R. R. Khalitov
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE RESEARCH CATEGORY "QUALITY OF INNOVATIONS"
Keywords Keywords: quality of innovation, innovative development, quality of innovative development, quality management
innovative projects.
The article discusses a variety of points of view and theoretical views of foreign and domestic researchers on the problem of researching the quality of innovative development. The article explored theoretical basis quality management of innovative development, the necessity of quality management of innovative projects in the activities of enterprises is shown, the essential importance of methods for assessing the level of quality assurance of innovative projects in the management system at the enterprise is established.
Keywords: quality in innovation, innovation development, quality of innovation development, quality management of innovation
The article deals with various points of view and theoretical opinions of foreign and domestic researches on the issue of research of quality in innovation development. Theoretical bases of quality management in innovation development are investigating, the necessity of quality management of innovation projects for the enterprises is shown and essential value of estimating methods of maintenance level of quality of innovation projects in work management system is established in the article.
Innovative development of economic sectors in a dynamically changing environment increasingly creates the need for a new set of modern instruments and indicators that allow to adequately perceive and evaluate economic processes, as well as to form effective programs for effective regulation and forecasting of the development of economic systems. Meanwhile, the development of various sectors of the economy at the regional level is largely characterized by the presence of largely contradictory processes. All these processes have acquired special significance in the development of social economic systems only at the end of the 20th century, and therefore are not always amenable to a clear and complete explanation in the framework of classical theories.
The main component of the development of economic sectors should be considered their dynamism, which is manifested in the intensive development of both the external relations of the system, due to external factors, and in its mobility. internal structure including internal factors. This determines the particular importance of studying the specifics of the transformation processes themselves in the sectors of the economy, namely, determining what is the object of influence, namely the composition of internal and external factors, the transformation processes, in what form they should take place and what changes in the economic system they really lead to. .
The study of transformation processes in sectors of the economy should be focused on the creation of effective and adequate tools that allow for macroeconomic regulation of the development of sectors of the economy in order to form a prosperous competitive society and harmoniously integrate the economic system into the global socio-economic space. Mechanisms of regulation of innovative development
sectors of the economy should also include effective mechanisms for predicting the development of the economic system and its structural elements, which would make it possible to foresee all the threats and benefits received from the implementation of certain development programs, and, therefore, would create a certain set of opportunities for building the most optimal in terms of social costs of the development trajectory of the economic system.
Sectoral economic systems are complex objects of management, the economic development of which is determined, among other things, by innovations. The process of innovation itself is complex, affecting various aspects of the economy.
Exists a large number of scientific directions of research of innovative development: evolutionary direction (N.
Kondratiev, J. Schumpeter, K. Freeman, D. Maevsky, S. Glazyev, Yu. Yakovets, S. Wyenter, R. Nelson, etc.), quantitative approach (A. Lewis, W. Rostow, R. Solow, J. Hicks, P. Romer and others) and the approach associated with the existence of the problem of market failure (V. Leontiev, L. Kantorovich and others).
In science, both the domestic school of evolutionary scientists and foreign studies are known, which are generally based on the work of the Russian scientist N. Kondratiev and J. Schumpeter. With the advent of the works of V. Mayevsky, S. Glazyev, Yu. Yakovets, a new approach in domestic science in the study of theory and methodology technological development economy. The provisions of these theories of innovative development are relevant when considering economic systems both from the standpoint of an industry and a territorial feature.
Conceptually patterns
technological development are based on the works of J. Galbraith, P. Drucker, T. Kuhn, B. Satno, D.
Sahala, E. Toflera. From the standpoint of the institutionalization of innovative development, it is relevant to consider precisely the sectoral model of development as an object (subject of management), hence the presence of the theory of the paradigm of G. Mensch, A. Kleinknecht, K. Perez, R. Foster, K. Freeman, and sectoral trajectories of scientific and technological development is especially valuable. C. Pavitt.
There are also various classifications of innovations related to the degree of their novelty. Spill radical, improving and private innovations.
In the works of the Russian researcher Yu. V. Yakovets, there is a division of innovations into basic, improving, micro-innovations and pseudo-innovations.
Also interesting are the studies of G. Mensch in the field of studying innovative development. In his works, he tried to find the relationship between the rate of economic growth and the cyclical appearance of basic innovations. According to G. Mensch, from the moment when the production of new goods begins to exceed demand, the manufacturer is looking for access to foreign markets, because of which the rate of profit falls, and in the end, less and less funds are directed to investments. After that, the capital rushes to financial markets As a result, speculative financial transactions reach a critical level, and the rate of profit in the monetary sphere falls below the rate of profit in industry. Which leads, in the end, according to Mensch, to the fact that financial sphere moves to investments in the real sector.
Another representative of the evolutionary trend is a follower of G. Mensch K. Freeman Special attention pays attention to socio-institutional factors of development, considering them more important than market factors of innovation.
Researcher Carlotta Perez-Perez considers the cost structure as a key factor in the techno-economic paradigm, believing that it is changes in the cost structure that mean a change in the techno-economic paradigm.
So far, domestic scientists have not been able to fully separate the novelty for industrial enterprises and novelty for mesosystems, since innovations new to enterprises may not be such innovations in interregional and interindustry comparisons. In science, this is solved by grading on innovation:
World novelty;
Patriotic novelty;
Industry novelty;
New for the company;
Expansion of the range, portfolio of goods and services;
Updated goods and services;
Goods and services with changed positioning;
With reduced costs (manufacturing innovation).
