The world population of pigs. Pig geography in the year of the pig. largest pork supplier in the world

Animal husbandry is the second main industry of the world Agriculture, comparable in value to crop production, and in many countries and regions surpassing it. In the structure of this industry, it is customary to distinguish several sub-sectors: breeding of large cattle(cattle breeding), pigs, sheep, goats, buffaloes, horses, camels, deer, yaks, donkeys, mules, as well as poultry, beekeeping and sericulture.

Rice. 97. World livestock

Table 132

NUMBER OF THE MAIN CATTLE SPECIES IN THE WORLD AND IN ITS LARGE REGIONS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY

* Without CIS countries.

The main quantitative indicator by which the development of animal husbandry and its sub-sectors is usually judged is the number of livestock. The total world number of all types of livestock now reaches 4.5 billion, i.e., on average, there are one and a half head of livestock per two inhabitants of the Earth. Figure 97 gives an idea of ​​how this population is distributed among the three main types of livestock. The sizes of the livestock of other types of livestock are as follows: goats, there are 800 million head, buffalo - 170 million, horses - 65 million, donkeys - 45 million, camels - 20 million and mules - 15 million heads. World livestock poultry an order of magnitude higher: it is 14-15 billion. The above indicators are quite stable, and if they change, then not so quickly. Nevertheless, there is still a gradual reduction in the number of draft livestock (horses, buffaloes, donkeys, mules, camels). This is due to the mechanization of agriculture, which swept many developing countries during the era of the Green Revolution. At the same time, poultry farming is growing quite rapidly, and to a lesser extent, pig farming.

Statistics show that the distribution of livestock between developed and developing countries is formed with a significant preponderance of developing countries. The same conclusion can be reached when analyzing data for large regions of the world. (Table 132).

Table 133

TOP TEN COUNTRIES BY CATTLE SIZE IN 2005

* Without buffalo - 222 million.

From the data in Table 132 it follows that foreign Asia has the largest livestock of cattle, sheep with goats, and pigs (buffaloes, donkeys and mules can also be added to this list). Latin America and Africa follow this region in terms of total livestock size, while the regions of foreign Europe, North America, Australia and the CIS do not take the first place in any of the types of livestock included in the table.

Approximately the same picture emerges when looking at the distribution of the main types of livestock in the leading countries. This is evidenced by the data in Table 133 and Figure 98.

The data in Table 133 shows that the top ten countries in terms of livestock numbers include eight developing countries, which also generally occupy a leading position in it. And Figure 98 shows that although there are only eight developing countries in the top 20 pig populations, China alone accounts for half of the world's pig population. Of the 20 major sheep-producing countries in developing countries, 13. In the world poultry population, China also ranks first (more than 5 billion heads), third and fourth are occupied by Brazil and Indonesia (1.2 billion each), while the United States is in second place, and in fifth – India. More than half of the world's poultry population is concentrated in these five countries.

But it's all pure. quantitative indicators, which are important and interesting, but do not reflect the efficiency, marketability, profitability of animal husbandry, methods of its conduct, links with crop production, and many other important criteria. However, if we take into account these quality criteria, then the ratio between developed and developing countries will be completely different.

In the economically developed countries of the West, animal husbandry prevails over agriculture in terms of production value, and often quite significantly. In addition, agriculture itself is to a large extent focused on the needs of animal husbandry, or, as they say, works for it. This is expressed in the fact that it is agriculture that supplies for animal husbandry both fodder crops (corn, barley, oats), grasses (alfalfa, clover), and root crops (fodder beets, potatoes). Suffice it to say that in the United States about 1/2 of all agricultural land, and in Western Europe even 4/5 of them are related to animal husbandry. It is also impossible not to mention the high level of mechanization, electrification, and, more recently, the electronization and automation of many livestock-breeding processes. That is why animal husbandry in Western countries, even with a more or less stable population, gives a significant increase in production, fully meeting their own needs and opening up opportunities for export.

Rice. 98, a. World number of pigs, million heads

Rice. 98b. World number of sheep, million heads

Of course, differences in natural conditions and labor skills of the population lead to the fact that animal husbandry in developed countries has different directions.

This is most clearly seen in the example of cattle breeding. Breeding of cattle may have a dairy specialization, in which the share of milk in livestock production exceeds 70%, which is especially typical for the northwestern part of Europe and the US Lakeland. It may have a mixed dairy and meat specialization, the distribution area of ​​​​which is even wider. Both of these specializations are distinguished by a high level of intensity: for example, the average annual milk yield in Western Europe is 5000–7000 kg, and in the USA even 3500 kg. To an even greater extent, this applies to poultry and pig farming, which are especially drawn to suburban areas. In the United States, poultry farming is already virtually complete, and in Western Europe it is almost entirely carried out by industrial methods; this applies to both broiler chicken and egg production.

