Hierarchy of boulding systems. The Essence of Management of the Territory of a Subject of the Federation as an Integral Socio-Economic System System Theory Bowling

The problems of systemic thinking are considered on the basis of the tensor approach. An attempt is made to define the concept of "system", as well as to determine the properties that an object must have in order to be called a system.

The concept of "system" has been used and studied for a long time and in almost all spheres of human activity. Particular interest in it was shown in the 60-80s, when the fundamental works on the general theory of systems appeared. However, most modern authors note that there are still no methods not only for synthesis, but also for the analysis of systems that could be applied in any field of activity. Some publications even conclude that it is useless to try to define the system. In our opinion, the complexity of the problem should not stop people from studying such an interesting phenomenon and concept as a system.

Systemic thinking is characterized by internal inconsistency, which manifests itself in the paradox of integrity and the paradox of hierarchy. The paradox of integrity implies that when analyzing a system, it must be dismembered, but the properties of the integrity of the system disappear. The paradox of hierarchy lies in the need to describe the system as an element of a supersystem, etc. In turn, to describe systemic thinking, as such, one also has to use non-systemic concepts.

Despite these difficulties, the ideas of a systematic approach are widely used in the socio-economic, political, military spheres, in biology, psychology, computer technology, information theory, linguistics, etc.

The main ideas of the system approach were presented in the works of famous scientists A.A. Bogdanova , L. Bertalanffy , N. Wiener , V.I. Sadovsky, M.I. Setrova, G.P. Melnikov, M. Mesarovich and J. Takahara, K. Bowling, Yu.A. Schrader, Yu.A. Urmantseva, A.I. Uemova and others.

The objectives of this article did not include a detailed discussion of all publications devoted to the essence of systems, so the author apologizes to everyone whose work is not mentioned in this text.

The most complete critical analysis of publications on general systems theory is given by A. Grin, with the help of which we will highlight the main contradictions in the definition of the system, in particular, from the analyzed works it follows that the main features of the system are:

1) the presence of a holistic structure that provides the system with new integrative qualities;

2) a clearly fixed position of the elements in relation to each other and the whole;

3) the existence of a goal or functional orientation;

4) hierarchical structure.

A. Grin showed that, in the general case, a system may not have any of these features, since the structure of the system may be indefinite, and therefore its elements cannot be fixed, the system may be non-purposeful and not have a definite function. In his opinion, the functional-structural definition of the system is not constructive. The most general definition of a system can be found in N. Wiener, in particular, he believes that the meaning of the system approach lies in the idea of ​​a "black box", the study of which is carried out by studying its reactions to the effects exerted on it.

A. Grin refers to the system features: the boundary of the system, openness, i.e., flow, implying that various types of flows (system-forming flows) flow through the system and, finally, a unique qualitative change in the system-forming flow at the input and output of the system. Identification of flows and determination of system boundaries is a non-trivial task in a systems approach.

S.I. Matorin notes that the big drawback of the systems approach is that the method of analyzing the system is determined not only by the purpose of the analysis, but also by the subjective decision of the analyst, since this method is not a priori determined. A similar problem arises when synthesizing a system (assembling from parts of a whole), since there are no formal operations on a set of parts, although it is declared that when the parts are combined, a new property is formed (a system effect, as a property of the whole). S.I. Matorin offers the following definition of a system as a functional object, the function of which is determined by the function of an object of a higher tier, i.e., a supersystem. The function of the system is manifested, first of all, in the functional connections of this system with other systems that make up its surrounding conditions in a certain supersystem. At the same time, the system itself consists of functional objects of a lower tier (subsystems (elements) that make up its substance), which create its structure with their functional connections and support the function (functional connections) of the system. Communication is considered as an exchange between systems and some elements, which are substances of certain deep tiers of connected systems. S.I. Matorin develops the so-called functional systemology, a feature of which is the relationship of maintaining the functional ability of the whole and is not reducible to relationships between sets and cannot be described by set-theoretic means.