Various classifications of innovations are considered by a number of authors from the standpoint of innovation as a result and process. However, this does not allow the formation of a unified
methodological approach when comparing the efficiency of individual sectors of the economy. Therefore, we believe that it is methodologically correct to introduce a universal category for comparing the quality of innovations. This category is broader than considering the features of innovative activity.
Since often innovative activity in the Russian industry does not lead to an increase in business efficiency, because before that enterprises could be in a situation of reduced market competition, that is, they could receive excess profits. For this reason, the quality of such innovations for economic development in general is questionable.
At the same time, the quality of innovation and the quality of innovative development deserve special attention.
The history of the study of the content of such categories as "quality" and "innovation" already has more than a dozen years and has hundreds of definitions, at the same time, scientists have not yet been able to come to a consensus on the content of such concepts as "quality".
innovations” and “quality of innovative development”. Let's try in our study to analyze these two concepts by means of analysis, the most reliable, in our opinion, and giving the most accurate assessment, definitions of the categories "quality" and "innovation".
One of the first to define the concept of quality was Walter Shewhart, in his book " economic management quality
industrial products» he determined
quality as high quality, impeccability
goods, that is, Shewhart quality is a strict compliance with standards.
Another specialist in the field of quality, K. Ishikawa, defines quality in his works as the activity of designing, creating and operating products that are the most profitable and applicable and correspond to
consumer requirements. If we consider
the quality of the new product according to K. Ishikawa, it turns out that it can be in terms of its manufacture and the cost of its use
economical and at the same time have no or have a negative benefit value. Quality of innovative development of the enterprise
is defined by improving customer value, a constant focus on incremental continuous improvement, the overall involvement of staff in the process of continuous improvement, and the comprehensive manageability of activities.
D. Juran takes as a basis the concept of quality - conformity to the purpose or application of the manufactured products. The main idea is that the quality properties of the product are manifested when used in accordance with its purpose or the purpose of its development, that is, quality is formed when the product is used in accordance with its purpose, but quality is not limited to the purpose. The fact that the product is operated in accordance with its purpose and the result of its use is improved does not necessarily lead to an increase in quality. Here, quantitative growth can take place, expressed in the growth of the result of using products with no increase in quality. The quality of innovative development according to D. Juran can be defined as a step-by-step improvement for large projects, accompanied by constant evaluation by control (inspection) departments, frequent investments in the social sphere, applicable to manufacturing and service sectors, while the scale of use is suitable for the entire product life cycle.
G. Taguchi believes that quality is greatly affected by losses, inefficient use of products and untimely
supplies. Production losses,
untimely deliveries and inappropriate
the use of products reduces the efficiency of the production process as a whole. G. Taguchi
believes that the result of the consumption of new products in a qualitative sense is more related not only to the process of its consumption, but rather to the process of its production. The quality of innovative development is determined
focus on continuous improvement in
acceptable levels of variation and is expressed by an improvement in the knowledge and skills of employees, the widespread use of statistical
methods, and has a focus on the supplier. The Taguchi concept is more applicable to production processes rather than to manage the quality of innovative projects.
The definition of the concept of quality in the presentation of the American scientist Edward Deming is associated with meeting the requirements of the consumer, not only to meet his expectations, but also to anticipate the direction of their future changes. In his works, he develops 14 principles for building a globally competitive business, including through a focus on continuous improvement (innovation). Another aspect of great importance is the commitment to quality. It is through the constant improvement of quality and focus on innovation that unlimited possibilities open up, according to
according to E. Deming, as a result of which both the company and the buyer benefit. According to Deming, the quality of innovative development can be formulated as a philosophy of continuous improvement, based on
on 14 principles of building a competitive business.
Philip Crosby, one of the world's recognized American authorities in the field of quality, in his books formulates the concept of quality more briefly as compliance with requirements. The most widely known are his 14 principles (absolutes), which determine
the sequence of actions to ensure quality in enterprises. The quality of enterprise development according to Crosby is determined by understanding and analyzing the costs of quality; promoting the principle of "zero defects". Crosby proposed a universal way to assess the degree of competence of an enterprise in solving a quality problem. For this purpose, he used six parameters (indicators):
The attitude of the company's management to the problem;
The status of the quality department at the enterprise;
Ways to address the quality problem;
The level of spending on quality in
percentage of the total turnover of the enterprise;
Quality improvement measures;
Real standing with quality on
enterprise.
Armand W. Feigenbaum
Feigenbaum) is a world-famous American specialist, the author of the theory of integrated quality management, defines quality as a total compliance with the characteristics of a product or service, including marketing, development, production and service, resulting in the use of products. According to Feigenbaum, improving the consumer properties of products is not based on strict compliance with the characteristics
products to the conditions of use, but on the constant increase in the ability of products to perform their intended functions.
Recently, a large number of aspects of the concept of "quality" have appeared: managerial, economic, social, etc. Each of them gives its own interpretation of the content of this category, depending on the object of study. We will consider the concept of "quality" in terms of its ability to assess the quality of the innovative component. We will consider the quality of innovations as meeting the requirements of the consumer, not only to meet his expectations, but also to anticipate the direction of their future changes.
In economics and management, the term "quality" is primarily associated with the creation and use of products and services, therefore, the object of research and management here is primarily the quality of products and services, and its perception by each person largely depends on the role he plays. during their production and consumption.