But in developed countries there are also very high-commodity livestock industries that are conducted not by intensive, but by extensive methods. First of all, this is typical for countries specializing in beef cattle breeding, such as the USA, Australia, and South Africa, where beef cattle are raised on vast natural pastures with very low labor intensity. This type of economy, found primarily in arid regions, is called cattle breeding on a ranch. Such ranches happen to have an area of ​​tens of thousands of hectares; however, then the young animals grown on them are sent for fattening to other grain-producing regions. Sheep breeding is carried out in extensive ways almost everywhere.

In contrast, in developing countries, livestock production is mostly of secondary importance and, moreover, has little connection with agriculture. It is carried out extensively, gives (except for plantations) a small yield of marketable products, and in its structure the main place is occupied by low-bred and draft cattle. A significant role in these countries is still played by the most extensive nomadic and semi-nomadic animal husbandry, which focuses on the use of scarce natural fodder resources and on the most unpretentious types of livestock (camels, sheep, goats). However, extensive sheep breeding is also characteristic of a number of developed countries, for example, Australia. Of the individual areas of sheep breeding, the most widely represented in the world are fine-wool, developing in semi-desert and steppe regions (1/4 of the world's sheep population), and semi-fine-wool meat and wool in areas with better moisture and a milder climate (also about 1/4 of the world's livestock). The rest of the sheep population falls on coarse-wooled, meat-fat and karakul sheep breeding.

Along with this, in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America there is a relatively small group of countries for which it is animal husbandry that has become the main branch of agricultural specialization. Examples of such countries are Chad, Mauritania, Ethiopia, Botswana, Namibia in Africa, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina in South America, Mongolia, Afghanistan in Asia. Numerical indicators, especially per capita, related to these countries, sometimes turn out to be downright record-breaking. Uruguay, for example, has an average of 3,200 cattle per 1,000 inhabitants, while Botswana, Namibia, Paraguay, and Argentina have 1,700 cattle. In terms of the number of sheep per 1,000 inhabitants, Uruguay also stands out (8,200), second only to New Zealand (14,800!). In Mongolia, this figure is 6200, in Mauritania - 2200, in Namibia - 1800. But in terms of the number of pigs per 1000 people, the world record holder Denmark (2100) is followed by the small island states of Oceania - Tonga, Tuvalu, Western Samoa (1000-1500 ).

Rice. 99. Main livestock areas

In its most generalized form, with a subdivision into only two main types, the distribution of world animal husbandry is shown in Figure 99. M. B. Volf and Yu. can be distributed as follows.

To first type include areas with a high density of both population and livestock (100–200 heads or more per 100 hectares of agricultural land), with high productivity of animal husbandry and its specialization in intensive sub-sectors: dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, and poultry farming. In foreign Europe, the region of the first type covers Denmark, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Switzerland, and some other countries; in North America, the Northeast of the United States. Animal husbandry in them will give 60-80% of all marketable agricultural products.

Co. second type include areas with an average level of intensity and productivity of agriculture. It also corresponds to the average (30–60 heads) density of livestock. Examples of this kind can be Southern and Eastern Europe, the southern and central states of the United States, and some areas in Latin America.

To third type include areas with a low density of both population and livestock (5-10 heads), with a predominance of the least intensive sub-sectors and directions of animal husbandry, extensive livestock keeping on vast natural pastures and relatively low productivity. Examples of this kind are: most of Australia, Patagonia in Argentina, Angola, some countries of West and North Africa (Mauritania, Chad, Algeria). As a rule, animal husbandry in them sharply prevails over crop production and serves as the main branch of the economy.

Finally, to fourth type include areas with a high population density, including rural, with a high density of livestock (60-200 heads), but with low productivity and the predominance of low-intensity sub-sectors and directions in animal husbandry. In general, animal husbandry plays a subordinate role in these areas and provides little marketable products. Examples of this kind are India, Sri Lanka, the countries of Southeast Asia. In developing countries, centers of low-productive animal husbandry are most often territorially separated from consumer and commercial crop production.

