standards, principles and methods of management - "coordinated activities to direct and manage the organization." In a broad sense, it covers the organizational structure of the organization, documentation, production processes and resources to achieve product quality goals and meet customer requirements.

Quality management is continuous process impact on production through the consistent implementation of logically interconnected functions in order to ensure quality. These functions include: assistance with external environment, quality policy and planning, personnel training and motivation, organization of quality work, quality control, quality information, development of activities, decision-making on the implementation of activities.

All functions are logically interconnected and their consistent implementation forms a continuous process of product quality management throughout the enterprise, which should cover all stages of production and can be depicted in the form of a functional diagram (Fig. 2), displaying a conceptual model of quality management.

External environment

Rice. 2. Quality management process model

The diagram shows a process that includes two aspects of management: administrative management (general management) of quality and operational quality management. These aspects of control form two interconnected control loops, which are commonly referred to as the vertical and horizontal control loops, respectively. In addition, the quality management process is called the quality loop, and this term is included in the vocabulary of the European Organization for Quality and in the ISO 8402 terminology standard.

The vertical loop includes the following functions: interaction with the external environment, quality policy and planning, organization of work on quality, training and motivation of personnel, strategic decision making. These functions relate to the powers of the top managers of the enterprise and solve the problem administration quality.

The horizontal loop of management consists of functions: quality control, information, development of activities, strategic decision-making and their implementation. These functions play the role of operational quality management.

In the second half of the twentieth century, quality management methods in our country have gone through an evolutionary path of development from purely technical operations for monitoring product parameters to a comprehensive socio-economic assessment of the effectiveness of organizations. Annex 1 presents the main stages of this development, indicating the methods and forms based on directive decisions (state regulation).

The advantage of the quality system is to reduce the overall cost of quality, improve the efficiency of management, the efficiency of meeting consumer needs.

To master the progressive world experience in quality management, it is necessary to take a set of economic, legal and social, organizational and technical measures aimed at a radical improvement in quality. Gosstandart specialists, with the participation of other departments and scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, developed the concept of quality management, the structure of which is shown in fig. 3.

Rice. 3. The structure of the concept of quality management

The product quality management system includes the following functions:

functions of strategic, tactical and operational management;

functions of decision-making, control actions, analysis and accounting, information and control;

functions specialized and common for all stages of the product life cycle;

management functions according to scientific, technical, industrial, economic and social factors and conditions.

Strategic functions include: forecasting and analysis of basic quality indicators; determination of directions of design and engineering work; analysis of the achieved results of production quality; analysis of information about complaints; analysis of information about consumer demand.

Thus, the problem of quality is complex, it can be solved only by simultaneously pursuing an appropriate policy in the areas of legislation, economics, technology, education and upbringing, as well as on the basis of the coordinated work of manufacturers, scientific and engineering structures, legislative and executive authorities.

1.3. Qualimetry: tasks, objects, history of development

Qualimetry is a scientific field that combines methods for quantifying the quality of various objects. The main tasks of qualimetry: substantiation of the nomenclature of indicators characterizing the quality of products and services, development of methods for determining the quality indicators of objects, optimization of standard sizes and parametric series of products, development of principles for constructing generalized quality indicators and justification of the conditions for their use in standardization and quality management tasks.

The history of the origin and development of qualimetry has more than a dozen years, and its development began long before it got its name. This is primarily due to the fact that the result of any activity must have the required set of properties and, as a consequence, the set of indicators of these properties, the requirements for which must be fixed by an appropriate document. The consequence of this circumstance is the need to solve the key problem of qualimetry - determining the range of quality indicators to be included in the documentation for products, work or services, with the aim of their subsequent control. We can assume that this aspect of qualimetry arose simultaneously with the emergence of the practice of standardizing quality indicators, and in our country the moment of its occurrence can be linked to 1923, the year the first production in our country began. periodical on standardization - "Bulletin of the Committee of Etalons and Standards." The committee itself was established in 1922 at the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures.

Another important aspect of qualimetry - a priori quality assessment - has been actively developed due to the growing complexity of technology and the responsibility of its functions. It became obvious that the search for the most profitable solution in the development of new products should begin at the earliest stage of its life cycle. And for this, it is necessary to have appropriate calculation methods. Particular attention began to be paid to quality assessment methods in connection with the adoption by the governing bodies of our country in 1965 of the resolution “On Improving Planning and Strengthening Economic Incentives industrial production”, which provides for the introduction of state certification of product quality. When conducting certification, it is required to compare products with domestic and foreign analogues, for which it is necessary to have appropriate methods. In the early fifties, considerable attention was drawn to the problem of ensuring the reliability technical devices. It caused a rapid development of methods for assessing reliability. This property, for the evaluation of which the mathematical apparatus of probability theory turned out to be the only acceptable one, is important not only for objects whose failures are unacceptable due to catastrophic consequences, but also for objects used in other areas of human activity that are potentially less dangerous for people and the environment. . The noted circumstances determined the need to combine various methods for solving problems of assessing the quality of various objects into one field of knowledge, called qualimetry.

The initiative of this association belonged to a group of Russian specialists, the core of which was employees of scientific and research institute standardization. This association began in the late sixties. In subsequent years, a large complex of intersectoral regulatory and methodological documents was created; establishing a unified terminology containing recommendations for solving various problems of qualimetry. The most important of these are the following.

GOST 15467-70 "Product Quality Terms".

GOST 17341-71. “Product quality. Basic concepts of management. Terms and Definitions". "Methodological assessments of the quality level of industrial products 1971". Subsequently, this methodology was republished in 1979 under the title "Guidelines for assessing the technical level and quality of industrial products" RD-149-79.

"Guidelines for the construction, content and presentation of standards for the nomenclature of product quality indicators" MU-64-76. These instructions were republished eight years later under the title "Guidelines for the development state standards establishing the nomenclature of quality indicators for groups of homogeneous products” RD-50-64-84. On the basis of this document, about a thousand standards of the "System of Product Quality Indicators" were developed, which are the qualimetric basis for regulating the quality of products in the regulatory documentation GOST 13377-67 "Reliability in Engineering Terms and Definitions". Methodical instructions. Method for selecting the nomenclature of normalized reliability indicators of technical devices MU Z-69.

In 1986, the International Organization for Standardization ISO formulated quality terms for all business and industry sectors. In 1994, the terminology was clarified. The following definition of quality has been standardized: quality is a set of characteristics of an object related to its ability to satisfy the established and expected.

Thus, qualimetry is the science of how to measure and quantify the quality of products and services, it allows you to give quantitative estimates quality characteristics goods. Qualimetry proceeds from the fact that quality depends on a large number of properties of the product in question. In order to judge the quality of a product, data on its properties is not enough. It is also necessary to take into account the conditions in which the product will be used.

1.4. International standards of the ISO 9000 series and their importance in the development of quality systems

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO or ISO (English International Standard Orqanization - ISO)) is a non-governmental organization established in 1946. The purpose of ISO is to promote standardization on a global scale to ensure world trade and mutual assistance, to expand cooperation in the field of intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activity. For this, international standards have been developed that meet the achieved world level, scientific and technological progress. The main type of ISO is the development of international standards. The development and revision of quality assurance standards is carried out by ISO technical committee 176 Quality assurance.

The world experience in quality management was concentrated in the ISO 9000 package of international standards adopted by ISO in 1987.

To date, the objects of standardization of this series of international standards have expanded significantly and cover not only the elements of quality systems, the criteria for their selection and models of quality assurance systems, but also methods for checking existing quality systems, criteria qualification characteristics expert auditors. International standards have been adopted for quality management of services, processed materials, software. Significant work has been done in the methodological aspect: a number of guidelines have been adopted to explain the content of the individual components of the quality assurance system.

As a result, international standards for quality assurance are now referred to as the "family" of the ISO 9000 series of 2002 standards (Figure 5).

Standards and projects on the elements of the quality system

ISO 9000-2	General guidelines for the application of ISO 9001 ISO 9002 ISO 9003
ISO 9004 (IEC 300-1)	Reliability Program Management Guide
ISO 9004-4	Quality Improvement Guidelines
ISO 10005	Quality Program Guidelines
ISO 10006	Quality Guidelines for Project Management
ISO 10007	Configuration Management Guidelines
ISO 10012-1	System for confirming the metrological suitability of measuring equipment
ISO 10013	Measurement process control
ISO/PMK 10014	Guidelines for the development of quality manuals
ISO/PSK 10015	Guidelines for Lifelong Learning and Training
ISO/RP 10016	Protocols of control and tests. Presentation of results
ISO/RP 10017	Guidance on the application of statistical methods in the ISO 9000 family of standards

Rice. 5. The ISO 9000 family of standards

The international standard ISO 9000 has three options: ISO 9000-1 - guidelines for the selection and application of specific standards; ISO 9000-2 - general guidelines for the application of ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003; ISO 9000-3 - Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001 for software development, delivery and maintenance.

ISO 9000-4 is a guide to managing a reliability program.

ISO 9004 guidance standard: ISO 9004-1 is a description of the elements of a quality assurance system, ISO 9004-2 is a guideline for service quality systems, ISO 9004-3 is a guideline for quality systems for processed materials, ISO 9004-4 is a guideline for quality improvement.

The normative standards of the ISO 9000 series remain the main models of quality assurance systems at various stages production process.

ISO 9000-1 emphasizes that, within an enterprise, quality assurance is a matter of general guidance. But if we are talking about concluding a contract, then the state of the exporter's quality assurance system serves as a measure of confidence in him on the part of the counterparty. In this regard, the contract may provide for an assessment of the exporter's quality assurance system for compliance with one of the standards ISO 9001 - ISO 9003 before the conclusion of the contract. Evaluation may not be necessary if the system is certified. The updated version of ISO 9000-1 defines four key aspects of quality, driven by:

Determination of demand for products;

Product design;

Compliance with the project;

Maintenance of product parameters at all stages of its life cycle.

The practice of competitive foreign firms has shown that a quality product that meets the needs of the buyer can only be manufactured taking into account a comprehensive market research, and this experience is embodied in the standard: the “quality loop” begins with marketing and ends with it.

International standards ISO 9000 establish the degree of management responsibility for quality. The management of the firm is responsible for the development of the quality policy, for the establishment, implementation and operation of the quality management system, which should be clearly defined and documented. The responsibilities of management include the selection of specialists and the allocation of the necessary resources for production, instrumentation and testing equipment, computer software. It is the responsibility of the company's managers to identify those indicators of product quality that affect its market stability. Management is also responsible for setting goals that drive decisions to produce new products or provide new services to consumers.

A feature of a modern quality management system is the presence in its structure of internal verification of the system, analysis and evaluation of its effectiveness.

Internal audits are carried out by competent specialists appointed by the management of the company. They are required to evaluate the effectiveness of each element of the system in relation to the achievement of the objectives set for the quality management system. Such checks are carried out on a scheduled basis or as a result of the discovery of defects, organizational changes in the company.

If internal audits are carried out by the specialists of the company itself, then the analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of the quality management system should be carried out by competent independent specialists who are invited by the company's management.