Systemic changes imply the need to justify a new measure of innovative development in conditions of disequilibrium, instability and uncertainty, give rise to the need for a new synthesis of fundamental theoretical and methodological constructions that reveal the topic of growth limits when replacing labor with knowledge. The quality of innovative development, viewed through the prism of the relationship of changes in the technological basis social production and social structure
intellectual economy, is interpreted, firstly, as a radical reform of the system of social relations and, secondly, as an essential criterion for ongoing changes that determines the results of the functioning of national and world economies.
In many ways, the quality of innovation
determined by the innovation model. There are a large number of approaches to the consideration of the innovation process, they change depending on the requirements of the market, on the economic environment. In total, there are five generations of models of the innovation process. If in the first models the innovation process was considered as "a process of discovery, in which new knowledge is transformed into new products, passing through certain stages." Thus, in order to obtain results in the form of new products or services, it was necessary to concentrate efforts on the first stages of the innovation process, namely on R&D.
In the future, increased competition and a shortening of the life cycle of goods led to the need for a closer relationship between R&D and other stages of the innovation process. This consideration of innovation processes occurred after the publication of the work of Nelson and Winter " evolutionary theory economic change” and the “Interactive Model” of Rosenburg and Klein, and eventually led to the emergence of a new model of the innovation process. It begins to consider the innovation process as a combination of the two previous models. In this kind of models, called "interactive models", new knowledge was combined with the old.
In the 1990s, the attention of economists shifted from integration to networking. It was believed that in order for an enterprise to be innovative and maintain the competitiveness of innovative projects, it is necessary not only to unite various departments of the enterprise around the innovation process, but also to create and strengthen their network interactions with consumers, suppliers and others.
institutions. This formed the so-called "innovation system". In this decade, the so-called "systems of innovation theories" appeared. The main idea of these theories was that interaction and knowledge exchange should be carried out not only between various departments enterprises, but also with other
“sources of knowledge” (enterprises, universities, research centers, consumers,
providers). Freeman defines an innovation network as "a limited number of explicit connections with preferred partners ... with the aim of reducing static and dynamic uncertainty." Despite the fact that informal network relations exist, they are practically not described and studied in the works of that period, since they are "difficult to classify and measure."
Rothwell described this model of innovation as follows: certain transformations in
managerial, organizational and
technological areas allow the enterprise to change the speed of change and the effectiveness of innovation. Rothwell singled out the main strategic elements and features (primary enabling features) of the fifth innovation model.
In the fifth generation of models
innovation process special attention
given to the use of electronic
tools - information and
communication technologies (ICT - Information and Communication Technologies) to strengthen the internal and external relations of the enterprise; communications between various divisions of the enterprise, intercompany communications and communications with other
institutions, as well as quality and other non-price factors.
This shift in priorities and
tools of innovative development determines the need for transformations in the management system, starting with the material and technical base of production and ending with changes in the perception of socio-economic processes, manifested in consumer behavior business entities. A special role here is played by focusing on quality and other non-price factors, including such concept models, models and methods of quality management: total quality management (Total Quality management), models international standards ISO, business process reengineering (BPR), benchmarking, balanced scorecard (BSC), statistical process management (SPC), customer relationship management (CRM), HACCP, Five S, Six Sigma methodologies.
The problem of the quality of modern economic growth is of particular importance for Russia. The movement of the domestic economy along a growth trajectory in the context of the recent extremely favorable global situation and the appearance of social and economic well-being was not accompanied by large-scale investments in human capital and a massive renewal of fixed capital. Relative comfort of the results of rent-seeking
economic behavior did not contribute to the implementation of the macroeconomic program
sustainable growth and the formation of appropriate institutions.
Despite the ongoing research in this area of economic knowledge by foreign and Russian scientists, it can be stated that there is a clear lack of scientific substantiation of the concept of the quality of modern economic growth. In conditions of instability of research approaches, the problematic
many provisions of the theory of the quality of modern economic growth creates conditions for scientific discussion, but does not contribute to clarifying the directions of economic policy. The search for ways out of the crisis and the choice of the trajectory of sustainable economic growth form a demand for
deepening theoretical and methodological
research in this area.
In our opinion, the essence
innovative development lies not only in the main innovation process, but also in the development of a system of factors and conditions necessary for its implementation. You can also consider innovative development as a strategy based on the widespread introduction of innovations, the use of opportunities, the implementation of which requires the use of modern standards and technologies. In our study, we are under quality
of innovative development, we will understand the innovation process aimed at anticipating and maximizing the satisfaction of the needs of both end users and organizations through the active introduction of innovation elements throughout the entire cycle of product / technology creation and the selection of optimal factors that contribute to innovation.
development, accompanied by the development and production of genuine innovations. Accordingly, the factors affecting the quality and competitiveness of innovative development and innovative projects can be divided into four groups:
Organizational and managerial - system
quality management, flexibility of the organizational structure, democratic style of management, the prevalence of horizontal information flows,
self-planning, allowance for adjustments, decentralization, autonomy, formation of target working groups;
Economic, technological - availability
a reserve of financial and material and technical means, advanced technologies, the necessary economic and scientific and technical
infrastructure;
Political, legal - legislative
measures (especially benefits) that encourage
innovative activity, state support of innovations;
Socio-psychological, cultural - moral encouragement of participants in the innovation process, public recognition, providing opportunities for self-realization, release
creative work, a normal psychological climate in the workforce.