Russia as part of the USSR had a fairly developed animal husbandry. In the mid 1980s. the number of cattle in it was 60 million heads, pigs - about 40, sheep and goats - almost 65 million heads. However, in the 1990s First of all, due to the lack of feed, the livestock decreased several times - to 28.5 million heads, 17.5 million and 15.5 million heads, respectively, in 1998. The relatively low productivity of animal husbandry is evidenced, for example, by the fact that the average annual milk yield per cow is 3000 kg. Nevertheless, animal husbandry continues to be an important branch of the country's economy. In terms of output (in value terms), it is almost as good as crop production. The basis of animal husbandry in Russia is the breeding of cattle - dairy in the northern and central regions of the European part of the country, dairy and meat in most of its territory, and meat and dairy in the steppe zone. In the second half of the 1990s. began to take measures to increase animal husbandry, but their implementation will require a considerable period of time.

Specialists of the Expert-Analytical Center for Agribusiness "AB-Center" www.site prepared another. Below are some excerpts from the study.

Pig breeding in Russia in 2016 showed a positive trend in the growth of livestock and meat production.

Pigs

The number of pigs in Russia in farms of all categories as of January 1, 2017 totaled 22,033.3 thousand heads. In relation to January 1, 2016, the livestock increased by 2.4% or by 526.8 thousand heads, by January 1, 2015 - by 2.9% or by 614.1 thousand heads, by January 1, 2014 - by 12.7% or 2,487.2 thousand heads.

In the structure of the pig population, 83.4% accounted for agricultural organizations, 14.6% - for households, 2.0% - for peasant farms.

An analysis of long-term trends shows an increase in the number of pigs over 5 years by 27.7%, over 10 years - by 36.1%.

In 2016, the number of pigs in Russia reached the level of 1995, while in relation to 1990, there is a decrease in the number of livestock - by 42.5%. At the same time, due to improved quality indicators (such as herd turnover), pork production over this period (when comparing data for 1990 and 2016) decreased slightly.

The number of pigs by region. Rating 2016

The Belgorod region is the leader in the number of pigs as of January 01, 2017 - 4,137.4 thousand heads. A year earlier, this figure was 3,954.4 thousand heads. The share of the Belgorod region in the total number of pigs in the Russian Federation is 18.8%.

AT Kursk region On January 01, 2017, the number of pigs totaled 1,480.9 thousand heads (6.7%), which is 8.1% or 111.1 thousand heads more than on January 01, 2016.

The third place is occupied by the Tambov region - 990.8 thousand heads, which is 9.1% or 82.9 thousand heads higher than the same date in 2016. The share of the region in the total Russian livestock was 4.5%.

In the Chelyabinsk region, as of January 01, 2017, the number of pigs totaled 751.1 thousand heads. For comparison, on January 01, 2016 - 676.1 thousand heads. The share of the region in the total population of the Russian Federation was at the level of 3.4%.

6. Voronezh region - 713.7 thousand heads, share in the all-Russian livestock - 3.2%.

7. Krasnoyarsk Territory - 618.7 thousand heads, 2.8%.

8. Lipetsk region - 567.3 thousand heads, 2.6%.

9. Altai Territory - 561.4 thousand heads, 2.5%.

10. Tver region - 525.7 thousand heads, 2.4%.

11. Omsk region - 506.0 thousand heads, 2.3%.

12. Republic of Tatarstan - 465.1 thousand heads, 2.1%.

13. Republic of Bashkortostan - 450.5 thousand heads, 2.0%.

14. Rostov region - 411.2 thousand heads, 1.9%.

15. Kemerovo region - 410.1 thousand heads, 1.9%.

16. Stavropol Territory - 395.5 thousand heads, 1.8%.

17. Novosibirsk region - 379.3 thousand heads, 1.7%.

18. Orel region - 374.8 thousand heads, 1.7%.

19. Krasnodar Territory - 365.2 thousand heads, 1.7%.

20. Tyumen region - 342.4 thousand heads, 1.6%.

The number of pigs as of January 1, 2017 in farms of all categories in the regions not included in the TOP-20 totaled 6,748.0 thousand heads (30.6% of the total number of pigs in Russia).

Pork production in Russia in 2016

In 2016, Russia produced 3,388.4 thousand tons of pork in terms of slaughter weight (4,346.1 thousand tons in live weight). Over the year, the volume of production in slaughter weight increased by 9.3% or 289.7 thousand tons, over 5 years - by 39.6% or 960.8 thousand tons, over 10 years - by 99.4% or by 1,689.2 thousand tons. The volumes of 2016 exceeded the volumes of 1991 and almost equaled those of 1990.