I.V. Prangishvili believes that the system approach is a set of methods and tools that allow you to explore the properties, structure and functions of objects, phenomena or processes, presenting them as systems with all the complex inter-element relationships, the mutual influence of elements on the system and on the environment, as well as the influence of the system into its structural elements. According to I.V. Prangishvili and V.I. Sadovsky, there are four main features that an object, phenomenon or individual faces (slices) must have in order to be considered a system. These include: a sign of the integrity and segmentation of the object; a sign of stable links between the elements of the system; a sign of the presence of an integrative (systemic) property; sign of the organization of developing systems. When classifying systems I.V. Prangishvili proposes to use a substantive feature, according to which four classes of systems are distinguished: artificial, natural, ideal (conceptual) and virtual systems.

In our opinion, the concept of consistency in most systems approaches is either replaced by the concept of structure, or functionality, or quality. Such concepts as integrity, developability, integrativity, etc. are widely used for these purposes. In our opinion, the most appropriate methodological tool in the study of systems is tensor methodology, and our vision of the tensor approach to systems is given in.

There are two views on systems. One is static, which does not consider the processes occurring in the system, the other is dynamic, which includes these processes. Processes in systems are flows of some quantities under the influence of other quantities that occur in certain paths formed by the components of the structures of these systems.

A.E. Petrov notes that there is no mathematical apparatus that combines structure and metric (function) at the same time. However, electrical circuits and their descriptions are the most appropriate way to model circuits (structures) and processes at the same time. Processes in electrical circuits are well modeled by Ohm's law, and the structure of circuits is described by Kirchhoff's laws. In the tensor approach, space is understood not as a continuous geometric space, but as a space-structure, which is discrete and consists of structure components. Path sets in these structures are used as coordinate systems, and changes to the structure or the choice of a different path are treated as coordinate transformations. In this text, we will be guided by the following principles:

Physical abstraction: any element of the universe of the Universe irreversibly moves in time together with the Universe, relatively in space (geometric) and in the universe (belongings) of the Universe;

Complementarity: the elements of the universe of the Universe, in addition to the corpuscular nature, have the wave property and the property of complexity (self-organization);

Reflectivity: the elements of the universe of the Universe have the property of reflection, both in themselves and in other elements of this universe and other universes of the Universe.

In our opinion, discreteness is a property of the individual, as primary in relation to the general, while in general discretes (corpuscles) cannot overlap each other; continuity is a property of the whole, as primary in relation to its parts (quanta), while the parts (quanta) can overlap each other, i.e., partially or completely included in each other. Complexity is a property of a dynamic organization, as primary in relation to its members (simple), and the division of the complex into simple members leads to the disappearance of the complex, for example, the dismemberment of the brain for the purpose of its functional study cannot give a result.

In accordance with the principle of reflectivity, the Universe is knowable, and cognition is carried out through sensory perception, reflection in the human brain and logical interpretation and explanation of the essence of the elements of the Universe universe. In this regard, it is possible to formulate cognitive principles:

Systemic: the elements of the universe of the Universe are considered as a system if it includes at least two elements from different universes of the Universe, producing a property that each element separately does not have, and the property of belonging to its own universes is also preserved; - logical: an element of the universe of the Universe, considered as a subject of research, must have triune properties: sufficiency, necessity and coherence.

If we introduce the concept of "system", then, according to the well-known principle of "Occam's razor", it should not be reduced to already used terms, but should have its own unique content. To do this, it is necessary to separate the concepts of "object" and "system", which is not an easy task, since the concept of "object" is no less complex than the system.