The quality of innovation can also be seen in terms of the nature of the response to factors external environment. Objective factors include those environmental factors that are caused by long-term trends and are not associated with the volitional decisions of a particular subject. These include economic laws that actively affect the quality of innovation:
The law of receiving and appropriating profit, which can also be called the law of motion market economy, since profit is the driving force of production, therefore it is of great importance for the quality of innovation;
The law of value that governs
the development of the economy and determining the need for mutually beneficial exchange in all types of transactions can also be considered as one of the most characteristic external factors affecting the quality of innovation;
The laws of supply and demand,
determining the economic mechanism of the relationship between production and consumption, allows the manufacturer to satisfy the maximum
the needs of both end users and organizations through the active introduction of marketing elements in their activities;
The law of competition, which characterizes the economic mechanism by which objective economic laws are implemented and interact in a particular type of market, contributing to an increase in the production of a high-quality innovative product;
The regularity of the cyclical development of the economy, which determines the relationship of business, including innovative activity, and the corresponding phase of the "cycle".
Subjective nature are those factors, the action of which is a direct consequence of consciously decisions taken, among which are:
The innovation policy of the state as the most important component of the state economic policy.
monetary policy
organizations acting as investors. Implementation of innovative projects, and
respectively and quality, often associated with the use borrowed money, which requires taking into account the high degree of risk of such investments.
strategies of competing firms. The significance of this factor is determined by the ability of other economic entities to influence the structure of the market, the intensity of competition, and adjust the receipt of the necessary material resources.
Consumer behavior, which largely determines the availability of demand for emerging as a result of the development of innovative relations
innovations. Accounting for this factor for an enterprise engaged in innovative activities implies additional efforts to form a policy aimed at quality and anticipation of future consumer demand for a new product, service, technology, etc.
The quality of the innovation process is influenced by many economic factors, both objective and subjective, external and internal. To external factors factors affecting the quality of innovations and the quality of innovative projects can be attributed to factors that determine the interaction of an enterprise with economic and social environments:
Use of external sources to support all phases of the innovation process: from discovery and development to commercialization;
Communication with customers, business
partners, investors, competitors,
research organizations and universities;
Lobbying interests in
state institutional structures.
Internal factors are the essential features of an enterprise that distinguish it from competitors and determine its innovative viability:
quality management, infrastructure, organizational development;
Motivated leadership;
Integration of technological and
organizational and managerial innovations;
High performance;
Effective relations with the staff, wide involvement of them in the innovation process;
Continuous organizational learning;
Efficient system marketing,
communicating with end users.
Based on the above, we
we come to the conclusion that the main task of enterprises aimed at continuous improvement and innovative development is the focus on the production of high-quality competitive products that help ensure their innovative potential and increase the level of competitiveness in the domestic and international markets, as well as the use of modern methodologies and quality management tools adapted to Russian conditions that contribute to continuous improvement of activities.
The quality level of an innovation refers to the relative characteristics of quality (or its generalized characteristics) in comparison with a set of basic indicators, which are used as indicators of analogues and standards.
Considering quality management as one of the factors of innovative development, it must be remembered that we are talking about the management of a dynamic object. Therefore, the quality management system
should be flexible enough to allow frequent modifications without global changes in work program, and should take place at all stages of innovative development.
But we believe that it is impossible to create competitive products, even
occupying a monopoly position, without control over the quality of its production. Indeed, a special place in the conceptual model of enterprise management is occupied by the mechanism
improving quality management. This is explained by the fact that it is with its help that control is exercised over the connection between the theoretical developments of the authors and the actual practice of production. innovative products. In accordance with the above, we believe that this goal can be achieved through
application of quality management methods. Since, in our opinion, they help to prevent a situation where losses are possible when receiving unusable innovative and any other products.
Based on this, we understand the quality of an innovative product as a set of new product properties,
determining its suitability to satisfy
a completely new need of the consumer of this market, or to satisfy the existing need at a higher quality level by producing on the latest modern
equipment and the introduction of an innovative approach into the very process of producing an innovative product of enterprises in the sectors of the economy and establishing control over its implementation. In accordance with this, we understand the mechanism of quality management of innovative products as a set of interrelated objects and subjects of management, the principles, methods and functions of management used at various stages of the life cycle of innovative products and levels of quality management in enterprises.
Literature
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© R. R. Khalitov - Ph.D. cafe logistics and management KNRTU, [email protected]
Innovation- a science that is aimed at studying theories of creating innovations, activating business activity enterprises by adapting to innovative processes, ensuring sustainable growth based on scientific and technological development. In economic growth models scientific and technological development becomes an endogenous (internal) growth factor.
Innovation focuses not only on the novelty of the decisions made, but also on their practical use. It answers the following questions: how it is necessary to regulate innovative development; how to make the company have a reasonable innovation strategy; what should an economist-manager know in order for an enterprise to be competitive; how to develop and implement an innovative project, etc.
There are many definitions of innovation and innovative activity. This is due to the complexity of this phenomenon and process. At the same time, most scientists, such as J. Bright, support the point of view that innovation activity covers the process of the emergence of an idea, its development, the use of results in production, management of this process, entrepreneurship as an indispensable condition for innovation, market entry and commercial achievement. success.