The structure of pork production in 2016 was distributed as follows: 80.5% fell on agricultural organizations, 18.2% - on households, 1.3% - on peasant farms.

Pork production by region. Rating 2016

The main pork producer in 2016 is the Belgorod region. The volume of production in the region in 2016 amounted to 613.9 thousand tons in slaughter weight (787.4 thousand tons in live weight). The share in the all-Russian pork production is 18.1%. In relation to 2015, production increased by 5.1% or 29.6 thousand tons.

Kursk region in 2016 is in second place with a share of 6.6% of total production pork in Russia (225.0 thousand tons in carcass weight). During the year, production increased by 11.1% or 22.4 thousand tons.

In 2016, the Tambov region produced 156.8 thousand tons of pork in slaughter weight (201.1 thousand tons in live). The share of the region in the total volume of production is 4.6%. For comparison, in 2015, the region produced 147.4 thousand tons of pork.

The fourth place in the ranking of regions in 2016 was occupied by the Pskov region, where they produced 119.3 thousand tons in carcass weight (153.0 thousand tons in live), which is 45.9% or 37.5 thousand tons more than than in 2015. The share of the Pskov region in the total Russian pork production was at the level of 3.5%.

The share of the Voronezh region in the total volume of pork production in 2016 amounted to 3.4% or 114.2 thousand tons in carcass weight (146.5 thousand tons in live). During the year, production increased by 31.2% or 27.2 thousand tons.

In addition to these regions, the TOP-20 largest regions of pork producers in farms of all categories in 2016 included:

6. Chelyabinsk region (production volume - 108.0 thousand tons in slaughter weight, share in total pork production - 3.2%).

7. Krasnoyarsk Territory (92.2 thousand tons, 2.7%).

8. Lipetsk region (88.9 thousand tons, 2.6%).

9. Altai Territory (81.4 thousand tons, 2.4%).

10. Tver region (80.8 thousand tons, 2.4%).

11. Omsk region (76.4 thousand tons, 2.3%).

12. Republic of Tatarstan (75.8 thousand tons, 2.2%).

13. Republic of Bashkortostan (66.8 thousand tons, 2.0%).

14. Krasnodar Territory (66.8 thousand tons, 2.0%).

15. Tyumen region (61.2 thousand tons, 1.8%).

16. Udmurt Republic (55.8 thousand tons, 1.6%).

17. Rostov region (54.9 thousand tons, 1.6%).

18. Novosibirsk region (54.6 thousand tons, 1.6%).

19. Sverdlovsk region (53.7 thousand tons, 1.6%).

20. Stavropol Territory (53.0 thousand tons, 1.6%).

The total pork production in 2016 in farms of all categories in the regions not included in the TOP-20 amounted to 1,089.0 thousand tons in carcass weight (32.1% of the total pork production).

Not everyone knows that the Year of the Pig, joyfully met on the night of January 1, 2007, comes a month and a half later. The Eastern calendar does not coincide with the Gregorian, if only because the Eastern calendar is lunar, and the Gregorian is solar. The beginning of the Eastern New Year falls on various dates between January 20 and February 20. For example, in 2006 the first day of the Year of the Dog was January 29th. The Year of the Red Pig will begin on February 17, 2007 at 19:14 Moscow time. If you consider yourself a good teacher who is interesting to learn from, then you just need to beat this date in a geography lesson. There are three possible approaches, three geographic themes. For each of them, you will need a mapping diagram of the distribution of the world pig population (p. 24-25) and a table (p. 26).

Population geography

Carefully follow the features of the placement of pigs around the world. Where are the most pigs? Of course, in China - in the country where the tradition of "pig" years comes from. There are almost half a billion pigs, more than half of the world's population. So that New Year will please, first of all, Chinese piglets, pigs and boars. What is the first thing every schoolchild should know about China? The fact that it has the largest population in the world, exceeding 1.3 billion. Among the main "pig" countries of the world are the populous USA, Brazil, Vietnam, Germany. Russia, a country in the top ten in terms of population, lags behind in terms of pig stock, yielding even to Spain and Poland, being at the level of Denmark (you must be aware of the hams and bacons from these countries?). However, in 1990, before the catastrophic decline in agricultural indicators, there were 38 million pigs in our country, now it would be the third largest in the world ( was would, alas). The same crisis, and not the craving of Ukrainians for bacon, glorified in jokes, reduced the pig population of our closest neighbor. This has its own logic: the decline in population is accompanied by a reduction in the number of pigs.

confessional geography

But do all the most populated countries in the world have a large swine population? Look at the map. Right in its center, a white spot catches the eye. This is the Islamic world. According to Islam, the pig is an unclean animal. Raising pigs, eating pork, and even the mere mention of a pig is a sin. Compare the map on p. 24-25 with the Muslim accommodation map published in No. 13/2006. They are as different as positive and negative. Of the Muslim countries, Indonesia has the most pigs - 6 million, but this is for 245 million of the population, which includes Christians, Hindus, Confucians, animists.