A fundamentally important feature of the system proposed by ISO standards is the mandatory definitions and estimates of quality costs. Quality cost analysis can be viewed as an economic assessment of the effectiveness of the system, and the results of such an analysis are taken as a basis for improving quality assurance programs. For this element of the system to work, a clear classification of quality costs is necessary.

Within quality management systems, quality costs are usually classified into manufacturer costs and other costs. The manufacturer's costs are made up of preventive, estimated, costs due to internal failures, costs due to external failures.

Preventive costs include costs associated with quality planning; organization and implementation of a quality management system; development of requirements for quality control of raw materials and materials; production processes and manufactured products; preparation of methods, instructions, etc.; quality analysis at the pre-production stage. This also includes the cost of process control, control and test equipment; expenses for the creation of education and training programs in the field of quality management: expenses for the improvement of quality assurance systems; various organizational expenses.

Estimated costs are the sum of the costs of quality assessment. These are the costs of testing and acceptance control of raw materials; travel expenses specialists sent to suppliers' factories to check the quality of raw materials; laboratory testing of raw materials and materials; checking their repair; technical control; tests, products to evaluate their technical characteristics; the time spent by workers on checking the quality of their work and the technical process, rejection in the production process; supervision of quality and quality systems. Estimated costs also include the costs of certification of product quality; shipping costs; product testing in operation.

Costs due to internal failures are incurred due to quality losses detected before the products are shipped to the customer.

Costs due to external failures include: warranty period on customer complaints; expenses for the elimination of defects in the course of maintenance; fines for poor quality as part of the legal liability for quality; costs associated with the return of goods of inadequate quality.

Other quality costs that are considered in quality management in firms are not borne directly by the manufacturer, but they significantly affect the overall costs of the firm and are often included in the main cost items for integrated product quality systems. These include: indirect costs of quality; suppliers' costs for quality; Unexpected expenses; equipment costs within the information support of the system; expenses. related to product consumption.

Indirect costs of quality usually arise from the performance of such production operations that can be eliminated, and their existence is determined by the manufacturer's uncertainty about the quality of the product.

The costs of suppliers for quality must necessarily be taken into account by the consumer of raw materials, since they affect the level of purchase prices.

Unforeseen expenses are expressed in a decrease in sales due to the occurrence of a negative reaction of buyers to the company's products.

The cost of equipment and instruments that provide quality information has increased greatly due to the automation of quality control.

Firms pay a lot of attention to the quality costs associated with the consumption of a product. Ultimately, they are reflected in the volume of sales of products.

The next fundamental feature of the quality management system is the increased attention to quality assurance in the design and development of specifications. The result of this work should be the production of such goods that not only meet the requirements of buyers, but are also sold at an affordable price for them, and the manufacturer is provided with cost recovery and profit.

When developing a project, the safety of the product and its environmental friendliness must be guaranteed.

To reduce the risk of defects at the production stage, the system provides for periodic evaluation and verification of the project's compliance with the requirements for the quality of the goods.

The following are subject to periodic review:

Consumer requirements and the possibility of their satisfaction;

Specifications for products and requirements for the quality of services;

Requirements for production and maintenance.

The quality assurance system at the design stage should include an analysis of the readiness of production for the release of new or improved products.

In the quality management system, it is also necessary to provide feedback from the consumer, since his experience in the operation of the goods and the experience gained in the production process serve as the basis for making changes to the project. The consequences of these changes, their impact on the quality of the goods are also subject to evaluation.

The quality assurance system provides for such a form of feedback as the supervision of the manufacturer over product quality. Feedback must exist throughout the entire service life of the product, which makes it possible to constantly monitor the degree of satisfaction of the needs of the buyer with the quality of the product or service.

The ISO9004-1 standard also contains provisions for training. It is assumed that the training of personnel covers all levels from management to workers.

Another fundamental feature of a modern quality management system is to provide an opportunity to reduce the risk of legal liability for quality. To this end, the following should be provided:

Development and implementation of safety standards (and on their basis - technical conditions for goods or services);

Carrying out tests to check the prototype and the project for safety;

Drawing up and analysis of instructions for buyers, labeling, etc.;

Development of special tracking methods for the timely detection of product characteristics that do not meet safety requirements;

Carrying out planned studies of the quality of products and services in order to detect and eliminate the risk of violation of safety requirements.

This International Standard also emphasizes that a condition for successful quality management work is the application of statistical methods at all stages of the quality loop.

Thus, in the reviewed ISO 9000 series standards, special attention is paid to meeting consumer needs, establishing responsibilities, assessing possible risks and benefits. There is no doubt that the inclusion of the components discussed above in the quality assurance system at the enterprise will contribute to its effectiveness.

2. Quality control of repaired products of a machine-building enterprise on the example of OAO "Maiminsky Motor Repair Plant"

2.1. Quality control of products of a machine-building enterprise and its legal basis

Quality control is one of the main functions in the quality management process. This is the most voluminous function in terms of the methods used, which are the subject of a large number of works in various fields of knowledge. The value of quality control lies in the fact that it allows you to establish the conformity of products to specified requirements or identify deviations in order to correct them before delivery of products to the customer.

Technical quality control underlies any method of quality management both in Russia and abroad.

The organization of quality control is a system of technical and administrative measures aimed at ensuring the production of products that fully meet the requirements normative documents.

Technical control is a verification of the compliance of the control object with the established technical requirements.

Quality control is understood as checking the conformity of quantitative or qualitative characteristics of a product or process, on which the conformity of products to established technical requirements depends. The main terms and definitions of control are established by GOST 16-504-81. The classification of types of control is given in Fig.6.

Rice. 6. Classification of types of technical control

The following types of quality control are used at machine-building enterprises:

depending on the place of control and stages of work:

Design control;

Incoming control of materials and components;

Condition control technological equipment;

Operational control during production;

Active control by devices built into technological equipment;

Acceptance control of finished products;

Control of installation and supervision of operation at facilities;

depending on the scope of controlled products:

Selective control;

Solid control.

When controlling the quality of products, physical, chemical and other methods are used, which can be divided into two groups: destructive and non-destructive.

Destructive quality assessment methods include:

Tensile and compression tests;

Impact tests;

Tests under repeated-variable loads;

Hardness tests.

Non-destructive methods include:

Magnetic (for example, magnetographic methods);

Acoustic (ultrasonic flaw detection);

Radiation (defectoscopy using x-rays and gamma rays);

Organoleptic (visual, auditory, etc.).

Considering the function of control, one cannot but mention the metrological support of production, without which it would be impossible to carry out any control. Therefore, metrological activity is traditionally considered as one of the components in quality management. At the same time, in addition to providing production with the necessary measuring instruments, the metrological service must, through their periodic verification and calibration, ensure the required measurement accuracy.

Of the normative documents regulating metrological activity, first of all, there is the Law of the Russian Federation on the uniformity of measurements and the international standard ISO 10012-1: 1992 on confirmation of the metrological suitability of measuring equipment.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Ensuring the Unity of Measurement" was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation in April 1993. Ensuring the unity of measurement in Russia before coming to a market economy was carried out by centralized management. All measuring instruments were state control. This determined a fairly high level of maintaining the unity of measurement in our country, but it also required significant costs. The transition to market relations, the increase in other forms of ownership, except for the state, led to contradictions between the requirements for the performance of metrological work, which were introduced under a centralized economy, and the requirement during the transition to a market economy. Thus, the adoption of the law of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements" was due to the need to revise the legal organizational and economic fundamentals metrological activity in accordance with the conditions of transition to a market economy. The main goal of the law is to protect the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, the established legal order and the economy of the Russian Federation from the negative consequences of unreliable measurement results. Such a broad focus of the law, namely the protection of the economy, is not characteristic of legislation foreign countries. However, in the context of a significant specific gravity public sector of the Russian economy a complete rejection of state regulation issues of metrology in the manufacturing sector would be premature. Ensuring the unity of measurement has always been and is the most important state function. In accordance with the law of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements", state management of activities to ensure the uniformity of measurements in the Russian Federation is carried out by the Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization and Metrology Goststandart of Russia. The competence of Goststandart of Russia includes the following functions:

Establishment of rules for the creation, approval and storage of standards of units of physical quantities;

Implementation of state metrological control and supervision;

Management of the activities of the State Metrological Service and other public services to ensure the uniformity of measurements;

Approval of regulatory documents to ensure the uniformity of measurements;

Approval of state standards, which are administered by the State Standard of Russia;

Assignment of technical devices to measuring instruments;

Organization of the activities of state metrological centers, the state metrological service and its bodies, public service reference materials, public service of standard reference data, coordination of their activities;

Accreditation government centers testing of measuring instruments;

Approvals of the type of measuring instruments;

Introduction of the state register;

Accreditation of metrological services of legal entities for the right to check measuring instruments and more.

However, activities to ensure the uniformity of measurements have undergone significant changes. Law divided national system measurements on the sphere of public administration. To put into effect the law of the Russian Federation “On ensuring the uniformity of measurements”, it was necessary to develop and adopt a whole range of new regulations and documents of the state standard. An analysis of the new and old legislation in the field of metrology shows that the main differences between them relate to the issues of state metrological control.

The main element in the quality control system of manufactured products are the technical control departments of the QCD. The technical control system is an integral part of the production process and is developed simultaneously with the development of technologies with the participation of the QCD or in agreement with it. Thus, the control system at the enterprise can serve as a prototype of the certification system, which differs from it in that certification provides for third-party control, and QCD is an element of the production structure of the enterprise, and with broader functions than the functions of testing and control. Currently, certification is gaining popularity according to such a scheme, in which the proof of compliance of products with the established requirements is a declaration of conformity, signed by the head of the manufacturer, with supporting documents attached to it. Certification according to this scheme is similar to quality control of products by representatives of Quality Control Department. The prerequisites that favor the development of the certification system in our country should also include the activities of the state supervision system. State supervision over compliance with technical regulations, mandatory requirements of state standards, mandatory certification rules, metrological rules and norms is an important control and law enforcement activity. Its purpose is to protect citizens, the environment and Russian market from low-quality, including imported, products (services) and from the negative consequences caused by the unreliability of measurements and distorted information about the consumer properties of goods and violations of regulatory documents at all stages of the life cycle of products. Product certification is a conformity assessment procedure by which an organization independent of the manufacturer and consumer certifies in writing that the product meets the established requirements. Certification is carried out in order to create conditions for the activities of organizations and entrepreneurs in the single commodity market of the Russian Federation, as well as for participation in the international economic, scientific and technical cooperation and international trade; assisting consumers in making competent product choices; protecting the consumer from the manufacturer's dishonesty; product safety control for the environment, life, health and property; confirmation of product quality indicators declared by the manufacturer.

2.2. structure of production of OAO MMRZ »

The Maiminsky Motor Repair Plant was organized on August 14, 1969 and was subordinate to the Altai Regional Production Association "Altayselkhozremont". The engine repair plant produced the following major types of products: GAZ-51 car bodies, AVP-5 air heaters. The plant repaired cars, GAZ-51 engines, front and rear axles GAZ-51.