A.I. Uemov believes that thing, object and object are synonyms. He gives an analysis of these concepts in the literature and compares them with the concepts of the body, separateness, individuality. In the traditional sense, the concept of "thing" coincides with the concept of "body", and by "body" is meant a thing that has a boundary (volume), which is defined as separateness in geometric space. The traditional understanding of the thing and the body leads to serious difficulties, for example, the well-known paradox with Theseus's ship, in which all boards are successively replaced. Modern physics has proven that classical space-time continuity does not extend to the world of particles. In quantum (wave) physics, the motion of both one particle and their combination cannot be determined, but only represented by some formation with a certain density and probability of detecting particles. It follows that the same thing can be in different places at the same time, and different things at the same time in one place, which is contrary to common sense. A.I. On this basis, Uemov believes that the spatio-temporal criterion is not sufficient for the individualization of identical things in the aggregate. He believes that in order to separate things from each other, it is necessary to use the property of the quality of things. The concept of the qualitative boundary of things was formulated by Hegel. In a qualitatively homogeneous environment, it makes no sense to single out any of its parts. On the other hand, qualitatively different things, for example, electromagnetic and gravitational fields may not have boundaries in space at all. A.I. Uyomov developed the concept of a thing to the concept of a system, in particular, that a thing (object) is a system of qualities, and different things are different systems of qualities. He believes that a system is any object in which any relation takes place that has a pre-fixed property. Thus, to identify two things, it is not necessary to compare all their points, but it is enough to compare their boundaries. If the boundaries of things intersect, then they are indistinguishable and identical. At the same time, not only spatio-temporal boundaries are implied here, but also qualitative ones. Changes are quantitative, spatio-temporal, if they do not lead to a qualitative (essential) change in a thing, do not lead to the disappearance of identity.

Just as we distinguish between parts of space or intervals of time, A.I. Uyomov distinguishes parts of the quality of things or systems of qualities. For example, he considers the electric and magnetic components of the electromagnetic field as special things, representing subsystems of one system of qualities. He believes that two things are identical, that is, they are one thing, if any change in quality that transforms one of them also transforms the other, therefore he supports the principle of indistinguishability as the basis for identifying things. The concept of the quality of a thing is relative, since if any states of water are attributed to the universe "water", then the aggregates of ice and water in a closed volume will determine the generalized quality of the object.

Identity in the dialectical understanding is also relative, it contains the moment of difference. A.I. Uyomov gives an example: a juvenile delinquent after correction in the Makarenko colony is one and the same person from a physiological point of view, but socially they are completely different people. He believes that a qualitative understanding of a thing allows it to be used for ideal things, to which he refers systems of signs of reflections of objectively existing qualities. On the other hand, abstract entities, such as a process, are also qualitatively things, such as, for example, a chair.

The terms "thing" and "quality" have undergone significant changes since the time of Hegel and no longer correspond to the meaning of the very concepts that they named. In our opinion, at this stage of the development of society, it is necessary to give these concepts new terms. Contrasting spatio-temporal and qualitative properties of things is incorrect. The trinity of the space-time material phenomenon is manifested in the trinity of temporal, spatial and elemental properties. In turn, the element of the universe of the Universe can be considered as a trinity of properties of the carrier, a set of "thing qualities" or, in our opinion, subject properties and properties of the "communicant", i.e. those properties of connections that are formed in relation to this element. Object carrier - a material and/or material object, on (in) which a real and/or ideal and/or abstract object is displayed or reflected. The subject of an object is at least one essential property of an object. An object's communicant is at least one connection property that occurs in the object's environment about the object itself. At present, the word "quality" has many meanings, but the most common meaning refers to the quality of products, therefore, under the philosophical category "quality" we mean the following. Qualitative properties, in our opinion, are subject (essential) properties that are objective in nature, but also subjective, since they are chosen by the researcher based on their goals.

Different researchers of the same element or object can observe it in different environments and from different angles, for example, one observer can study only structural properties, and another only functional ones. People, even well-known objects, perceive ambiguously, for example, a circle drawn on a plane is perceived as an ellipse when viewed from an oblique angle. The color of a colored object will change depending on the color of the light with which this object is irradiated, therefore the property of the object is the result of the manifestation of the connection of at least two elements. If, however, we take into account that the object and its property is chosen by the subject, then the property is a potential opportunity to produce a response of a certain type in the subject. On the other hand, the color property is a property of the universe of all colors. It is known that the color spectrum is modeled as a standardized universe (catalog) of color plates, which has a named discrete set of certain color shades, with the help of which the color of specific elements is determined.