Also, Buddhists and Jews do not favor pigs and pork. In Buddhism, the pig symbolizes ignorance - one of the main sins of man. Buddhists believe that Buddha interrupted his earthly journey by tasting stale pork. Religious traditions and prohibitions determine the low pig population in Israel, Mongolia, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. "But what about China?" - you ask. In China, the situation is different. Firstly, Buddhism in China is closely intertwined with Confucianism and Taoism, and they do not say anything bad about pigs;
secondly, it is a socialist country with a high proportion of atheists. So the famous "Shanghai Bamboo Pig", like other pork dishes, is an integral part, if not the basis, of the Chinese culinary tradition.

Economical geography

What are pigs for? “For meat,” you answer, and you will be right. They do not take milk from pigs, they do not have horns that can be used in pharmacology, they are not bred for wool. Of course, you can still get bristles from pigs, which are used, for example, for the production of brushes and brushes, but this does not interfere with the most important purpose of these domestic animals - meat. The number of pigs directly indicates the amount of pork production.

Pork in modern economy- the meat of the townspeople. Why? Because pigs do not need to be pastured on open pastures, they are fed on relatively compact pig farms that can easily find space in the suburbs of large conurbations. By the way, this is precisely why pigs have become so widespread in small island states, where there is simply no space for breeding other meat animals (Nauru has 3 thousand pigs for 13 thousand people, and Niue has a pig for each of 2 thousand islanders). Also, keep in mind that pigs are unpretentious in food, they willingly consume all the food waste that is generated in cities. That is why, other things being equal, the number of pigs will be larger in those countries where the proportion of large cities is higher. There are relatively few pigs even in developed South Africa and Australia. So it's not easy for an adorable Australian pig named Babe - the hero of the movie of the same name - to find friends from his pink tribe at home.

Brazil
Germany
Philippines
Netherlands
South Korea
Indonesia
Great Britain
Belarus
Venezuela
Serbia and Montenegro
Australia
Cambodia
Portugal
Burkina Faso
Malaysia
Papua New Guinea
Colombia
Ireland
Switzerland
Madagascar
Paraguay
Argentina
Finland
Kazakhstan
Croatia
Slovakia
Congo (Kinshasa)
Bulgaria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Zimbabwe
Dominican Republic
Costa Rica
Slovenia
Norway
Honduras
Tanzania
Moldova
Guinea-Bissau
Salvador
East Timor
Ivory Coast
New Zealand
Singapore
Guatemala
Cape Verde
Mozambique
Macedonia
Nicaragua
Luxembourg
Reunion (French)
Uzbekistan
Sri Lanka
Kyrgyzstan
Solomon islands
Sierra Leone
Puerto Rico (USA)
Congo (Brazzaville)
Trinidad and Tobago
Iceland
micronesia
Cook Islands (NZ)
Guadeloupe (French)
Swaziland
Turkmenistan
French polynesia
New Caledonia (French)
Wallis and Futuna Islands (Fr.)
Azerbaijan
Martinique (French)
Barbados
Seychelles
Saint Lucia
Mauritius
Kiribati
American Samoa (USA)
french guiana
Saint Vincent
Botswana
Equatorial Guinea
Mongolia
Guam (USA)
Bahamas
Dominica
Liechtenstein
Antigua and Barbuda
Virgin Islands (US)
Netherlands Antilles
Sao Tome and Principe
Niue (N. Zel.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Virgin Islands (Brit.)
Montserrat (UK)
Tokelau (N. Zel.)
Tajikistan
Saint Helena (UK)
Bermuda (UK)
Cayman Islands (UK)
Falkland Islands (sp. Brit. and Arg.)

The global pig industry is developing steadily and is the most important livestock sector. The number of pigs is increasing, which gives a stable increase in world pork output - over the past eight years it has increased by 18%.

In 2015, global pork production was 118 Mt, up 2.6 Mt (or 2.3%) over Last year.