During the period of perestroika, economic and political reforms in the 90s, the engine repair plant withstood and was reorganized in 1992 into Maiminsky Motor Repair Plant LLC, and in 1996 into Maiminsky Motor Repair Plant OJSC (abbreviated as MMRZ OJSC). The number of employees has been significantly reduced. If in the 70s the number of workers was 265 people, then in 2002 - 26 people, in 2003 - 35 people. The amount of work has also been reduced. On fig. Figure 7 shows the production structure of OAO MMRZ.

Rice. 7. Structure of production

OAO Maiminsky Motor Repair Plant

There is a workshopless system in the factory. The main production unit is the site.

At present JSC "MMRZ" is engaged in mechanized maintenance of agricultural enterprises, repair of engines and tractors, trailers for agricultural enterprises, manufacturing and restoration of components and parts for agricultural machinery.

For its workers, the plant in the village of Mayma built two-story, three-story residential buildings, hostels along the streets of Mira, Yubileinaya, and machine operators. Workers of the plant received apartments in turn and free of charge. At the plant itself there was a dining room, a red corner, where meetings were held, honoring the leaders of production. There was a domestic boiler house that served a large housing estate in the village of Mayma. At present, the boiler house has been transferred to the balance of MUE "Housing and Communal Services", like all housing. The plant's own bus transports workers to and from work.

In 1975, the plant switched to the repair of more modern cars, such as GAZ-52, GAZ-53. At the plant, the production process provides for the operation of the following sections:

Dismantling and washing area;

Galvanic area;

Milling section;

Turning section;

grinding area;

Mednitsky site;

Forging and pressing area;

picking area;

Assembly area.

Cars without bodies arrive at the dismantling and washing section, where the cars are disassembled and the parts are washed with special solutions. Parts must be cleaned of dirt, carbon deposits and scale, degreased, washed and dried. Oil channels and holes in parts must be flushed under pressure and blown with compressed air. According to the technology, washing of parts with alkaline solutions from aluminum and zinc alloys used for steel and cast iron parts is not allowed, since aluminum and zinc dissolve in alkalis. the parts arriving for assembly must comply with the manufacturer's drawings and specifications for the control and sorting of parts.

After washing, the parts must go to the troubleshooting section, two defectors work at this section, the parts are checked on the troubleshooting table according to the flow charts developed by GNIIA. Finished parts are marked with paint: fit - with white paint; parts requiring repair or replacement - green paint. AT technological maps ah the route is indicated, the first route - without restoration, the second - requiring the restoration of seats or galvanic extension. For troubleshooting, special tools are used - calipers, indicator brackets, gauges, plugs, etc. All tools used in the troubleshooting process annually are checked by the Gorno-Altai metrological laboratory in accordance with GOSTs. Further, the parts that have passed the selection are sorted and sent to subsequent sections to restore their working qualities according to technological GOST for every detail.

Parts with mechanical wear arrive in the electroplating section, requiring an increase in the coating of the part. Before electroplating, parts are subjected to pretreatment which includes: machining(turning grinding, polishing); washing in solvents (gasoline, white spirit, kerosene) to remove oils and polishing pastes from the surface; degreasing; rinsing in hot and cold water. The quality of the coating depends on how the initial stage of processing goes. For electroplating, a pre-prepared product is immersed in a special bath in which salts of the corresponding metal are dissolved, for example, chromium during chromium plating. Then, a direct current of the required density is passed through the solution so that the product serves as a cathode, and the necessary exposure is made. In this case, metal deposition occurs on the part.

On the milling section, universal equipment is used with the use of universal fixtures and standard cutting tools.

The main types of work of the engine repair plant: overhaul of cars; overhaul of engines; restoration and production of details.

2.3. Organization and methods of quality control of repaired products at OJSC MMRZ

Maiminsky engine repair plant was part of Production Association Altaiselkhozremont. In the Altai Territory in the era of the USSR, there were 10 such plants. Competitions were announced between the plants to organize high-quality engine repairs. The Maiminsky Motor Repair Plant won leading positions in terms of the quality of repair of cars and their component parts and assemblies. In the factory system, one of the most important technical parameters- resource before the first overhaul. Particular attention was paid to the development of designs and technologies that provide an increase in the technical level and quality of the engine. It also used and developed the main elements of the Gorky system of organizing work on the quality of manufactured products. How the experience of defect-free manufacturing of products was used in the Gorky system. In organizations, quality work is carried out by forming the functions and tasks of quality management, as well as their careful and coordinated distribution between the enterprise management bodies.

The technological process of the engine repair plant is shown in Figure 8.

Rice. 8. Technological process and quality control of OAO MMRZ

The main goal of the system is defined as follows: ensuring high and sustainable growth in the quality of engine repairs. It is achieved by the timely delivery of new equipment, the improvement of the quality indicators of repaired components and assemblies through improvement and modernization using new technologies. Functions and tasks, ways and methods of their implementation are fixed in a set of enterprise standards. The scope of functions and tasks included the following:

Forecasting needs, technical level and quality of components and assemblies;

organization financially technical support;

Special training and staff training;

Assembly, storage and operation;

Stimulating quality improvement;

Quality control;

Supervision of implementation and observance of standards, specifications;

The state of measuring instruments.

The quality management service for repaired products at the engine repair plant is represented by the technical control department. The technical control department includes: the head, five foremen, two controllers. The technical control department maintains a schedule of technical control for each site for the products presented, individually for each employee. If the percentage of delivery is below 90%, the employee was deprived of certain benefits provided by the plant for the quality of the products. It was one of the types of struggle for quality. In the seventies, brigade competitions were introduced everywhere for the quality of products, between factories for the passing red banner, etc. All this stimulated workers in order to produce quality products, and a widespread policy was also conducted not only at factories, but throughout Russia. At present, market relations in a huge competition, the market itself imposes to produce high-quality products. Technological maps have been developed for all work processes, according to which the worker knows which method (processing) to apply, for example: when the engine is running in, the oil pressure on the hot engine is checked at different crankshaft speeds, if all parameters are normal, it means that the engine has been repaired with high quality according to technology. For operational visits according to proclamations, and to control the quality of repaired products, a reliability service was created at the plant at one time. The reliability engineer, according to the proclamations, must go to the place and figure out why this car failed. But over the many years of practice of the plant, there were isolated cases when a breakdown occurred due to the fault of the plant.

The main indicator of bonuses for QCD employees at OAO MMPZ is compliance with the level of complaints within the limits of acceptable standards for malfunctions of machines, assemblies of assemblies. The maximum allowable standards for malfunctions in accordance with the Regulations on bonuses for the technical control service of OAO MMRZ are presented in table 4.

Table 4

The maximum bonus is 30%, of which 20% is charged for the maximum allowable level of claims (as a % of output) and the cost of warranty repairs (in rubles) and 10% for the labor quality coefficient calculated for the self-supporting indicators of the department.

The head of the enterprise has the right, in agreement with the trade union committee, to reduce the amount of the bonus to 50% for production omissions, and also to deprive the bonus completely for violation of labor and production discipline, violation of public order. List of production omissions: violation of technological discipline; violation of existing rules and instructions on safety, industrial sanitation and fire safety; deterioration in product quality; postscripts and misstatement of reporting.

Quality control, regardless of the perfection of the methods used for this, primarily involves separating good products from bad ones. Statistical methods play an important role in ensuring product quality. Statistical quality control methods are divided into:

Statistical acceptance control on an alternative basis;

Selective acceptance control for varying quality characteristics;

Statistical Acceptance Control Standards;

System of economic plans;

Continuous sampling plans;

Methods of statistical regulation of technological processes.

Successful application of statistical methods for quality control of products requires appropriate guidelines and standards that are available to a wide range of engineering and technical workers. Standards for statistical acceptance control provide an opportunity to objectively compare the quality levels of batches of the same type of product both over time and across different enterprises.

Quality control of the main types of work of JSC "MMPZ" can be determined using statistical control by an alternative feature. The main characteristic of a batch of products in the control on an alternative basis is the general proportion of defective products (formula 2).

where q is the proportion of defective products;

D is the number of defective items in a batch of N items.

In the practice of statistical control, the general proportion of defective products is known and should be estimated from the results of monitoring the volume of products.

In the work, we will analyze the performance of the main types of work of OAO MMRZ for a number of years (major repairs of cars and repairs of engines) in table 5.

Table 5

Type of work

Number of units

Defective units

Share of defective products, %

Number of units

Defective units

Share of defective products, %

Number of units

Defective units

Share of defective products, %

Number of units

Defective units

Share of defective products, %

Overhaul cars

Engine repair

Using statistical methods of control, the level of quality of work performed at OAO MMRZ was analyzed. Since the 90s of the last century, there has been a decrease in the volume of work performed. The reason for this decrease in repair work is a general economic decline both in the country as a whole and in the Altai Republic, a reduction in agricultural land and, as a result, a reduction in the fleet of agricultural machinery of an engine repair plant. In addition, the reduction in the volume of repair work of the plant was influenced by the emergence of a large number of competitors in connection with the gradual development of entrepreneurship in the Republic of Altai - service stations (STOs), which specialize in both repair cars and for the repair of agricultural machinery.

On fig. 10 reflects the dynamics of the quality of work performed at OAO MMRZ.

Rice. 10. The level of quality of repair work performed at OAO MMRZ over a number of years.

As can be seen from Fig. 10, despite the decrease in the volume of repair work performed, since 1984, the number of defective work has been decreasing, and, consequently, there has been an increase in the quality level of the main repair work of OJSC MMRZ

There is no quality management system at OAO MMRZ as such. The department of technical control, created at the plant, performs only one function - quality control of repaired products. Modern firms focus not on identifying defects, but on preventing them, on carefully controlling the production process and operating in accordance with the concept of “quality regulation”.

The theory and practice of quality management in Russia has a long history of applying a wide range of forms and methods at various stages of development of the productive forces of society. Quality management passed

An evolutionary path of development - from simple operations for controlling product parameters to complex systems for managing product quality and production. At domestic enterprises, such management systems as BIP, SBT, CANARSPI, NORM and others were born and consistently applied. A comprehensive, systematic approach, taking into account all factors affecting quality, the use of the fundamentals of management theory, means and methods of standardization, metrology, quality control ensured the wide and effective application of these systems and the spread of their principles to higher hierarchical levels of management - to industries and administrative territories (city, region, republic).

In conditions market economy integrated quality management systems have not lost their relevance and can be successfully applied in the implementation of ISO 9000 series standards, the developers of which have adopted everything valuable and useful from domestic experience. The fundamental difference between the quality systems created at enterprises lies in their clear focus on meeting specific consumer needs. Therefore, when developing quality systems, such previously unforeseen aspects as the protection of consumers from dangerous products, the participation of enterprises in the competition for sales markets should be taken into account. And others.