In any theoretical consideration of some issues, an idealized model of real processes, phenomena or an even more simplified model of their real components is always created, as a rule, they operate with the concept of "object of study". This is done in order to identify essential concepts and their relationships, with the help of which it is possible to obtain some dependencies, including quantitative ones, further used in practical activities. Elements, objects and their properties are assigned certain terms and their definitions are given, representing concepts. By "concept" we mean an abstract object, i.e., an individualized set of functional properties and connections between them, to which the subject responds. Based on the principle of reflectivity, an element is reflected in itself, as well as in other elements, therefore, the reflectivity property manifests itself in the form of ideal and abstract elements, which are, respectively, a reflection of real (material) elements and a reflection of reflection, i.e. reflection elements that do not really exist. Thus, in addition to real elements, ideal and abstract ones can be distinguished.

The real object of research is some reflection of a real element of the universe of the Universe or, as it is also called, a "piece of reality". A given object can either display itself, i.e., be a given element, or display something other than this element and, finally, display a display. As a rule, if an object displays not itself, but some real elements, then this object is called an ideal object. If the object displays a mapping, i.e., elements that do not really exist, then such objects are called abstract. Reflection must be considered in two forms, as a process of reflection and as a product of the process of reflection. On the other hand, reflections must be distinguished from mapping. Reflection, as a product of the process of reflection, is alienable from that which it reflects, but not alienable from that on which it is reflected, i.e., the bearer of the reflection. For example, reflection in the human brain is a kind of intellectual product of thought, but not expressed in the form of a word, gesture, sound, etc. Reflection in this case is not alienated from the carrier until it is expressed. The display is alienable from the reflection, since, for example, it can be expressed (manifested) on another medium. A display can be referred to as an information product that either displays itself, or something other than itself, or displays a display. In this sense, the embodiment is a reflection in the form of some material (materialized) product that exists as a carrier alienated from the subject and embodies the intellectual product expressed by the subject.

When a researcher individualizes and describes an object, he actually places it in a categorical space and identifies a set of certain categories, within the transformations of which he determines the properties of the object. At the same time, the researcher is not interested in changing the object itself (it is assumed that it remains unchanged in the process of movement), but in changing its representation through simpler objects or components, which can be considered as some properties of the object, expressed by elementary carriers of these properties. Thus, the decomposition of an object into its constituent categorical simpler objects can be interpreted as a representation of the object in a particular coordinate system of some categorical space, and the set of components of this space may not form a vector, and the coordinate axes may represent incommensurable quantities. Let's call this space the categorical Universe. The space of the Universe under consideration is not geometric, the dimensions of the coordinate axes in it are not the same, and each categorical axis can be used to construct its own analogous categorical Universe. For example, a world line coordinate L in a three-dimensional categorical space (L, T, G) can be represented as a triple of coordinates (X, Y, Z) in an ordinary geometric space L>(X, Y, Z), where T is time, G - elementality of the universe of the Universe. The Universe is an indefinable term that refers to the self-evident Universe surrounding and being in us. The Universe of the Universe is an elementary property of belonging to the Universe (an element of the Universe). The element of the universe of the Universe is an elementary property of belonging to the universe of the Universe (element of the element of the Universe). Elementality is the property of being an element of a certain set (universe) or an indefinite set (Universe). An element is an elementary part of the whole, a discrete of the general and a member (simple) of the complex. Isolation is the property of distinctness from a certain set (universe), i.e., the possession of at least one special property that this universe does not have. Belonging - a property of connectivity, i.e., the possession of a potential or real connection, for example, an element can belong to itself or to another element, as well as to the universe, for example, a class, type, reflection, etc., i.e., an element has, at least one connection or one common (generalized) property with the universe. Universe - a separate set of elements united by the property of belonging (boundary) and an elementary component (belonging) of the Universe.

The model of the Universe can be represented as a certain homogeneous medium, consisting of elements, in a particular case, of points. When we select an element from the environment, we understand that the object representing this element must consist of at least two points that have the simplest structure (dipole), since a point does not have a structure, but only has the location property, if don't count the temporary property and the belonging property. Unlike a categorical point, a real point, in addition, has geometric, kinematic and basic mechanical properties.