Thus, innovations differ not only in the level of novelty, but also in the obligatory achievement of commercial success. At the same time, commercial success is understood in the broad sense of the word and means the use of a given product (service) by a specific consumer. At the same time, a number normative documents defines innovation as "the activity of mastering the results of research and development that increase the efficiency of methods and means of implementing specific processes, including the development of new products and technologies in the production."
Innovation(innovations) are created (mastered) new or improved technologies, types of products or services, as well as organizational and technical solutions of an industrial, administrative, commercial or other nature, causing the promotion of technologies, products and services to the market. Thus, innovations include scientific and technical products, informatics products, new or improved technologies created and mastered, new types of products and services, new technologies and ways of organizing production, obtaining a new source of raw materials, fuel and electricity, new forms and methods of after-sales service, new forms of financial settlements with clients. Innovations include:
scientific and technical products - discoveries, hypotheses, theories, concepts, expert systems, models, inventions, rationalization proposals, scientific and design developments, projects, prototypes new technology, new products, informatics products (computer programs, databases);
creation of advanced production technology- development of technical documentation, working drawings, production necessary equipment, testing and acceptance of it in the prescribed manner;
new technologies in the country or abroad, having no analogues, respectively, domestic or foreign;
fundamentally new technology - technology that has no analogues in domestic and (or) foreign, has qualitatively new characteristics that meet the requirements of the current level or exceed it, based on highly productive inventions;
use of advanced production technology - its implementation and industrial operation, the result of which is the release of products, the provision of services (receiving or processing information);
technologically new product - a product whose technological characteristics (functional features, design, additional operations, as well as the composition of materials and components used) or intended use are fundamentally new or significantly different from similar previously manufactured products. Such innovations may be based on fundamentally new technologies, or on the combination of existing technologies in a new use, or on the use of research and development results;
technologically advanced product - an existing product for which quality characteristics are improved, the economic efficiency of production is increased by using more highly efficient components or materials, partial changes in one or more subsystems (for complex products).
The specific content of innovation is change, and main function innovation is a function of change. Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter identified five typical changes:
The use of new technology, new technological processes or a new market supply of production;
Introduction of products with new properties;
Use of new raw materials;
Changes in the organization of production and its logistics;
Emergence of new markets.
In the process of innovative activity, an enterprise can function with the greatest efficiency only when it is clearly focused on a specific object and is guided by the maximum consideration of the impact of external and internal environmental factors on production. This requires a detailed classification of innovations, their properties and possible sources of funding.
The most characteristic indicators of innovation are absolute and relative novelty, innovation, priority and progressiveness, the level of unification and standardization, competitiveness, adaptability to new business conditions, the ability to modernize, as well as indicators economic efficiency and environmental safety. The significance of innovation indicators is, in fact, the embodiment of indicators of the technical and organizational level of innovation and its competitiveness. Their significance is determined by the degree of influence of these factors on the final results of the enterprise: on the cost of production, its quality, sales and profits in the short and long term, the level of profitability of sold products, production and capital.
All the variety of innovations can be classify on a number of grounds.
1. By degree of novelty highlight the following innovations:
fundamentally new, having no analogues in world practice;
For fundamentally new types of products and technologies, the indicator of their patent and license purity and protection is especially important, since they, as intellectual products of the first kind, not only have priority, absolute novelty, but are also an original model, on the basis of which, by means of replication, innovations-imitations are obtained. , copy or intellectual product of the second kind.
innovations of relative novelty, not previously used in a given country, industry, enterprise.
2. By object (areas) of application distinguish:
product innovation, including the development, pilot production and implementation of technologically new and improved products, new materials, components, etc.;
process innovation, which mainly involve the development and implementation of technologically new or technologically significantly improved production methods, including product transfer methods. Innovations of this kind can be based on the use of new production equipment, new methods of organizing the production process or a combination of them, as well as on the use of research and development results. Such innovations are usually aimed at improving the efficiency of production or transfer of products already existing in the enterprise, but may also be intended for the production and supply of technologically new or improved products that cannot be produced or supplied using conventional production methods;
technological innovation, meaning the development and application of new technologies in various industries and areas of human activity, which ensure the production of new types of products, improving their quality, reducing current production costs, and increasing the economic efficiency of production. In industry, technological innovations do not include the following changes: aesthetic changes in products (in color, decor, etc.); minor technical or external changes in the product, leaving its design unchanged, not having a sufficiently noticeable effect on the parameters, properties, cost of a particular product, as well as its constituent materials and components; expanding the range of products by introducing into production types of products (possibly non-core) that were not previously produced at this enterprise, but already well known on the sales market, in order to ensure momentary demand and income of the enterprise;
organizational innovation, related primarily to reform processes organizational structures, improvement of the organization of production and labor;
managerial innovation associated with the restructuring of the enterprise management process. They are implemented using developmental reengineering or crisis reengineering, used in an extremely difficult situation and when appropriate radical measures are required to get out of it;
information innovation - solve the problems of organizing rational information flows in the field of scientific, technical and innovative activities, increasing the reliability and efficiency of obtaining information.
social innovation are aimed at improving the forms and systems of remuneration, improving working conditions, organizing training, retraining and advanced training of workers.
market innovation – open new markets for the sale of manufactured products;
comprehensive innovation – are a combination of various innovations that provide the simultaneous achievement of not one, but several positive results.