Overseas experience quality management is based on common approaches and methods of work. The most common statistical quality control methods are included in the international standard ISO 9004-4 and are recommended for wide application. At many firms in foreign countries, much attention is paid to quality circles, which make it possible to activate the creative potential of workers and successfully solve quality problems that arise in production. At the same time, each country has characteristic features in practical application. general principles quality management.

The American approach is distinguished by strict quality control of manufacturing products based on mathematical and statistical methods, production planning in terms of quantitative and qualitative indicators with a system of administrative control over the execution of plans, and great propaganda work at the national level to support their producers and create favorable market conditions for them.

The Japanese experience is characterized by the wide introduction of scientific developments in the field of technology and management, a high degree computerization of all operations of control, analysis and production management, maximum use of human capabilities due to the measures used to stimulate creative activity, fostering patriotism for one's company, systematic and widespread training of personnel.

Western European countries in last years carry out common policy in the field of quality, the purpose of which is to achieve the superiority of European products on the world market. Distinctive features of the European approach: the creation of a legislative framework for carrying out all work related to the assessment and confirmation of quality, the harmonization of the requirements of national standards, rules and certification procedures, the development of a regional infrastructure and a network of national organizations authorized to carry out work on the certification of products and quality systems, accreditation testing laboratories and registration of quality specialists. The implementation of these measures makes it possible to protect the single pan-European market from low-quality products and random, unreliable manufacturers.

The experience of work in the PRC on quality management shows that the basis for achieving the required quality in the conditions of this country is standardization and supervision of compliance with standards. Instead, in China, such “market” quality management methods as product certification and the introduction of quality systems are successfully applied, but their implementation requires international recognition of the rules and procedures in force in the country, which China has been striving for in recent years.

The generalization of progressive world experience has made it possible to develop the principles of total quality management, which are most fully implemented in the criteria and requirements of national quality awards. Therefore, the activities of firms are evaluated for compliance with the specified requirements. There are two options for this assessment:

Direct participation in the competition for the award, when the evaluation of the company's activities is carried out by independent, authorized experts;

Conducting a survey of the enterprise on its own in order to self-assess its compliance with the criteria for a quality award and develop measures to improve the company's activities on this basis.

The introduction of the principles of total quality management at Russian enterprises is carried out in several directions. First of all, quality systems are being developed in accordance with the requirements of ISO 9000 series standards. The availability of quality systems is becoming an important factor in increasing the competitiveness of domestic products and necessary condition to enter the global market. The tool for this is the methods of self-assessment of firms for compliance with the criteria of national quality awards. Therefore, an important and promising area of work on quality is the wide participation of enterprises in competitions not only for the prize of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of quality, but also in the European competition, as well as in regional competitions that are established in a number of regions of Russia - for example, in St. Petersburg. Award criteria should serve not only as an incentive for improved quality, but also as a guideline in assessing the capabilities and achievements of enterprises, depending on the degree to which they meet the requirements of society and successful business.

For successful development principles of overall quality management at MMRZ require not only a set of measures within the enterprise, but also the creation of favorable external conditions: a legislative framework, coordination of the efforts of all interested parties, the use of proven methods and means of influencing quality. The integration of all participants in the process and the implementation of the necessary measures in many areas of activity are possible within the framework of regional quality management systems that are being created in the subjects Russian Federation, as well as within the framework of a single quality management mechanism throughout the country. The development of a quality system at OAO MMRZ will resume the plant's participation in the competition for sales markets, involve all employees in decision-making and achieve positive results in work. Further development of the quality management system at OAO MMRZ will make it possible to proceed to the creation of a general enterprise management system, the purpose of which is to optimize the relationship between quality, costs and time to enter the market with competitive products.

3. Directions for improving the organization of quality control of repaired products

JSC "Maiminsky Motor Repair Plant"

3.1. Improving the technical

control of OJSC MMRZ

The complexity of the quality problem requires an integrated approach to the organization of the quality service of an enterprise, in which it is advisable to combine not only the unit that exercises quality control, but also the units for organizing all work in the field of quality assurance and analysis, as well as quality promotion.

Quality control at OAO MMRZ is carried out by product manufacturers and production foremen, employees of the technical control department, workers transferred to self-control, representatives of the customer at the enterprise, if this is stipulated in the supply contract.

The technical control system (objects of control, control operations and their sequence, technical equipment, modes, methods, means of mechanization and automation of control operations) is an integral part of the production process, developed simultaneously with the development of production technology by the service of the chief technologist (chief metallurgist, chief chemist, etc.). .d.). The department of technical control of the enterprise is headed by the head of the department, who reports directly to the director of the enterprise.

One of the ways to improve the work of the technical control department of OAO MMRZ is its restructuring. On fig. 11 shows a variant of the QTC structure.

Rice. 11. Variant of the structure of the technical control department of OAO MMRZ

The management of OAO MMRZ does not clearly define the duties of the technical control department. Therefore, we will present a variant of determining the duties of the Quality Control Department for OAO MMRZ, which must be approved by order of the head of the enterprise (table 6).

Table 6

Responsibilities of the technical control department of OJSC MMRZ

	OTC Responsibilities

	Ensuring the development and improvement of the technical control system as one of the most important elements of product quality management at the enterprise, for which he conducts systematic work to analyze the effectiveness of the technical control system, eliminate the causes of poor quality products, exclude the possibility of supplying such products to consumers, as well as to increase productivity labor of QCD workers
	Organization and implementation of the introduction of progressive methods of control and evaluation of product quality
	Implementation of input control of raw materials, semi-finished products, components and tools intended for the main production received by the enterprise, control of their compliance with established requirements when transferring from warehouse to production and from workshop to workshop, operational control, acceptance control of finished products and other control operations .
	Appointment and conduction of random checks of the quality of finished products, raw materials, materials, components, quality of performance of individual technological operations and transitions, quality and condition of technological equipment and tools, production conditions, packaging, storage, loading and transportation of products, raw materials, materials, components and tools within the enterprise.
	Implementation of selective control of compliance with technological discipline - compliance of production operations with the requirements of approved technological maps and other technological documentation.
	Registration of documents certifying the compliance of the accepted finished products with the established requirements, as well as the content of documents containing the technical justification for filing claims with suppliers of raw materials, materials, components and tools rejected during the input control.
	Together with employees of other divisions of the enterprise, the presentation of finished products to the customer's representative in cases stipulated by the terms of delivery.
	Participation in the testing of new and modernized product samples, as well as in the coordination of technical documentation for these products in order to provide conditions for effective quality control

Table 6 continued


	Participation in the organization of the collection, analysis and generalization of statistical and other data on the operational and consumer properties of manufactured products, including data from warranty workshops and repair enterprises, in the analysis of the causes of defects, as well as the development of measures to eliminate identified design and production deficiencies in products and prevent defects .
	Monitoring the performance of work on the isolation of rejected products and their appropriate labeling
	Implementation of periodic selective quality control of products manufactured by workshops, participants, teams and individual workers transferred to self-control
	Participation in the preparation of contracts for the supply of raw materials, semi-finished products, components and tools intended for the main production to the enterprise in terms of agreeing on the conditions for quality acceptance.

Quality control is the most important function product quality management. The quality control system at the enterprises includes subdivisions of reliability testing, material control, bench testing and verification of layouts, prototypes of products. An integral part of the quality control work is the control of purchased products, incoming control at all sites and technological transitions in production, operational and final control of finished products. The control function is directly adjacent to the metrological support of production, which allows the development, verification and proper operation of measuring instruments, electronic, computer devices and monitoring their condition.

Therefore, JSC "MMRZ" needs to highlight the function of quality control in the organization of work in the field of quality. To improve the work in the field of quality management of JSC "MMPZ", it is possible to propose a scheme for organizing work in the field of quality, shown in fig. 12.

Rice. 12. The place of quality control in the organization of work in the field of quality

3.2. Suggestions for creating a system

quality of JSC "MMRP"

During the revival of the enterprise and with an increase in the volume of repair work performed by OJSC MMRZ, in order to increase the competitiveness of the enterprise, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of developing and implementing a quality system in the activities of OJSC MMRZ. To do this, the management and staff of the enterprise must decide on the creation of a quality system under the influence of the requirements of specific customers or the situation in the markets.

The quality system is a set of structures that perform the functions of quality management by established methods. Therefore, the development of a quality system basically consists in first, taking into account the recommendations of ISO 9000, to determine the composition of the necessary functions of the quality system, and then the structures that perform or will perform these functions. After that, new ones are developed, revised or existing regulatory documents are used to perform all functions.

The implementation of a quality system involves internal audits of the system in order to verify the correct distribution of functions between departments, the possibility of their implementation, as well as the sufficiency and quality of the necessary regulatory documentation. Based on the results of inspections, the system is being finalized so that the units included in the quality system can clearly perform their functions. In practice, when creating new or improving existing quality systems, it is necessary to perform a significant amount of work that can be carried out by the quality service and divisions of the enterprise both independently and with the involvement of third-party specialists. It is advisable to invite third-party specialists for consultations and methodological assistance, but not for the development of quality system documents. These documents should be developed by employees of the enterprise who know the features of their enterprise. Only then the documents of the quality system will be maximally adapted to the conditions of the enterprise, will be understandable and can be applied in practice. Coordination of work should be carried out by the quality service.

Let us consider step by step the creation of the quality system of OAO MMRZ (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. Stages of creating the quality system of OAO MMRZ

The creation of a quality system begins with an information meeting with the management of the enterprise. Then the management decides to create a quality system and creates a quality service headed by a senior management representative. After that, the quality service develops a schedule for creating a quality system and develops and implements the system in the production activities of the enterprise.

The development of a quality system basically consists in first, taking into account the recommendations of ISO 9000 standards, to determine what needs to be done to manage quality in this particular enterprise, that is, to determine the composition of the necessary functions of the quality system. Then determine the structures that perform or will perform these functions. After that, develop new, rework or use existing regulatory documents to perform all functions.

The block diagram of the quality system is built on the basis of the block diagram of the enterprise and makes it possible to show the composition and relationship of all structural units that perform functions in the quality system. A separate block can show the control core of the quality system - the quality service, which includes the technical control department, the metrological service, the standardization service, as well as the quality management department, which performs the functions of organizing, coordinating and methodologically managing quality work.

Unlike a block diagram showing the structure of a quality system, building a functional diagram allows you to visualize the quality management process. Such a scheme is built by detailing the model, similar to the one shown in Figure 8 in the second chapter of this thesis.

After determining the functions of the quality system and the structural units that will perform them, the next step is to determine the composition of the regulatory and methodological documents of the quality system. Having determined who and what should be done in the quality system, it is necessary to say how, by what methods this should be done, according to what documentation. For example, to manage nonconforming (defective) products, at a minimum, you need to have:

Standard for the analysis, accounting, and isolation of marriage;

Consumer Complaints Standard;

Standard for permits for deviations from documentation in the manufacture of products.

For the development and adjustment of regulatory documents, the quality management department must draw up a schedule indicating the performers and terms of work. The most common documents for the implementation of the functions and elements of the quality system are enterprise standards, along with them, instructions, prescriptions and other regulatory documents can also be used.