Therefore, when a real element is individualized from the environment, it is a physical individual - a set of two or more real points, occupying a certain volume in geometric space at a certain moment or period of time. By "real element" we mean a material element that has a material (corpuscular) nature, i.e. a body that occupies a certain geometric space, has a mass of rest and inertia and is fixed by an observer at a certain time or (and) has a material (wave, quantum) nature, i.e., not possessing a fixed body, for example, electromagnetic radiation, etc.

Under the "individual" (functional) in accordance with we will understand the set of properties to which the subject A responds in the environment of choice S, if: 1) this set of properties almost certainly produces a response R from A in S; 2) the elimination of any property from this set reduces the probability R from A to S to almost zero; 3) no other set of properties satisfies conditions 1) and 2). Response, for example, element (X) - an event occurring with X, co-produced by X and another event.

Due to the fact that there is no single approach to the concepts of "attribute, property, object", we will consider them for the purpose of an unambiguous interpretation in this text. Although we think of a property of an element as something that belongs to that element regardless of its observer, however, in a functional sense, by a property is meant how it can affect the observer under certain circumstances. We notice the heaviness of a body if a certain effort is required to lift it, or if, by placing this body on the balance, we see the deflection of the arrow and thereby respond to its weight. Although specific properties are objective in nature, they are at the same time subjective, as they are chosen according to the interests of the researcher. By "property" we mean the potential to produce a response of a certain type in a subject in a given environment of choice. We will assume that a property as a category consists of features, proper properties and patterns, as in the English literature they call a certain type of properties. A property is a manifestation of a connection, action or interaction between at least two elements, which is inseparable from the element being studied and which is a potential producer of the response of the studying subject to this property. A feature is a degenerate property or property of a property, and which can produce structural changes in the subject's characteristic response. The property itself is a combination of at least three signs, necessary, sufficient signs and a sign of connectivity in order to produce functional changes in the characteristic response of the subject. Pattern - an indefinite set of features to which the subject responds functionally in the environment of choice, but not always, but only under certain circumstances (conditions). An attribute is a property that does not have quantitative characteristics, for example, the principle of operation of a device.

Any real object of a material-material nature must have temporal (kinematic), spatial (geometric) and material-material (mechanical) properties, as well as properties represented by their functions, in particular, physical and morphological ones. The physical properties include the temperature of an object, since it can be represented through the root-mean-square velocity of the point particles of the object. Mechanical properties include rest mass and inertia, speed, acceleration of an object. Morphological properties include many physical properties, each of which is the same function of the same temporal, spatial and mechanical properties, the values ​​of which lie in the interval I ± K, where I is the value on the measurement scale, and K is some value greater than zero on this scale. When they say that two bodies have the same temperature, then by this they mean that the values ​​of the temperatures of the bodies fall into the same temperature interval (say, 70 ± 0.5 °).

Under the "object", as a rule, they understand the structural concept of an element, it characterizes its structural properties, i.e., geometric, kinematic, basic mechanical, physical or morphological properties or combinations of these properties. An object is a set of objective and subjective properties of an element of the universe of the Universe, which can be individually described and studied. The object of study is taken from a certain environment (environment, material situation) and therefore must be investigated in a similar environment. The concepts of object and environment are relative. You can consider the environment as an object, and the object as an environment. The environment includes objects that are not included in the object under study, however, changes in the environment can produce changes in the object and vice versa. The object and as a display of an element of the universe of the Universe manifests itself in the form of a connection between at least two properties of an element or elements and which is deliberately chosen and considered by the subject as a set of properties and is a potential producer of the subject's response to this element.

The real object can be decomposed into the following categorical components of the projection:

A degenerate real object that displays itself or a specific real element (pattern);

Actually a real object, which representatively displays a specific set of real elements;

A typical real object that displays a typical representative of an indefinite set of real elements.

The ideal object can be decomposed into the following categorical components of the projection:

A degenerate ideal object that reflects a particular real object;

Actually an ideal object that reflects a set of real objects, or a generalized object or concept;

An absolute ideal object that reflects a real object, but has unreal properties, for example, an absolutely rigid body, or a free object, that is, not connected to anything.