3. In terms of importance in economic development The results of innovative activity can be:
pioneer, or basic innovations , which fundamentally change technological order, production structure, management system and rates of economic development. Such innovations appear periodically and are the result of fundamental scientific research. At present, these include the global information system Internet, discoveries in biotechnology, achievements in genetic engineering, nanotechnology, etc.;
fundamentally new innovations, on the basis of which a qualitative change is possible technological system, change of generations of technology, the emergence of new industries;
improving innovation, aimed at improving known technologies, technical objects or products, the basis of which are the results of applied research and design development;
simple, retrofit innovation, providing a partial change in the technical and economic characteristics of manufactured products, equipment and technologies, allowing them to be maintained at a certain consumer level.
4. In terms of distribution allocate innovations: transnational; intersectoral; regional; industry; innovation within the enterprise.
5. For reasons of occurrence:
strategic innovation, implementation of which allows obtaining competitive advantages in the market;
adaptive innovation, ensuring the survival of the enterprise in changing external conditions.
Different types of innovations are closely interconnected and impose specific requirements on the innovation mechanism. Thus, technical and technological innovations, influencing the content of production processes, at the same time create conditions for the manifestation of managerial innovations, since they make changes in the organization of production.
The classifier of innovations makes it possible to group them according to certain characteristics, depending on the needs of the user, the targeting of managerial influences, the degree of radicalness, which is the basis for assessing the possibilities of industrial use and commercial implementation of innovations.
In addition, innovations can be classified P about the content . By content innovations are divided into:
on the production (technological), including new types of equipment, raw materials, materials, etc.;
managerial, including new methods of organizing production, management, promotion of goods on the market;
information, including new ways of collecting, processing and transmitting information for decision-making at a qualitatively new level;
social, covering changes in working conditions, life, ecology, etc.
Thus, it is wrong to attribute only new equipment to innovation. We see that innovations are quite diverse in terms of content. In reality, a change in production technology, equipment (manufacturing innovation) causes the need to change the methods of making managerial decisions, organizing production, marketing (managerial innovations), which leads to the need to change the methods of collecting, processing and transmitting information (information innovation). This, in turn, changes the working and living conditions. (social innovation), which causes new needs that lead to the need to use new technologies, equipment, etc. This relationship of innovations of various kinds is called circle of innovation.
By level of novelty innovations are divided into products based on: high technology, advanced technology, mid-level technology, low-end technology. ^g.™,™™
Sometimes, depending on the consequences of using innovations, different in terms of novelty, they are divided into basic, improving, pseudo-innovations. Basic innovations implement cardinal inventions that make it possible to form a new generation of technology. Improving Innovation aimed at the implementation of minor inventions that allow maintaining the stability of economic development. Pseudo-innovations carry out "cosmetic" improvement of products that are produced for a long time.
By place of use innovations stand out: in the production sector (industry, agriculture, construction, etc.) and non-productive sphere (education, science, etc.).
By scope innovations happen individual and mass. To assess this feature, you can use the number of business entities or consumers who have applied this innovation, as well as the size of the annual economic effect and (or) the size of the effect for the entire life cycle products.
Depending on the stage of the innovation process innovations can take the form of know-how, a patent, a set of documentation, new products, since each of them can be sold. The question of whether to sell a patent or a new product is decided on the basis of an assessment of the specific implementation conditions and potential commercial success.
Many organizations require leaders to build more innovative teams. But how can this be put into practice? If you ask innovation leaders how they achieve efficiency, you will hear in response: “I don’t know, I somehow didn’t think about it.” Or they invent something, more or less convincing. But the fact is that people who do an excellent job with a non-standard task do not always know how to explain how they succeed.
To understand this, we conducted our own research. We asked for help from famous company in the telecommunications industry, whose executives score well above average in most managerial competencies. We identified 33 executives who were in the 99th percentile or higher for innovation based on the assessments of colleagues, subordinates and superiors obtained from a comprehensive survey. It was these closest employees, as we believed, who could most clearly explain what makes this particular group stand out in a large and successful organization.
Then we interviewed each manager by phone, as well as his immediate supervisor, several subordinates and colleagues, and asked him to give specific examples of what actions this person has established himself as an innovator. We also asked how this manager differs from others they have worked with.
Combining the data from the interview and the round robin, we came up with a list of 10 traits and qualities that made this group stand out as innovation leaders. We list them from the most important to the least. These leaders are:
- Discover great strategic vision. The most effective innovators have an excellent idea of the future. As one respondent said of her boss, “She is great at painting a clear picture of the future, which helps us figure out how to get there.” Read related material:
- Totally focused on the clients. What the client is only interested in, for these people is all-consumingly fascinating. They try to get into the mindset of the client. They communicate with him and ask important questions - about desires and needs.
- Create a climate of mutual trust. Innovation often requires risk. Not all innovative ideas guarantee success. Our highly innovative leaders build close collaborative relationships with the team. Colleagues know that their boss will cover the rear and not leave them to be eaten by wolves if something goes wrong. No one is punished for honest mistakes.
- They show reckless loyalty and fulfill their duty towards the company and customers. The desire to please the boss or senior executives always takes a backseat to the desire to do everything that is needed for the project and the company as a whole.
- Build a culture of communication from the bottom up. Such leaders believe that the best, most advanced ideas come from below. They form a culture in which good ideas, like champagne bubbles, rise from the bottom of the glass to the top, that is, they come from ordinary employees. They say they radiate optimism, full of energy, receptive to new ideas. No sullenness - jokes and laughter. Read related material:
- They are persuasive. These people know how to persuade anyone to accept good idea. They do not impose their thoughts on the team, but they present them with such enthusiasm and conviction that the team itself willingly follows them.