For the final formation of the documentation of the quality system, in addition to these documents, it is necessary for MMPZ OJSC to develop another generalizing document, which would give general description quality systems. Such a description is provided by the ISO 9000 standards in the form of a Quality Manual. The manual serves not only for internal use, but also for presentation to customers when concluding contracts, as well as by independent experts when checking the quality system for the purpose of its certification.

For the development of the Quality Manual, there is the ISO 10013 standard "Guidelines for the development of quality manuals", according to which the Manual should contain:

The scope and status of the Guide itself;

Brief description enterprises and products;

The policy of the enterprise in the field of quality;

The structure of the quality system;

Description of the functions and elements of the quality system, indicating the performers and a brief summary of the methods for their implementation.

The solution of quality problems will depend not only on how the quality system is developed, but also on how it will function, that is, how the functions and tasks of the system will be performed in practice by all participants: from management to an ordinary performer.

After the development of a new or improvement of the existing quality program, it will be necessary to put the system into operation - check its functioning and, if necessary, make adjustments.

For this, internal quality system audits are carried out. This usually checks for:

Are there enough elements in the system for effective management product quality;

Are the performers of all functions of the quality system identified;

Are all stages of production covered by the impact of the quality system;

Are all the necessary methods of work available and are they documented;

- whether the elements and functions of the quality system are carried out at the workplace;

Do the structure, functions and documentation of the quality system need to be adjusted?

As practice shows, based on the results of inspections, it is necessary to adjust the documentation of the quality system in order to eliminate the identified shortcomings and further ensure the possibility of its accurate functioning.

Thus, the development and implementation of a quality system, taking into account the recommendations of ISO 9000 standards, the principles of total quality management, the characteristics of the enterprise and the experience of enterprises - leaders in the field of quality, allow organizing work on quality at the modern international level, and can provide the basis for stable quality assurance and competitiveness products manufactured by OAO MMRZ, rendered services for car repair, manufacturing of parts.

3.3. ensuring the effective functioning of the quality control system of OJSC MMRZ

In accordance with the recommendations of the ISO 9000 standards, a representative of the enterprise management should lead the quality system and be responsible for its effective functioning. As kept, the quality service is directly subordinate to him, which is the central part of the quality system and unites the quality management department, the technical control department, the metrological service, the standardization service, and sometimes the central factory laboratory and testing departments. The duties of the quality service include the performance of substantive functions and support tasks. The main tasks of the quality service of JSC "MMRP" can be identified as follows:

1. organization of work on quality - development, implementation and improvement of the quality system;

2. policy development and quality planning;

3.Quality control of product manufacturing, holding
tests;

4. metrological support of production;

5. conducting claims work;

6. preparation of measures and organizational and administrative documents in the field of quality, control and analysis of their implementation;

7. internal checks of the functioning of the quality system;

8. methodological guidance in training personnel on quality issues;

9. development of normative documents of the quality system related to the competence of the quality service;

10. methodological support and coordination of the work of departments in the quality system;

After the creation of the quality system, the management of the enterprise periodically analyzes its functioning and evaluates its effectiveness based on the results of scheduled internal audits, during which the performance of the departments of their functions is checked. The main criteria for the effectiveness of the system are the reviews of consumers and customers about the quality of products, the level of losses from defects and claims, the pace of modernization and renewal of products, the introduction of scientific and technological achievements.

At the request of the enterprise, an assessment of the system can be carried out
quality by an independent body through its certification. aim,
This evaluation is a confirmation of the conformity of the system with the recommendations of the ISO 9000 standards. The certification body will check the Quality Manual, as well as selectively the documentation of the system and its implementation in practice. This will evaluate the implementation of proven elements of the quality system.

Quality system performance reviews can be carried out by the supplier (internal reviews), by its customers (second party) or by independent bodies (third party).

Internal audits of the current quality system are necessary for the management of the enterprise in order to constantly evaluate its effectiveness and take measures to improve it. In the course of inspections, they reveal how departments perform their functions (elements) in the quality system and evaluate the relevant regulatory documents.

To conduct regular internal audits of the quality system at MMPZ, it is necessary to develop a regulatory and methodological document (standard, instruction) that regulates the verification procedure, and draw up an audit plan (usually for a year). Inspections are carried out by specially trained auditors (including quality service employees) or under their supervision - an inspection team with the participation of qualified specialists who are not involved in the audited field of activity.

Second party quality system audits are carried out by customer representatives, usually prior to awarding contracts. The purpose of these checks is to ensure that the customer receives additional warranty stability of product quality by making sure that the supplier has a quality system that meets the requirements of ISO 9000 standards. Sometimes, before the audit, the customer, based on the recommendations of ISO 9000 standards, can send the supplier a list of questions to which he must give reasoned answers during the audit. But it happens that the customer asks questions of interest directly during the visit to the supplier.

At the beginning of negotiations, as a rule, the possibility of the supplier to accept and fulfill the order within the agreed time frame is discussed.

Then the customer checks the supplier's ability to provide the required product quality. This check is carried out by the quality service. During the verification process, special attention is paid to the following questions:

Quality and reliability of products; at the same time, it must be borne in mind that the customer can independently collect this data from independent sources in advance;

- implementation of the quality system, the availability and execution of the Quality Manual, the availability of certificates for products and for the compliance of the quality system with ISO 9000 standards;

Organization and control of design; characteristics of subcontractors and incoming control of materials and purchased products;

- the level of technological and metrological support of production;

Availability in the workshops of the necessary drawings, technical processes, test programs and other regulatory documents;

Organization and management of production processes that are important for ensuring the quality of ordered products;

- operational control of production, testing and acceptance of finished products;

Isolation of finally rejected products;

- storage of materials, purchased products and finished products.

General working conditions are also assessed: illumination, temperature conditions, the condition of production facilities, rational placement, order and cleanliness in the workplace.

Quality system reviews by an independent third party are usually carried out by a certification body for the purpose of issuing a product or quality system certificate to a supplier, or to validate a previously issued certificate. If the supplier has a quality system certificate issued by an independent body authoritative for the customer, the scope of inspections of the quality system by customers of products is usually reduced. Certification and inspection checks (audits) of the quality system are carried out by certification bodies and are provided by the quality service with the involvement of units engaged in the audited areas of activity. For a clear organization of these works, it is advisable to draw up a schedule of inspections and approve it with the management of the enterprise.

In recent years, self-assessment of enterprises according to the criteria of quality awards has been used to improve quality systems. Improvement of the quality system provides for:

Clarification of the list of functions and elements of the quality system, redistribution of functions among the subdivisions - performers of work;

Changing the composition and content of regulatory documents of the quality system and updating the Quality Manual;

Increasing the pace of modernization and renewal of products; development of the service sector;

More than effective methods test control;

Training employees in new methods of quality assurance;

Application of new forms and methods of personnel motivation;

Development of the initiative of employees and their involvement in work in quality circles and others.

The quality management department organizes and coordinates this work. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that this work can be easily checked by the customer and the auditor by the presence and frequency of changes to the quality system documents.

Improving the quality system based on the results of internal audits, audits by the second and third parties, as well as the results of the company's self-assessment according to the criteria of the Russian Quality Award is an indispensable condition for the effective functioning of the quality system in a changing internal environment and external situation.

Let us dwell in more detail on such a direction of the effective functioning of the quality system as the organization of quality circles. The experience of the best enterprises in the USA, Japan and Western European countries has shown that one of the effective methods for solving quality problems is the use of quality circles - a voluntary association of workers to solve problems in the workplace. Their introduction stimulates a creative attitude to work, makes it possible to increase labor productivity and product quality, and reduce its cost.

In order to organize the work of quality circles at an enterprise, in this case at JSC MMRZ, it is necessary to create conditions under which the personnel would be interested in participating in their work.

In our conditions, in the presence of organized rationalization work, quality circles can be used to solve complex quality problems that require the participation of specialists in different areas: designers, technologists, production workers, who in everyday practice work separately. The quality service, together with specialists from different departments, should draw up a list of problems and hold a series of meetings to initiate their creation. Based on the list of problems and the composition of specialists for each problem, it is necessary to issue an order to create and organize the work of several circles, indicating the leaders of the circles, terms of work and amounts of remuneration to stimulate the solution of the identified problems. All this, as well as the detailed procedure for the creation, daily work and termination of the activities of quality circles, the rights and obligations of the administration and employees to implement the submitted proposals, moral and material incentives for members of quality circles, it is advisable to state and approve in a special Regulation on quality circles. For OAO MMPZ, it is possible to propose the procedure for the work of quality circles, which is used by many enterprises, fig. fourteen.

Rice. 14. The procedure for the work of quality circles

The “Regulations” must be agreed with the trade union, since the work of quality circles is associated with the allocation of working time, the provision of premises, equipment, labor protection, as well as remuneration for submitted proposals. The activities of quality circles can be aimed not only at solving specific quality problems, but also at increasing labor productivity, introducing advanced technology and rational labor practices, saving resources, reducing costs, etc.

The proposed option does not exclude the creation of quality circles according to the "classic" model, from below, at the initiative of employees to solve current problems directly at the workplace. Moreover, the initiative of employees should be encouraged by the administration, and the quality service should coordinate and take into account the work of such circles. Nevertheless, as experience shows, in our conditions, in addition to the rationalization and inventive work organized at the enterprises, quality circles created according to the type of complex groups can be the most realistic.

The weight of the reasons influencing the attitude of a person to the quality of his work in the modern conditions of St. Petersburg was revealed through a survey. The results of this study are presented in fig. fifteen .

Rice. 15. Reasons affecting the attitude of a person to the quality of work

The most significant reason for achieving high quality is material incentives, that is, the size wages. The next factor is training, professional training of personnel. Slightly inferior to another factor influencing workers, namely: the education of a conscious attitude to the quality of the results of labor. Then comes the moral and psychological state in the team (corporate culture). Factors such as government measures, the administration's concern for improving working conditions, and fear of responsibility for poor performance have a weaker influence. Based on these factors, work is built at enterprises and measures of influence on personnel are developed.

Thus, ensuring the quality of services provided by OAO MMRZ will depend not only on how the quality system has been developed, but also on how the departments will practically perform their functions in this system. An objective assessment of the effectiveness of the quality system is the feedback from consumers and customers on product quality, the level of losses from defects and claims, the pace of modernization and renewal of products, the introduction of scientific and technological achievements. In order to maintain the effectiveness of the quality system, the management of OJSC MMRZ needs to constantly conduct a periodic analysis of the functioning of the system. Then JSC "MMRP" to increase the competitiveness of its services and the status of the quality system, on its own initiative or at the request of customers, can certify the quality system. The organization of work on the certification of products and quality systems is carried out by the quality service. When carrying out certification, the compliance of the enterprise with the current legislation in the field of quality can also be checked. Quality service employees should be familiar with the rules and procedures for certification, as well as the requirements of the current legislation in the field of quality.