An abstract object or object of thought (noumenon) can be decomposed into the following categorical components of the projection:

A degenerate abstract object that reflects a reflection of a real object, such as a lion symbol;

A proper abstract object that reflects something that does not really exist, such as the goddess Aphrodite or an abstract;

Absolutely abstract object that reflects no one knows what.

The concept of "structure" is closely related to the concept of "object". Structure (structural property) - at least two related properties of an object that ensure its integrity, generality, complexity, and characterize the relative position and connection (structure) of a set of elements (nodes) included in the structure. Structure node (nodal property) - a structure element or at least one connection property, for example, an isolated magnet has lines of force that are closed to itself.

When describing objects, the concept of "composition" is widely used. In our opinion, an object, in addition to structural properties, has domain properties. Domain (domain property) - an element of an object that characterizes the physical, chemical, biological, mental, social, logical properties, etc. properties of the object. Composition (property of composition) - a set of domains (ingredient) included in the object. Ingredients - a standardized set of elements that can be part of an object.

Objects are studied, as a rule, on the basis of the study of individual objects. A separate object is an object that displays a specific element of the universe of the Universe and has the properties of a carrier, object and communicant, as well as having a name and meaning. An object name is an identifier given to an object to distinguish the object from other objects. Object value - at least one value on at least one comparison scale (name, order, measurement).

Objects are often characterized by the presence of multidimensionality, poorly studied and uniqueness, the absence of some factors that determine their state and behavior. Information about such an object is recorded in the form of a set of descriptions of the properties of selected units of observation. Such units can be individual objects, collections of objects, or streams of objects. Usually a single unit of study, regardless of its specific nature, is called an "object".

The properties of objects are studied using measurement procedures, when each object is assigned a certain value, level, gradation, characteristics of an indicator, a parameter that expresses a given property, including in the form of a connectivity property, i.e. connections between objects by this property . As a rule, when analyzing the data of any objects, the analysis of the values ​​of indicators that describe the properties of the considered set of objects is carried out. Among the tasks of data analysis presented in the form of three tables (property contingency table, object-property table and object connectivity table (object-object)) are the evaluation of relationships between properties, the evaluation of relationships between objects, the classification of objects, the construction of new aggregated properties (factors) , which more compactly and rationally describe the behavior of the object.

The main table is an object-property table, in which the rows of the table correspond to objects, and the columns to properties. The intersection of the i-row and k-column contains the value of the k-property that it accepts on the i-th object. In the general case, the object is given by the number i=1…n, and the property values ​​are x1, x2…xn. Each xk property is materialized in the table through an object. Such a table can be transposed, i.e. you can change rows into columns and vice versa if the table contains values ​​obtained for the same objects at different times.

If we designate the set of objects R, and their number N, then the property X is understood as the mapping X:R>Bx, which assigns to each object i?R its value x(i), which belongs to the set of values ​​Bx of the property X.

The set of values ​​Bx can have a different nature. For example, if property values ​​are alphabetic characters, then this property type is called nominal, classification, or naming scale. In this case, each value or name S?Bx corresponds to the group x-1(s)=(i/x(i)=s). If a property specifies some kind of ordering, then it is called rank or ordinal. If the ordering has no direction, then such properties are called similarity properties.

Consideration of only structural and domain properties is not constructive when it is necessary to study objects whose structure and domain composition is unknown. In this regard, N. Wiener proposed to study only the functional properties of an object in the form of a system or a "black box". However, in other cases the structure is known and is continuously rebuilt, which naturally affects the function of the object. In many cases, it is necessary for a person to manage this structure and functions of an object in order not to get a harmful effect on the environment. In this aspect, we will consider the so-called problem of causality and the fundamental features of various types of relationships. Connection (property of connection) - forces and interactions that determine the existence of at least two elements, i.e. the possibility of the impact of one element on another.

Communication arises due to certain natural or artificial forces of interaction. At the same time, we can single out the connection between two states (temporal properties) of one object in time (cause-effect) or the connection between two objects in geometric space, for example, due to the force of gravitational attraction, or the connection between an element and its universe. AT social systems the connection arises under the action of a certain will of the subjects for a certain purpose and in accordance with a certain logic. The universe-element relationship is potentially reversible, since the element can be a universe. In the geometric space, the interaction is potentially reversible and manifests itself in the form of an influence-phenomenon and a phenomenon-impact connection. The temporal causal relationship, unlike the two described above, is irreversible, despite the fact that the same phenomenon is repeated, it is repeated at different time intervals.