- They know how to raise the bar. They set goals that require not just working harder, but finding new ways to reach higher goals.
- Increasing pace. These leaders are sure that the ship must sail fast, otherwise shells will stick to its bottom. They prefer experimentation and quick prototyping over long discussions in bureaucratic corporate committees.
- Be sincere in every conversation. These bosses are famous for honest, sometimes even too frank speech. Subordinates can always count on a direct response from their boss.
- Inspire and motivate by example. One respondent remarked, "Motivation is inspiration." And inspiration arises from a clear awareness of the purpose and meaning of the work.
We only researched one company, but this one full review focus groups confirms the data obtained from our analysis of highly innovative leaders in other organizations from the most different industries- automotive, pharmaceutical and consumer goods- in all parts of the world. These findings, we believe, apply to innovators from all fields and cultures around the world.
An unsuccessful choice of innovation is always costly for an enterprise: limited resources are scattered; valuable time is wasted; specialists neglect other (promising) opportunities, trying to minimize the damage from an unsuccessfully chosen option to conquer consumers with their goods and services. Therefore, below is a number of criteria known to science for the economic evaluation of the effectiveness of innovations.
I. Ansoff's indicator characterizing:
Innovation quality indicator = r d p (T + B) E* / K, (1)
where
T and B - technical, technological and economic indicators;
K - total capital investment in the development and implementation of innovation.
Olsen index characterizing:
innovation cycle demand prototype
Significance of innovation = r d p S P n / project cost, (2)
where S - sales volume of products in the billing period;
P - income from the sale of a unit of production;
N is the period of use of this innovation in the selected market segments;
r is the probability of success in the final development of the innovation;
d - the probability of successful implementation of innovation in the market segment;
Hart's index characterizing.
Return of capital = p G* / [(R*) + (D*) + (F*) + W], (3)
where G* is the present value of gross profit;
R* - reduced direct costs of market research;
D* - reduced direct costs of innovation implementation;
F* - reduced direct costs of fixed capital;
W - working capital;
p - the probability of successful implementation of the product.
Wheeler's index characterizing.
Innovation project index = r d p(E* -R*) /Total costs, (4)
d - the probability of successful implementation of innovation in the market segment;
p is the probability of successful implementation of the product;
E* - the reduced value of income from the sale of goods, services;
R* - reduced direct costs of market research.
Disman index
Justified maximum capital investment = r p (V* - X*), (5)
where V* - reduced income from the implementation of innovation;
X* - reduced costs for the development and implementation of innovation;
r is the probability of success in the final development of the innovation;
p is the probability of successful implementation of the product.
Dean and Sengupta score.
V = [ ci (1 + r)-i] , (6)
where V is a reduced measure of the possibility of performing effective marketing research in the selected market segment;
ci - net cash flow in the i -th period of time;
r - the expected rate of return from the introduction of innovation in the billing period;
i - index of the estimated period of time;
n is the total number of periods during which profit is expected.
Estimation of ci and r values is subjective and based on past experience and the expected future of the enterprise. This indicator can also be used in the case of a variable rate of return.
Although these indicators allow us to evaluate possible options innovations with more than one level of funding, numerical evaluation of the effectiveness for several options and for several levels of funding becomes cumbersome. Therefore, such models economic indicators(criteria) is recommended to be used for quick prioritization of typical innovations, since they provide very limited information about their “best” priority. If the manager assumes that the received priorities relate to only one of the many levels of funding for the implementation of the strategy, then there is a possibility that the established priorities will be distributed to all levels of funding for the chosen strategy with the same speed. This is the "strength" and at the same time the "weakness" of the methods shown. economic evaluation the effectiveness of the implementation of marketing innovations.
At present, the innovative nature of education is becoming the most important tool in its competition with other social institutions for influencing the next generation. The investment attractiveness of education depends on the innovative nature of the development of the educational sphere, the integration of scientific, educational and practical activities, the inclusion of education in the national innovation system.
Improving the quality, accessibility, effectiveness of education, its continuous and innovative nature, growth social mobility and activity of young people, their involvement in various educational environments make the education system an important factor ensuring the national security of Russia, the growth of the welfare of its citizens.
One of the tasks of the modern school is the disclosure of the intellectual potential and creative abilities of students. The solution of these problems is impossible without the implementation of the variability of educational processes, in connection with which there are various innovative types and types of educational institutions that require deep scientific and practical understanding.
In the domestic literature, the problem of innovation has long been considered in the system economic research. However, over time, the problem arose quality characteristics innovative changes in all spheres of social life, but to determine these changes only within the framework of economic theories impossible.
At the theoretical and methodological level, the problem of innovations is most fundamentally reflected from the standpoint of a system-activity approach in the works of prominent Russian scientists M.M. Potashnik, A.V. Khutorsky, N.B. Pugacheva, V.S. Lazareva, V.I. Zagvyazinsky, which makes it possible to analyze not only the individual stages of the innovation process, but also to move on to a comprehensive study of innovations.
Theoretical aspects of innovation processes. The concept of innovation in education, their classification. Innovation, or innovation, is characteristic of any professional activity human and therefore become the subject of study, analysis and implementation in practice. Innovations do not arise by themselves, they are the result of scientific research, advanced practical experience of individual teachers and entire teams. This process cannot be spontaneous, it needs to be managed.