Conclusion

The way out of the socio-economic crisis, Russia's integration with the world economic system, successful competition with other countries is objectively impossible without solving quality problems in all spheres of the economy and life. The concept of quality has been constantly developed and refined. In connection with the need for quality control, methods have been developed for collecting, processing and analyzing quality information. The value of quality improvement is quite diverse. The solution of this problem at the micro level is also important for the economy as a whole, as it will make it possible to establish new and progressive proportions between branches and within branches, for example, between the metallurgical industry and mechanical engineering. These proportions can be achieved by improving the production technology of engineering products and increasing its efficiency. Improving the quality of engineering products is important for the automation of production processes in other industries.

The studies carried out in the field of organization of the quality service at the enterprise made it possible to draw the appropriate conclusions.

1. The quality of products in the conditions of modern production is the most important component of the efficiency and profitability of the enterprise, and therefore it must be given constant attention. Everyone should be engaged in quality - from the director of the enterprise to the specific performer of any operation. All processes for ensuring, designing, maintaining quality are integrated into a quality management system.

2. Qualimetry is the science of how to measure and quantify the quality of products and services, it allows you to quantify the qualitative characteristics of a product. Qualimetry proceeds from the fact that quality depends on a large number of properties of the product in question. In order to judge the quality of a product, data on its properties is not enough. It is also necessary to take into account the conditions in which the product will be used.

3. In the international standards ISO 9000 series, special attention is paid to meeting the needs of the buyer, establishing responsibility, assessing possible risks and benefits. There is no doubt that the inclusion of the components discussed above in the quality assurance system at the enterprise will contribute to its effectiveness.

4. An analysis of the quality level of the work performed at OAO MMRZ showed that, starting from the 90s of the last century, there has been a decrease in the volume of work performed. The reason for such a decrease in the volume of repair work is the general economic decline both in the country as a whole and in the Altai Republic, the reduction in agricultural land and, as a result, the reduction in the fleet of agricultural machinery of the engine repair plant. In addition, the reduction in the volume of repair work of the plant was influenced by the emergence of a large number of competitors due to the gradual development of entrepreneurship in the Republic of Altai - service stations (STOs), which specialize in both the repair of cars and the repair of agricultural machinery. Despite the decrease in the volume of repair work performed, since 1984, the number of defective works has been decreasing, and, consequently, there has been an increase in the quality level of the main repair work of MMRZ OJSC

5. The quality management service for repaired products at the engine repair plant is represented by the technical control department. The technical control department includes: the head, five foremen, two controllers. The technical control department maintains a schedule of technical control for each site for the products presented, individually for each employee. There is no quality assurance system at OAO MMRZ as such. The department of technical control, created at the plant, performs only one function of the quality system of repaired products - quality control.

Based on theoretical research in the field of organization of quality systems and analysis of the quality of services of JSC "MMRZ" are given the following recommendations:

1. To improve the competitiveness of products and the status of the quality system, the enterprise, on its own initiative or at the request of customers, can certify the quality system by an independent body to confirm its compliance with the recommendations of ISO 9000 standards.

2. Organize strict quality control of the services provided, work performed.

3. Develop a quality system as a set of structures that perform the functions of quality management by established methods. Determine the composition of the required functions of the quality system, and then the structures that perform or will perform these functions.

4. In order to maintain the effectiveness of the quality system, the management of JSC "MMPZ" needs to review the functions and structure of the Technical Control Department as the main link in product quality management, and periodically analyze the functioning of the system.

The successful mastering of the principles of total quality management at MMRZ requires not only a set of measures within the enterprise, but also the creation of favorable external conditions: a legislative framework, coordination of the efforts of all interested parties, the use of proven methods and means of influencing quality. Ensuring the quality of products depends not only on how the quality system is developed, but also on how the departments practically perform their functions in this system. An objective assessment of the effectiveness of the quality system is the feedback from consumers and customers on product quality, the level of losses from defects and claims, the pace of modernization and renewal of products, the introduction of scientific and technological achievements.

Attachment 1

Rice. 1. Structure of production

OAO Maiminsky Motor Repair Plant

Annex 2

Rice. 2. Technological process and quality control of OAO MMRZ

Application3

Rice. 3. Dynamics of the main repair work at OJSC MMRZ

Rice. 4. The level of quality of the repair work performed

in OAO MMRZ for a number of years

Appendix 4

Rice. 5. Variant of the structure of the technical control department of OAO MMRZ

Annex 5

Rice. 6. Place of quality control in the organization of work

in the field of quality

Table 5

Analysis of the level of defect-free products of OAO MMRZ

Type of work

Number of units

Defective units

Share of defective products, %

Number of units

Defective units

Share of defective products, %

Number of units

Defective units

Share of defective products, %

Number of units

Defective units

Share of defective products, %

Capital repairs of cars

Engine repair

On fig. Figure 9 clearly shows the dynamics of the main repair work done at OAO MMRZ over a number of years.

Rice. 9. Dynamics of the main repair work at OAO MMRZ

Define the concept of product quality and its indicators.
To study the quality management system at the enterprise and the need for its implementation at Ukrainian enterprises.
To study the quality control system at enterprises and the need for a technical control department at enterprises of any type of production.
Research the quality of consumer goods on the Ukrainian market.
Determine the existing problems of product quality on the shelves of the Ukrainian market.
Find ways to fix these problems.

Introduction

Today, entering the free market in Ukraine, the product has acquired a new property, which, under the conditions of state monopoly, was not customary to talk about. We are talking about the competitiveness of a product, that is, the ability of a product to compete among its own kind. Competing with each other, firms strive to satisfy the needs of consumers as fully as possible and take as much money from them as possible. World-famous firms strive to get the maximum money from consumers for their quality goods, but there are also firms on the market that, by deceiving consumers, want to get money from buyers for low-quality, and sometimes counterfeit goods.

Therefore, the problem of a multifaceted study of the properties of goods at the present stage of the formation of a free market in Ukraine, the establishment of their naturalness, the detection of counterfeit goods is too relevant. Despite the fact that Ukraine has adopted a law “On the Protection of Consumer Rights”, and consumer societies have been created in each region, in fact, an individual consumer remains face to face in confrontation with manufacturers and entrepreneurs of various levels.

Relevance

One of critical factors growth in production efficiency is to improve the quality of products or services provided. In conditions of market competition, quality is the main criterion for choosing a product. After all, the multifaceted concept of quality is one of the effective ways of survival and further development in the current economic conditions.

The high quality of products and services is the most significant component that determines their competitiveness. And in order for the products to be competitive, constant, purposeful, painstaking work of producers to improve quality, systematic quality control is necessary, in other words, we can say that any enterprise that wants to strengthen its position in fierce competition and maximize its profits should pay more attention to the management process. and quality control. All of the above determines the relevance of studying the topic of "product quality control in the relationship of trade and production" in modern conditions.

Product quality, indicators and assessment of its level

The modern world market is an arena of tough struggle for product suppliers who use various methods and means to suppress competitors and provide themselves with additional advantages. The main thing in this struggle is to strengthen the role of the technical level and the quality of products that most fully meet the needs of specific consumers. Exploring the product, the buyer compares, "weighs" its specific properties, expressed in physical, electrical, chemical and other units, with specific indicators of their needs, which have certain boundaries. In this case, we should talk about the presence of quality indicators of products that determine the needs of the buyer.

Product quality according to the International Standard ISO 9000:2005 is a set of properties and characteristics of a product or service that gives it the ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.

A product quality indicator is a quantitative assessment of one or more properties of a product. The main indicators of product quality are reflected in the standards (international, national, branch) of enterprises and technical specifications.

To assess the quality of products, a system of indicators is used, which includes the following groups.

Generalizing, characterizing the general level of product quality: the volume and share of progressive types of products in the total output, grade (brand) of products (in light, cement industries), economical effect and additional costs associated with quality improvement.
Complex, characterizing several properties of products, including costs associated with development, production and operation.
Single, characterizing one of the properties of the product. They are divided into indicators:
- Appointments;
- Reliability and durability;
- Manufacturability of the product;
- Ergonometric;
- aesthetic;
- Standardization and unification;
- Patent and legal;
- Transportability;
- Economic;

The technical level of products is a system of indicators characterizing the quality properties of the product and their compliance with the best world standards. Assessment of the technical level of products should be carried out throughout the entire life cycle of the product: research and design (design), production, circulation and sale, operation and consumption.

Product Quality Management System

Work to ensure the quality of products is carried out within the framework of the quality system in place at the enterprise. In most cases, when concluding foreign economic contracts, the requirements for the availability and documented execution of the provisions of the quality system at the supplier, as well as the right to control it at any time by the consumer or a third party, are stipulated.

A supplier's quality certification system based on the application of international standards is a guarantee of quality assurance at all stages of the product life cycle and success in the competition.

- marketing and market research;
- design and development of products;
- planning and development of processes;
- purchases;
- production or provision of services;
- examination;
- packaging and storage;
- implementation and distribution;
- installation and commissioning;
- technical assistance and maintenance;
- after-sales activities;
- Disposal or recycling at the end of the last service life.

Fig. 1-Typical stages of the product life cycle. (Animation. Frames: 7. Repetitions: unlimited. Size: 24.8 kb. Animation used: Photoshop)

The quality system is a set of organizational structure, responsibilities, methods, processes and resources that ensure the implementation of a specific quality policy. It is developed taking into account the focus on the consumer, a specific product, covering all stages of the product life cycle (the “quality loop” principle, Fig. 1), a combination of ensuring management and improving quality, and preventing problems.

The quality system should:

- ensure quality management at all stages of the life cycle of products;
- ensure participation in quality management of all employees of the enterprise;
- establish responsibility at all stages of management;
- ensure the continuity of quality activities with cost reduction activities;
- ensure that preventive checks are carried out to prevent nonconformities and defects;
- ensure the mandatory detection of defects and prevent their admission to production and to the consumer;
- establish the procedure for conducting periodic checks, analysis and improvement of the System;
- establish and ensure the procedure for documenting all procedures of the system.

Product quality management- this is the establishment, provision and maintenance of the required level of product quality during its development, production, circulation or operation or consumption through systematic quality control and targeted impact on the conditions and factors affecting product quality.

Organization of technical control at the enterprise

Product quality largely depends on the efforts in the production environment - the entire production system should be aimed at improving it.

One of the elements of the quality management system is the organization of technical control at the enterprise.

Technical control is understood as verification of compliance with the requirements for product quality at all stages of its manufacture, and all production conditions that ensure it.

The main task of technical control is to ensure the release of high-quality and complete products that meet standards and specifications.

Technical control over the quality of products is carried out at the enterprises centrally, through the technical control department (OTC) - an independent structural unit.

The head of the QCD is directly subordinate to the director of the enterprise, and his employees - only to the head.

The QCD apparatus consists of bureaus, groups or performers (depending on the size of the enterprise): technical acceptance of materials, semi-finished products and products coming from suppliers; shop control (VTK shop); control of production tools; testing and delivery of finished products; on accounting and analysis of marriage.