By "function" we will understand the property of producing something, as a property of a functional class, for example, a sundial and a spring clock form a class whose property is the property of producing - an indication of time, although they are structurally different. Function - at least one property that characterizes the impact, the influence of one object on another, including itself, and ensures the appearance of any result (change or lack thereof) or the achievement of any goal. For example, a refrigerator is designed to be transported in time, without a significant change in food, and the function of a car is to transport along roads in geometric space from point A of this environment to point B, and finally, in the space of belonging, one can distinguish converters whose functions include the transformation one state of objects into another (the juicer produces juice from fruits and vegetables, the electromagnetic circuit converts the energy of an electric source into electromagnetic oscillations and radiation).

Thus, a functional property characterizes the ability to transform one state into another, i.e. establishes a correspondence between two states of one object, or between two objects (before transformation and after transformation). The state, for example, of an element at some point in time is the set of essential properties that the element has at that point in time. An event is a change in at least one structural and functional property over a period of time of a certain duration. The existence of an element of the universe of the Universe implies that this element belongs to a certain universe, in a particular case, for example, that this element is the product of a producer, for example, the same element can be represented by a caterpillar, a chrysalis and a butterfly. Transformation of an object is possible only as long as any of its properties remains unchanged. If all the properties of an object have changed, then there has been a transformation of one object into another. Thus, a function is a property of ongoing processes in an object or processes of interaction outside the object with other objects and the environment.

In our opinion, three categorical projections of functional transformations can be distinguished: 1) degenerate, i.e., transformations or changes that occur in the object itself; 2) the actual transformations that occur on interacting objects; 3) indefinite transformations that can occur under certain circumstances in an object or environment.

A separate type of transformation is reflection. In our opinion, reflection can include: 1) scaling (self-reflection); 2) mirror reflection, in which the left becomes right; 3) deformation, including breaks, subject to the constancy of a certain value characterizing the object of transformation, for example, belonging to a universe or constancy of the area when dividing a flat square into parts.

From a functional point of view, Theseus' ships are the same, since it does not matter to the observer which ship of the two will perform the function of a vehicle. Since both ships have the same structures, they are also structurally indistinguishable. However, in terms of the composition of the ship, as soon as the first pine board is replaced with oak, the ship will no longer be the same, but different. Even if we replace the board with a pine one, but at the same time each board will have its own number, Theseus' ships will again be different, because their individual properties will differ.

The systems approach includes system cognition, so the concept of "cognition" must be included in system studies. The greatest contribution to the modern theory of knowledge was made by such scientists as Locke, Hume, Kant, Fichte, Husserl and others. The study of the phenomenon of "knowledge" is carried out in the following six areas: philosophical and methodological, formal and logical (logic, cybernetics, artificial intelligence), cognitive (neurophysiological, neuropsychological, cognitive psychology), historical and cultural, ontological and informational. The first four directions are described in, in particular, in the philosophical and methodological direction, two types of work are distinguished. Metaphorical, in which knowledge is revealed through metaphor and techniques that appeal to intuition (Florensky, Heidegger, Deleuze, Foucault and others). The second type of work involves more or less structured conceptual schemes of cognition (Locke, Kant, Husserl, Russell, Maturan). In general, many authors call this direction epistemology. The second direction also claims to this term, it makes extensive use of mathematical methods. Despite the large number of formal theories that offer models of cognition, there are still a number of important aspects of cognition for which rigorous formal theories have not yet been built.