Pork production in the world by country

1. China (57.6 Mt)
2. USA (10.5 Mt)
3. Germany (5.5 Mt)
4. Spain (3.5 Mt)
5. Vietnam (3.4 Mt)
6. Brazil (3.1 Mt)
7. Russia (3 million tons)

Pig breeding develops unevenly in different regions. The largest pork producer in the world is China (57.6 million tons in 2015), which accounted for 49% of the global pork output. In 2015, pork production in China increased by 4%.

China's pig breeding is undergoing both quantitative (an increase in the number of pigs) and qualitative changes (in recent years, an increase in slaughter weight has been characteristic). This was achieved by intensifying fattening and improving the productive and breeding qualities of pigs, namely by crossing domestic and imported individuals. Domestic Chinese breeds are characterized by milkiness and multiple pregnancies, while those imported from the USA (Duroc, Hampshire, Yorkshire breeds) and other countries (Chester White and Landrace breeds) have a large carcass weight and more intensive growth.

The second place among the largest producers of pork was occupied by the USA (10.5 million tons) with a share of 9% in the world output. In the USA, mainly local and hybrid breeds are grown. The most popular local breeds are Duroc, Landrace and Hampshire.

The other largest producers were Germany (5.5 Mt), Spain (3.5 Mt), Vietnam (3.4 Mt), Brazil (3.1 Mt) and Russia (3 Mt). These five countries combined accounted for 16% of global pork output. In Europe, pork production remains stable with a reduction in the number of pigs. This was achieved due to the growth of slaughter weight as a result of improved crossing, hybridization and feeding technologies.

Top 10 pork suppliers in the world

1. WH Group (China)
2. JBS Foods International (Brazil)
3. Smithfield Foods (USA)
4. JBS USA
5. Danish Crown (Denmark)
6. Tyson Foods Inc. (USA)
7. Tonnies (Germany)
8. Yurun Group (China)
9. Vion Food Group Ltd. (Netherlands)
10. Shuanghui Development (China)

The top ten suppliers of pork (by slaughtered livestock) in the world market are represented by the following companies: WH Group - 48.3 million heads (China), JBS Foods International - 28 million heads (Brazil), Smithfield Foods - 27.9 million heads and JBS USA - 22.3 million heads (USA), Danish Crown - 22 million heads (Denmark), Tyson Foods Inc. - 19.9 million heads (USA), Tonnies - 17.5 million heads (Germany), Yurun Group - 16.6 million heads (China), Vion Food Group Ltd. - 15.7 million heads (Netherlands) and Shuanghui Development - 15 million heads (China).

World pork exports amounted to 11.0 million tons in 2015 - 3.6% more than a year earlier. Thus, about 9% of world output was exported. The largest volume of pork was supplied from Germany (1.78 million tons), USA (1.53 million tons), Spain (1.25 million tons), Denmark (1.13 million tons), the Netherlands (0.94 million tons) , Canada (0.87 million tons) and Belgium (0.72 million tons). These countries accounted for 75% of the world's total pork exports. The most noticeable increase in exports in 2015 was in Spain (+17%).

Even though China is the world's largest pork producer, the country's exports are negligible, accounting for only 0.7% of global exports in 2015. Almost the entire output is directed to domestic consumption. Unlike China, large European producers - Germany and Spain - exported more than a third of their own production, and in Denmark, exports accounted for 74% of production.

In Denmark, pig breeding is characterized by a high level of development. The most common breed in the country is the landrace. A feature of the industry in the country is a centralized management system for breeding work through the National Committee for Pig Breeding. In addition to small farms, there are also large-scale production based on private capital in the country.

Despite the development of pig production in various regions, some countries are experiencing the need to import pork to meet growing demand. The volume of world pork imports was estimated at 10.4 million tons, which was 2% more than in 2014. The top five countries in terms of import volumes included Italy (1.02 million tons), Germany (925 thousand tons), Japan (791 thousand tons), China (778 thousand tons) and Mexico (723 thousand tons), ranking in total 41% of world imports. Shipments to Italy have been relatively stable over the past year, with Germany and Japan declining by 7.0% and 4.7%, respectively.

In terms of trade restrictions, countries impose import tariffs on imported pork to maintain national production and limit the flow of imported meat to the market. Between European countries, a regime of duty-free trade in pork has been introduced.

According to the latest data, Italy, the largest importer of pork, has different tariff rates:

• for carcasses and half carcasses - 300.23 USD/t for Peru, 256.54 USD/t for Central American countries; 600.46 - for a number of other countries, including the USA and China;
• for hams, shoulder blades and cuts from them - 435.78 USD/t for Peru, 373.05 USD/t for Central American countries; 871.56 - for a number of other countries, including the USA and China;
• for other parts - $336.08/t for Peru, $287.91/t for Central American countries; 673.27 - for a number of other countries, including the USA and China.