The functions of the OTC include:

control of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, fuel coming to the enterprise from the side;
monitoring the condition of equipment and technical equipment;
control over the implementation of the technological process at all stages of product manufacturing; product quality control; prevention, detection and accounting of marriage: establishing the causes of marriage;
development of measures to eliminate defects, complaints and improve product quality.

Product quality control in the trade area

Quality control traditionally begins at the manufacturer's factory. Major Suppliers undergo an external audit, during which the company is assessed for product compliance with the declared quality. When work begins with a completely new supplier, and not just a new position is introduced, the audit is carried out even before the first delivery.

The main points that are checked during the production audit:

- control of raw materials used for the production of products;
- compliance of production technology with international and national standards;
- control of compliance with temperature regimes and other requirements for the storage of products before export from the plant.

Finally, last but not least, they look at how the manufacturer works with complaints, that is, how much he is able to quickly identify problematic issues, promptly take measures to eliminate them, and further improve the quality management system.

The next step in product quality control is organized system internal logistics of the group. All products are delivered to stores through distribution centers or through direct deliveries directly to the store. Each cross-docker warehouse has its own temperature regime required for certain product groups: rack, frozen and chilled products, chilled fresh fish and fresh vegetables/fruits.

As soon as the truck with the products arrives at the warehouse, the goods are accepted in terms of quality and quantity. A number of requirements have been developed that the delivered products must meet:

availability of all necessary documentation;
correct marking;
the integrity of the packaging of the goods;
compliance with the terms of production of products on the general and single packaging with the dates indicated in the documents;
compliance with the required temperature regime upon delivery of the goods.

All manufacturers have all these requirements carefully spelled out in contracts, and in addition, employees of the quality department regularly send memos about product quality parameters.

Problems of quality of consumer goods in the Ukrainian market

Problem number 1. Mitigation of the requirements of the legislative framework.

From June 1, 2010, the Cabinet of Ministers issued a decree prohibiting the Consumer Rights Protection Administration from imposing penalties on manufacturers of low-quality products. At the end of the document it is indicated: to bring the legislation in line within a month.

This resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers is beneficial to manufacturing enterprises. But not to consumers, who will now have a much greater chance of getting poisoned.

Problem number 2. On the laboratory research no money.

Identification of low-quality goods in supermarkets is carried out by organoleptic examination. At the same time, the appearance, shape, taste, color, and smell of the goods are evaluated.

There are enough laboratories in Ukraine that could do such an examination. Only the state does not allocate money for this.

“We used to take tests at the expense of an economic entity - the store paid. At the end of 2007, an amendment was made to the law, according to which all research must be carried out at the expense of public funds.

At the next session of council had to make a decision on the allocation of money for a laboratory that would work in the region. Council and was engaged in food research, including on GMOs. However, this issue was not considered by the session.

Problem number 3. Sell "at any cost"

Very often, supermarkets correct the date of manufacture of products if the expiration date has already expired. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to the fact that the date must be punched or painted. Better not to buy sausages with an attached sticker that can be easily changed.

Problem number 4. Now Ukrainian and foreign food producers do not need to obtain a quality certificate in order to supply their goods to stores.

Many experts believe that even more low-quality sausages, cheese and canned goods may soon appear on our shelves.

After the euphoria that arose in connection with the entry of our country into the World trade organization(WTO), sobering up gradually comes. After all, trying to break into the WTO, our politicians and officials made any concessions, sometimes making promises, the fulfillment of which is unlikely to benefit the people of the country. One of these promises was the abolition of mandatory certification of a number of food products.

On December 23, 2009, the Cabinet of Ministers canceled the order of the State Committee of Ukraine on Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy (Gospotrebstandart) "On approval of the list of products subject to mandatory certification" dated February 1, 2005 regarding the mandatory certification of 17 groups food products, in particular, tea, coffee, chocolates, vegetable oil, margarine, hard cheeses, butter, canned food, semi-smoked sausages and others. True, the list of goods that must be certified includes alcoholic beverages and food for children. The World Bank forced the government officials to take such a step. One of the conditions for granting Ukraine another loan in the amount of $500 million was the abolition of mandatory certification of the above products.

Many experts believe that such a decision could hit consumers. It is possible that more low-quality sausages, cheeses, canned food and other products will appear on our shelves. And not only domestic, but also imported.

Unfortunately, the list of existing quality problems of goods provided to the consumer does not end there. It can be listed endlessly.

Ways to eliminate quality problems of goods on the Ukrainian market

Revision and improvement of the country's regulatory framework
Tougher penalties for non-compliance with the regulatory framework
Technical re-equipment of laboratories.
Training of highly qualified specialists in the field of quality.
Assistance from government agencies.

Important note:
When writing this abstract, the master's work has not yet been completed. Final completion: December 2010 In my master's thesis, I will try to present the accumulated problems of product quality in the domestic market in the most extensive way and suggest ways to eliminate them.

Literature

Chepurnoy I.P. "Identification, falsification and examination of goods". Dashkov & Co. 2008 460s.
Sinitsa L. M. "Organization of production" Minsk 2004 521s.
RetailStudio.org. “Foozzy chains tightened food quality control” dated July 9, 2009.
http://www.retailstudio.org/news/6993.htm
Anna Kozak "There are expired goods in every store." Newspaper "Dneprovskaya Pravda" No. 20 (15423) 05/28/2010
http://dneprovka.dp.ua/t6170/
Feigenbaum A. "Product quality control" Economics 1986. 471s.
Momot O.I. "Management of quality and elements of the system of quality" Pdruchnik. CUL. 2007 368s.
Regulation on the supply of consumer goods and the main conditions for regulating contractual relations No. 888

In the practice of functioning of most domestic enterprises, the functions of managing the quality of products are traditionally assigned to a set of departments, including technical departments (WGC, OGT), reliability, standardization, metrology services, technical quality control services (departments), etc. Part of the procedures related to quality management , is delegated to independent implementation by some enterprise services. So, in particular, control over the correct use of standards, specifications, guidelines and other regulatory and technical documentation in the process of preparing production is in most cases carried out by the standard control service; in addition, the quality of technical documentation is controlled by direct executors and managers of all levels in the departments of the chief designer, chief technologist, chief metallurgist and other services. Main managerial functions in the field of control and quality management of manufactured products at most domestic enterprises are assigned to technical control departments (OTC).

The main tasks facing the QCD are the prevention of the release of products that do not meet the requirements of standards, specifications, references, technical documentation, contractual conditions, as well as the strengthening of production discipline and increasing the responsibility of all production links for the quality of products. The company's products can be sold to consumers only after they have been accepted by the Quality Control Department, the results of which are documented by an appropriate document (certificate) certifying the quality of the manufactured products. In accordance with the specified tasks, the QCD of enterprises performs the following functions:

1) planning and development of methods for ensuring product quality;

2) quality control;

3) stimulation of quality improvement.

Planning and developing quality assurance methods include the following main sub-functions:

1) planning the quality level of individual products, planning control technologies and technical controls;

2) collection of quality information, determination of the planned costs for quality assurance, processing of information and analysis of quality data coming from the production and operation;

3) development of control methods that ensure comparability and reliability of quality control results;

4) development (together with technical departments) of specifications and standards for product quality.

Quality control includes:

1) incoming quality control of raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, components, tools supplied to the warehouses of the enterprise from external suppliers;

2) production step-by-step control over compliance with established technological regimes, inter-operational acceptance of products (carried out only under special conditions);

3) systematic monitoring of the condition of equipment, machines, cutting and measuring tools, control and measuring instruments, precision measuring instruments, stamps, models of test equipment and weight facilities, new and in-service devices and other checks;

4) control of models and prototypes;

5) control of finished products (parts, small assembly units, subassemblies, assemblies, blocks, complete products).

Stimulating quality improvement involves:

1) development of documentation reflecting the methods and means of motivation in the field of ensuring product quality;

2) development (together with the department of organization of labor and wages) provisions on bonuses to employees of the enterprise for the quality of work;

3) training and advanced training.

The QCD is headed by the head of the department, who reports directly to the head of the enterprise. The head of the Quality Control Department has the right to stop the acceptance control of products with recurring defects until the causes that caused them are eliminated, to prohibit the use of raw materials, materials, components and tools that do not meet the established requirements for the manufacture of new products. In the event of a marriage, the head of the Quality Control Department has the right to present mandatory requirements for the divisions and officials of the enterprise to eliminate the causes of product defects and submit proposals to the management on bringing to responsibility officials and workers guilty of manufacturing defective products. He, along with the director and chief engineer of the enterprise, is responsible for the production of low-quality products or products that do not meet the standards and specifications.

Structure and staffing QCD of enterprises are developed on the basis of a typical structure, taking into account specific production features. As a rule, the following divisions are created within the department:

1) bureau of technical control, territorially located in the main and auxiliary shops;

2) an external acceptance bureau that provides incoming control of materials and components;

3) bureau of final control and testing of finished products;

5) central - measuring laboratory and its control - checkpoints that control the condition of the tool and equipment, including those used in quality control;

6) an inspection group that carries out verification control of product quality and targeted inspections of compliance with technological discipline;

7) export control units;

8) subdivisions for quality control of scrap and waste of non-ferrous and precious metals.

In its activities, the QCD of the enterprise is closely connected with the metrological department; departments of standardization, chief technologist, chief metallurgist, chief designer; reliability department; department or workshop of warranty service, etc.

At most domestic enterprises, the functions of general management of work to ensure product quality are assigned to the chief engineer. He is given the right to involve in the development and analysis of options management decisions a specialized permanent commission for quality (PDKK), which includes most of the main specialists of the enterprise, including the head of the QCD. Control over the execution of decisions of the PDKK, processing of information on the analysis and accounting of defects, as well as the calculation of labor quality indicators at large and medium-sized enterprises are carried out by specialists of computer centers of the quality management system.

The technical control system (objects of control, control operations, their sequence, technical equipment, modes, methods, means of mechanization and automation), which is an integral part of the production process, is developed simultaneously with the design of the technology for manufacturing technical devices by the service of the chief technologist of the enterprise or the relevant design and technological organizations with the participation of the technical control department (TCD).

The main tasks of the quality control department are to prevent the release (delivery) of products by enterprises that do not meet the requirements of standards, technical specifications, approved samples (standards), design and technological documentation, delivery conditions and contracts, as well as strengthening production discipline and increasing responsibility in all stages of production for the quality of the products.

In accordance with the tasks of the QCD, it implements the following functions: selection and placement of personnel, training and advanced training; analysis of the effectiveness of all types of technical control; introduction of progressive methods of control and evaluation of the quality of products; input control; analysis and generalization of statistical data on the operational properties of products manufactured by the enterprise; control over the implementation and effectiveness of measures to eliminate the identified design and manufacturing deficiencies in products and the prevention of defects; participation in the preparation and certification of products; development of proposals aimed at improving the quality of manufactured products; participation in the improvement of regulatory documentation.

Quality control of manufactured products is carried out by the QCD in the following main areas: control of technical documentation and technological processes, ensuring the reliability of received products, reclamation work, the use of measuring instruments, compliance with metrological acceptance rules. Consider the main types of control, terms and definitions established in this area (GOST 16504-81).