The concept of "innovation" in Latin means "update, innovation or change." This concept first appeared in the research of scientists in the XIX century. and meant the introduction of some elements of one culture into another. At the beginning of the XX century. a new field of knowledge arose, innovation - the science of innovation, within which the laws of technical innovation in the field of material production began to be studied. Pedagogical innovation processes have become the subject of special study in the West since about the 50s and in the last twenty years in our country. Pedagogical innovations are aimed at increasing the effectiveness of upbringing and education: introducing something new into goals, content, organization joint activities teacher and student.
In the scientific literature, the concepts of "innovation" and "innovation" are distinguished. Criteria differences between the concepts of "novation" and "innovation" can be represented as follows:
| Criteria | innovation | Innovation |
| Scale of goals and objectives | Private | Systemic |
| Methodological support | Within the existing theories | Goes beyond existing theories |
| Scientific context | Relatively easy to fit into existing "norms" of understanding and explanation | Can cause a situation of misunderstanding, rupture and conflict, because it contradicts the accepted "norms" of science |
| Nature of action (quality) | Experimental (testing private innovations) | Purposeful search and the most complete desire to get a new result |
| Nature of actions (number) | Limited in scope and time | Holistic, lasting |
| Action type | Informing the subjects of practice, transfer "from hand to hand" of local innovation | Design new system activities in this practice |
| Implementation | Approbation, implementation as a management move (from above or by agreement with the administration) | Germination, cultivation (from the inside), organization of conditions and space for relevant activities |
| result, product | Changing individual elements in an existing system | Complete renewal of the position of subjects of practice, transformation of connections in the system and the system itself |
| Novelty | Initiative in actions, rationalization, updating of methods, invention of a new method | Opening new areas of activity, creating new technologies, acquiring a new quality of performance results |
| Effects | Improvement of the old system, rationalization of its functional connections | Perhaps the birth of a new practice or a new R&D paradigm |
In this way, innovation is the means new method, methodology, technology, program, etc.), and innovation is a purposeful change that introduces stable elements into the environment that cause the system to transition from one state to another.
The content of innovation can be: scientific and theoretical knowledge of a certain novelty, new effective educational technologies, a project of effective innovative pedagogical experience, ready for implementation, made in the form of a technological description.
To develop programs for experimental and innovative activities, it is necessary to have an understanding of various types innovations, depending on the basis on which they are divided.
By type allocate pedagogical and managerial innovations.
By the nature of the changes- radical (based on fundamentally new ideas and approaches), combinatorial (a new combination of elements) and modifying (improve and complement the corresponding forms and patterns).
By the scale of the changes- local (changes of components independent of each other), modular (interrelated groups of several local innovations) and systemic (complete reconstruction of the system as a whole).
By issue– innovations aimed at:
– change of the whole school as a whole;
– creation of a system-forming activity in it based on conceptual ideas;
- development of new forms, technologies and methods of the educational process;
– development of a new content of education and new ways of structuring it;
– development of new forms and management systems.
By origin: outside (outside educational system); internal (developed within the educational system).
By scale and socio-pedagogical significance: federal, regional, sub-regional (intended for educational institutions of a certain type and for specific professional-typological groups of teachers).
Thinking before innovating:
- random - innovations are far-fetched and introduced from the outside, not arising from the logic of the development of the educational system. Most often, they are introduced by order of higher management and are doomed to failure;
– useful – innovations in line with the mission educational institution, but unprepared, with indefinite goals and criteria that do not form a single whole with the school system;
- systemic - innovations taken out of the problematic field with clearly defined goals and objectives. They are built on the basis of taking into account the interests of students and teachers and are in the nature of continuity with traditions. They are carefully prepared, expertized and provided with the necessary means (personnel, material, scientific and methodological).
Summarizing the above, we can formulate the main pattern of innovation design: the higher the rank of innovation, the greater the requirements for scientifically based management of the innovation process.
At the stage of entry of an educational institution into the mode of innovative development, the issue of developing a technology for assessing the implemented changes is updated. Parameters for evaluating innovations:
Relevance of the evaluated innovation- is determined by the social order, the possibilities of eliminating significant shortcomings in the work, as the problems identified as a result of the analysis of the school's work are solved.
Correspondence of the new idea with the general idea of school development- when evaluating innovation, it should be determined to what extent the proposed innovation is integrated into the concept of school development. This concept is an important part of the program for the development of a general education institution.
Novelty of the idea– compliance with the level of the latest achievements of pedagogical science and practice.
The effectiveness of innovation– is assessed either by analogy with the development of this idea in another place, or by an expert (based on intuition, studying the potential of an idea, etc.).
Creative novelty (innovative potential) ideas– it is not necessary to solve the actual problems of the school only with the help of radical innovations ( highest degree creative novelty), having neither analogues nor prototypes. If there is, although not new, but efficient technology or program, they should not be rejected just because they are not new.
Opportunities for potential participants in the development of innovation- are determined by the complexity and accessibility of technology, the nature and strength of the motivation of participants, the degree of interest of teachers and leaders in the introduction of innovation, the measure of the need for additional training and retraining of members of the teaching staff.
Possible resistance to innovation- may arise from those teachers whose proposals did not pass; recent speakers excellence; those teachers who are unable to innovate.
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