The US has the following restrictive duties: for carcasses and half carcasses - $55/t for Cuba and Korea, for other countries - zero tariffs; for hams, shoulder blades and cuts from them - 72 USD/t for Cuba and Korea, 14 USD/t for other countries except Mexico, Canada, Australia, Chile, Colombia, Peru and a number of other countries.

Igor Nikolaev

Reading time: 5 minutes

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The modern pig industry is a highly developed complex of enterprises with a colossal production potential.

Achievements of scientific and technological progress in this area have allowed many countries of the world to improve existing and breed new breeds of pigs, characterized by high productive performance. Efficient production technologies for in-line production of pork in the conditions of large pig farms have been developed and are being successfully implemented. There have been many small farms. Significant progress has been made in breeding and keeping, as well as feeding these domestic animals, which made it possible to significantly increase their productivity.

In the meat balance of many countries of the world and our country in particular, this moment pork occupies an impressive share of 35-50 percent.

One sow can bring from 18-20 to 25-30 piglets per year, from which, with an intensive fattening method, from 1.8 to 3 tons of meat is obtained with the most economical use of feed and labor resources.

Pig production in Europe

On the territory of modern Europe in this industry there is a different picture in each individual country.

For example, in a formerly developed pig-producing country like Denmark, the number of farms has recently decreased significantly - to 4500, of which 40 percent are full-cycle farms with a reproductive herd of 255 females, 13 percent are special reproduction farms, the number of sows on which averages 950 individuals, the remaining 47 percent are fattening farms with an annual production of 6800 pigs. It should be said that Danish pig production is highly dependent on the volume of cereals produced. So, in 2008, each pig farm in this country had an average area of ​​land for spreading manure of about 140 hectares, which made it possible to produce up to half of all feed on the farms themselves. Subsequently, Denmark introduced serious restrictions related to the protection external environment from harmful effects, including pig manure. This was the reason for the decrease in the number of pig farms.

Despite this, in 2012 alone, the export of fattening piglets from this country to Germany amounted to more than 9 million pieces.

A large decrease in the number of farms in this livestock sector was also noted in the Netherlands. And the number has dropped from 25,000 in 1980 to 2,412 in 2012.

Structurally, 75 percent of Dutch pig farms were either breeding or finishing. Average population The reproductive herd of these farms was 445 sows.

At the same time, following the example of Denmark, about seven million heads of young animals were exported outside the country (most of them to Germany). In this regard, a new Danish-Dutch-German model of pig breeding is traced, in which the first two countries are focused on getting piglets, and in Germany they are fattening them.

The change of direction in Denmark and the Netherlands is due to a number of factors: the impossibility of increasing the number of pigs for environmental reasons, the lack of free land, the dissatisfaction of the population of these countries with the construction of large fattening enterprises, which resulted in open protests - on the one hand, and the excellent skills of Danish and Dutch pig breeders in breeding pigs - on the other. In Germany, on the contrary, there is a favorable situation for the construction of fattening and slaughter enterprises: large available land areas, the availability of labor and its low cost (mainly due to migrants). These factors have played a key role in the significant increase in the number of German feedlots.

French pig breeding is represented for the most part by full-cycle pig farms. The average number of reproductive herd in these farms is 196 queens. Most of these enterprises are located in the west of France (in Brittany).

On the territory of this European state, there are also rather strict environmental protection laws, which explains the inability of many enterprises to increase the scale of their production. Studies conducted with the participation of 20 percent of the best French farmers have shown that the level of their technical skills allows you to get much better results than those that exist at the moment. Another advantage of French pig breeders is the high level of qualification of farm workers. however, this advantage still cannot be realized in practice due to the relatively small size of pig farms.

Legislative restrictions have significantly reduced the growth rate of this French livestock sector over the past 10 years. For example, let's say that the size and number of pig farms in France in 2010 remained at the level of 2000.

In the United States, pig farming was tied to regions with good crop yields, so it began to develop in the states of the so-called "corn belt".

The basis of the pig-breeding enterprises of this country in those days were small full-cycle farms. In 1992, the share of full-cycle farms in American pig production reached 65 percent.

The replacement of full-cycle enterprises by specialized ones in the United States began in the nineties of the last century. This process was especially accelerated by the emergence of contracts for the production of pig products. Large business holdings specializing in the production of feed mixtures or the processing of raw materials began to directly conclude such contracts with private farmers.