Technical control is a verification of the conformity of a product or process, on which its quality depends, to established requirements. At the stage of product development, technical control consists in checking the compliance of the prototype with the terms of reference, technical documentation, design rules set forth in the ESKD; at the manufacturing stage, it covers quality, completeness, packaging, labeling, quantity of products presented, the course of production processes; at the operation stage consists in checking compliance with the requirements of operational and repair documentation.

Technical control includes three main stages:

* obtaining primary information about the actual state of the object of control, controlled signs and indicators of it;

* obtaining secondary information - deviations from the specified parameters by comparing the primary information with the planned criteria, norms and requirements;

* preparation of information for the development of appropriate control actions on the object subjected to control.

A controlled attribute is a quantitative or qualitative characteristic of the properties of an object subjected to control. A complex of organizational and technical measures aimed at ensuring the production of products with a given level of quality is the subject of organization of control.

A method of control is a set of rules for the application of certain principles for the exercise of control. The method of control includes the main physical, chemical, biological and other phenomena, as well as dependencies (laws, principles) used in the removal of primary information regarding the object of control.

A control system is understood as a set of control means and performers interacting with an object according to the rules established by the relevant documentation.

Control means are products (instruments, fixtures, tools, test benches) and materials used in control, for example, reagents.

Types of technical control are divided according to the following main features:

* depending on the object of control - control of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of product properties, technological process (its modes, parameters, characteristics, compliance with the requirements of ESKD, ESTD, EU CCI);

* according to the stages of creation and existence of products - design (control of the design process of design and technological documentation), production (control of the production process and its results), operational;

* according to the stages of the process - input (quality control of incoming products carried out by the consumer), operational (control of products or processes during the execution or after completion of a certain operation), acceptance (control of finished products, the results of which make a decision on its suitability for delivery or use);

* by completeness of coverage - continuous (control of each unit of production carried out with the same completeness),

selective (control of samples or samples from a batch or product stream);

* in connection with the object of control in time - volatile (control at random moments, selected in the prescribed manner), continuous (control, in which the flow of information occurs continuously), periodic (information arrives at set intervals);

* if possible, the subsequent use of products - destructive (the object of control is not subject to use), non-destructive (without violating the suitability of the object of control for further use);

* according to the degree of use of control means - measuring, registration, organoleptic, according to the control sample (by comparing the signs of product quality with the signs of the quality of the control sample), technical inspection (with the help of the senses, if necessary, with the involvement of control tools, the nomenclature of which is established by the relevant documentation );

* to check the effectiveness of control - inspection (carried out by specially authorized executors in order to verify the effectiveness of previously performed control);

* depending on the performer - departmental control (carried out by bodies of the ministry or department), state supervision (carried out by special government bodies);

* depending on the level of technical equipment - manual (non-mechanized controls are used to check the quality of parts, products), mechanized (use of mechanized controls), automated (carried out with partial human participation), automatic (without direct human participation), active (directly affects the course of the technological process and processing modes in order to control them);

* according to the type of parameters being checked and quality features - geometric parameters (control of linear, angular dimensions, shape, etc.), physical properties(thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, melting point, etc.), mechanical properties (rigidity, hardness, plasticity, etc.), chemical properties (chemical analysis of the composition of a substance, corrosion resistance in various media, etc.), metallographic studies (control of micro- and macrostructure of blanks, semi-finished products, parts), special (tightness control, absence of internal defects), functional parameters (operability control of devices, systems, devices in various conditions), quality attributes, for example appearance visually.

In accordance with GOST 16504-81, a test is understood as an experimental determination of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the properties of the test object as a result of the impact on it during its operation, when modeling the object and impacts. The type of test is a classification grouping of tests according to a certain attribute. In accordance with the species classification, tests are divided according to the following main features:

* depending on the objectives of the tests - control (to control the quality of the object), research (to study certain properties of the object);

* according to the availability of a basis for comparing the results - comparative (tests of two or more objects carried out under identical conditions to compare their quality characteristics);

* in terms of accuracy, the values of the parameters are definitive (for determining the values of product parameters with specified values of accuracy and confidence probability), evaluative (for such an assessment of product quality, in which it is not required to determine the values of its parameters with specified values of accuracy and confidence probability);

* by stages of product development - finishing (carried out in the process of product development to assess the impact of changes made to it in order to achieve the required quality indicators), preliminary (tests of prototypes or batches to determine the possibility of submitting them for acceptance tests), acceptance tests (tests of prototypes or batches of products or products of a single production, carried out, respectively, to resolve the issue of the advisability of putting these products into production or after manufacturing, transfer them to operation);

* by the level of conduct - departmental (acceptance tests conducted by a commission of representatives of the interested ministry or department), interdepartmental (acceptance tests conducted by a commission of representatives of several interested ministries, departments), state (acceptance tests conducted by a state commission);

* at the stages of the process - at the input control (to check the compliance of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the products received from the supplier with the quantitative and qualitative characteristics stipulated by the standards or specifications); during operational control (in order to establish the compliance of the emerging quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the product in the process of its processing with the quantitative and qualitative characteristics provided for by the technical conditions, standards); acceptance tests (testing of finished products, carried out during acceptance control);

* according to the frequency of carrying out - periodic (in the volumes and within the time limits established by the relevant documentation);

* for assessing the level of product quality - attestation (for assessing the level of product quality during its certification);

* according to the assessment of the feasibility of measurements - typical (product tests carried out after making changes to the design, recipe or manufacturing technology to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of the changes made);

* in terms of duration - accelerated (product tests, the methods and conditions of which provide the required amount of information in a shorter period than in the envisaged conditions and modes of operation), normal (product tests, the methods and conditions of which provide the necessary amount of information in the same period as in the envisaged conditions and modes of operation);

* by the degree of intensification of processes - forced (accelerated tests based on the intensification of processes that cause failures or damage), reduced (accelerated tests without intensification of processes that cause failures or damage);

* if possible, subsequent use of products - destructive (may impair the suitability of products for

intended use), non-destructive (should not impair suitability for its intended use);

* depending on the venue - polygon (in conditions as close as possible to operational), operational (in operational conditions);

* depending on the evaluated properties - for reliability (product tests to determine or evaluate the purpose of its reliability indicators under given conditions), resource (durability tests to determine or evaluate the technical life of products);

* by type of impact on the object - mechanical (mechanical loads), electrical (electrical loads). acoustic (acoustic vibrations), thermal (thermal loads), hydraulic, pneumatic (liquid or gas pressure), radiation (ionizing radiation), electromagnetic (electromagnetic field), magnetic (magnetic field), biological (life activity of organisms), climatic (climatic factors ), chemical (chemical reaction).

Tests are subject to prototypes (batches) and products of serial, mass and single production. Prototype or an experimental batch is subjected to preliminary and acceptance tests (checks) according to specially developed programs.

Preliminary tests are carried out to determine the compliance of products with the terms of reference, the requirements of standards, technical documentation and to decide whether it is possible to submit them for acceptance tests.

Acceptance tests are carried out in order to: determine the compliance of products with the terms of reference, the requirements of standards and technical documentation, and assess the technical level; determining the possibility of putting products into production; development of recommendations on establishing the quality category.

Products of serial and mass production are subjected to acceptance, periodic tests of the installation series (the first industrial batch), called qualification, products of single production - only acceptance. The procedure and scope of acceptance tests are not standard: they are specified in the regulatory documentation for products, and the results are reflected in the accompanying documentation for products.

Tests of the installation series (the first industrial batch) are carried out by the manufacturer with the participation of the developer, the customer (the main consumer) and representatives of the State Standard. Based on their results, the commission decides on the completion of the product development process and the possibility of mass production, and if the quality indicators are lower than those provided, the commission makes recommendations on improving the production process, sets a deadline for eliminating the identified shortcomings and conducting retests.

To assess the possibility of manufacturing products for export, testing of a sample (s) of products of serial and mass production is carried out. The certificate of the commission that conducted the tests approved by the ministry serves as a permit for the manufacture of products for export. An indispensable condition for this is the availability of a fully developed set of the technological process, technological documentation, a complete set of the provided equipment, equipment, measuring instruments, and the qualifications of workers that ensure the release of products for export with stable quality indicators.

The permanent commission of the workshop on quality at least once a month analyzes all cases of marriage, return of parts, assemblies, assemblies and makes its proposals aimed at eliminating repeated defects.

All defects found in the process of manufacturing and processing of products, the need for additional improvements to products and the results of these works are recorded in the current documents of the enterprise. The following documents are used to record and eliminate defects: primary accounting documents of defects; signal sheet; defect map.

Primary accounting documents of defects found in the process of manufacturing and testing products are a log of the results of control operations on the technological process, a log of accounting and preparation of test results at the enterprise, an act of fault detection of products after testing, a list of defects found during natural tests, comments from test sites and etc.

The signal sheet is used to register and control the elimination of defects, if the additional work and centralized control are possible without the permission of the management of the enterprise.

The defect card is intended for registration and control over the elimination of defects, if additional work and centralized control require permission from the management of the enterprise.

Control over the elimination of defects is carried out according to signal sheets. They are issued by the quality control department during the manufacturing process - the technological bureau of the workshop, as well as during the development process - by the persons responsible for testing. Initially issued signal sheets are sent to the reliability department of the enterprise, where they are considered and classified according to the types of reasons causing defects, and sent to the executing units. The term and procedure for passing documents are established in the standards of the enterprise. The permanent commission on quality examines in detail the complaints received over the past period, clarifies the correctness of the determination by the working commissions of the reasons for the refusal and the completeness of the proposed measures to eliminate them, approves the deadlines and performers of the measures.

Technical control and testing allow not only to establish whether the product meets the requirements for it, but provide information for product quality management. Metrology plays a huge role in ensuring a given level of product quality.

Metrology is the science of measurements, methods for achieving their unity and requires accuracy. The main problems of this science include: the creation of a general theory of measurements; formation of units of physical quantities and systems of units; development of methods and measuring instruments, methods for determining the accuracy of measurements, the foundations for ensuring the uniformity of measurements and the uniformity of measuring instruments; creation of standards and exemplary measuring instruments, verification of measures and measuring instruments.

In modern conditions, metrological support is a complex of scientific and technical means, rules and norms necessary to achieve unity and the required accuracy of measurements. Further improvement of measurement tools and techniques will largely determine the level and efficiency of industrial production and the quality of technical devices.

Great value, especially at the stage technical training production, has a metrological examination of design and technological documentation, which involves the analysis and evaluation of technical solutions for the selection of parameters to be measured, the establishment of accuracy standards and the provision of methods and measuring instruments for the development, manufacture, testing, operation and repair of products.

The authority and volume of work related to metrological support in our country have increased so much that a metrological service was created, which consists of state and departmental services. The most important scientific base of the metrological service of the country is the metrological institutes and their branches. They conduct fundamental and applied scientific research, improve and develop the scientific foundations of metrology, develop and create new standards and measuring instruments of the highest accuracy.