There was a need to increase productivity, as a result of which the share of full-cycle farms in the total number of pig enterprises fell from 65 percent in 1992 to 18 percent in 2004.

Historically, the US pig industry has developed the following picture: selection and breeding work with pig breeds in this country was guided by the phenotype and strong physical constitution. Animals sought to breed in such a way that they easily withstand the winter cold. As a result, the thickness of the fat layer increased significantly in such animals. With the advent of large pig-breeding integration complexes, the breeders' requirements for genetics have also changed. The emergence of highly specialized reproductive and fattening enterprises brought to the fore the improvement, first of all, of early maturation and growth rates of pigs.

To this end, the rotation of animals has increased significantly on contract production farms, which is possible only with high growth rates. If we talk about the feed base, then according to tradition, American pig farmers tried to grow feed themselves (cereals, soybeans, and so on). Own production fodder significantly reduced their cost, which reduced the cost of production. Because the US pig industry was largely unaffected by changes in world feed prices, growth conversion was not a major concern for the industry.

With the emergence and development in the industry large companies tasks breeding work have changed. The main goal was to increase the efficiency of feed use while maintaining and increasing the growth rate

For reasons that are not entirely clear, Canada's pig industry has been declining in recent decades. Special programs developed at the state level aimed to stop the decline of this important livestock industry.

For example, the redemption of fattened pigs at the expense of the state treasury was used to reduce the market risks of pig breeders. Currently, Canadian farmers are hoping for a revival of the former power of pig production in this country. And there are all the prerequisites for this, since this type of animal husbandry in Canada has always been famous for its long traditions and unique technologies.

Genetic research of pigs in this state has been carried out for more than a hundred years. And the export of both pork and breeding animals to more than forty countries of the world is a significant indicator.

The "Pig Miracle" of the People's Republic of China is known throughout the world. Since 1978, there has been a steady increase in agricultural production throughout Food Industry generally.

Chinese agricultural enterprises not only began to play a key role in international market, but also successfully dispelled the myth about the shortage of their land resources and fully provided the domestic market with food. Recently, an effective food system has been created in China, focused on increasing the share of “highly nutritious wild boar meat” in the country's meat balance. The development model of Chinese agriculture focused on increasing the production and consumption of pork in particular and meat in general.

Compared to 1980, the average per capita meat consumption has quadrupled and in 2009 reached 58 kilograms per person per year.

The fastest growing industries are the processing of fresh meat and its packaging, as well as the production of finished meat products with a long shelf life, which makes it possible to supply them for sale in various hypermarkets and supermarkets.

China's leading role in Asian pig production is due to the rapid growth in production volumes and the popularization of pork in the country itself with its huge population.

Despite the fact that livestock has always been one of the leading sectors of the Brazilian economy, until recently, pig production occupied a small share in it (cattle breeding prevailed). For example, in the 1950s, only 329,000 tons of pork were produced in Brazil, which accounted for 2 percent of the total world production of this meat at that time.

For comparison, China supplied 2,200,000 tons (14 percent of the world volume) to domestic and foreign markets, while the United States was in first place with 4,600,000 tons and 30 percent of the world market.

Serious investments and targeted government policies have led to a real breakthrough in the production of this type of meat over the past decade. For example, here are some figures: in just two years (from 2000 to 2002), the volume of pork exports from Brazil showed an impressive increase - by 270 percent (600 thousand tons in digital terms). This brought Brazil to the fourth place in the world among all the leading pig producing countries, which it successfully holds to this day. The share of Brazilian pork in world exports is 11 percent, and in total production, this share is 3 percent.

It is worth noting that the development of this livestock industry in Brazil cannot be called uniform and permanent. Serious declines in the pig-breeding complex of the country were explained either by the global overproduction of this meat in 2003 or by outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease epidemics. Despite this, according to the Brazilian Association of Pork Exporters and Producers (ABIPECS), over the past five years, despite such constraining factors as the establishment of sanitary barriers, increased state subsidies for EU pig production and increased competition in the world market for this industry, Brazil has managed to increase its export performance. for this type of agricultural products by a greater amount than the average managed to achieve the country-competitors.

More than 70 countries are on the list of regular foreign buyers of Brazilian pork.

Hong Kong, Ukraine and Russia have traditionally been among the main consumers of this product, although Brazilian pig farmers have recently been actively developing new sales markets, such as the countries of the Middle East and Africa.

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