In philosophy, two approaches to the process of cognition have been formed. The first one is classical, it implies an object-subject scheme (subject>object and subject>subject). The second - includes not passive interaction, but active subject and object, i.e., the cognizer and the cognized mutually influence each other (Florensky, Heidegger, Gadmer). There are many areas of human activity where there are situations of direct or indirect opposition of the object to the cognizing subject (forensic science, military operations, etc.). There are two interconnected mechanisms of cognition - explicit (conscious) and implicit (unconscious). The explicit mechanism is based on purposeful activity and the possibility of verbalization of this mechanism by means of the language. Hidden cognitive mechanisms, in turn, are divided into acquired and innate, while it is believed that perception (unconscious categorization) occurs at the level of hidden cognitive mechanisms.

W. Neisser proposed a model of the perceptual cycle, which he considers as a universal principle of the interaction of mentality with information received from external environment. A feature of this model is two comparison procedures, the first of which is a comparison of sensory information with information in memory, and the second is a cognitive comparison on a set of concepts. With the help of operations of comparison and cognitive comparison, orientation in the real world and the system of concepts is carried out.

When comparing and choosing, the subject very often uses irrational mechanisms that are not subject to the mechanism of reasoning. Intuition, stereotypes, heuristics (congenital and acquired) lie in many actions, but not logical rules, so we can agree with U. Maturan that in cognition, the mental model of the subject is more important than the information coming from the senses. In cognitive science, the term "cognition" began to be used not only for the process of forming scientific knowledge, but also for the psychological process of perception, and then as a mechanism for making decisions, interpreting texts, etc.

In philosophy, two types of objects are studied: sensually perceived by a person and objects defined theoretically, which are fundamentally not sensory perceived. Real objects are perceived by people through innate and acquired mechanisms that allow them to distinguish objects. In addition to the selection of objects, the representation of objects in the language, as well as the generalization of objects, is important. A generic object is not a real object and cannot have real properties, so the properties of generic objects can be described using concepts or properties that represent a generic object that can represent a universe, such as a class of objects. Generalized objects include a set of interrelated objects perceived by the subject as a whole and generalized on the basis of conventional mechanisms. For example, a knife is intended for cutting, however, a knife is also an element of the "tool" universe, the properties of which are determined on the basis of an agreement and may not have real implementations. On the other hand, a knife can be classified as a "cold weapon". The categorical approach, as a universal way of describing the world, was proposed by Aristotle, Kant, Pierce and others. S.S. Magazov notes that this approach is also promising at the present time, especially for describing dynamically changing subject areas. In the field of artificial intelligence, this direction is called combinatorial ontology. From the above, the following conclusion can be drawn. Different researchers of the same element of the universe of the Universe can reflect it in different objects and environments, and also consider it a system. For one researcher, the system may be the object itself, for another - only one property of the object, in relation to which the object plays the role of the environment.

The question arises whether the system is only a subjective concept, or is it an objective phenomenon. The subjective choice of a system for research does not deny the objective existence of the systems themselves. Sets of elements and their environments can be considered a system if they are in dynamic "ecological" equilibrium. Elements do not "destroy" the environment, and the environment does not "suppress" the elements that are in the environment. As a rule, the environment is qualitatively different elements from the objects, i.e., the object and its environment are elements of different universes, and when organizing the system, they form a set of at least two elements from different universes. When a system is formed, an element and its environment do not lose their belonging to their universes, and create a new property that is absent from the element and its environment. If the interaction of the element and the environment has reached dynamic equilibrium, then we can assume that the system has been established, if the system is only being created or is already being destroyed, then it is possible to use the concept of "projection of the system", which displays various categorical projections of the concept of "system" in the temporal, geometric or elemental aspect , as well as other aspects. This may explain such a large number of definitions of the concept of "system". System - a set of at least two elements (components of the system) from different universes, in which the elements do not lose their belonging to their universes, and leading to a dynamic "ecological" equilibrium interaction between them, allowing to produce a property that is absent from each of the elements separately. In the simplest case, one of these elements is an object, and the second is an environment. If at least one property of an object is investigated, for example, a change in the values ​​of any indicator of the object, then the object in relation to this property will be the environment. If at least one interaction of two objects is investigated, then any of the objects can be considered as an environment. If at least one transformation of one object under the influence of the surrounding field (gravitational, electromagnetic or other) is investigated, then the latter can be considered as an environment.

When they say that the periodic table is a system, it means not a vulgar understanding of the picture or the name of this picture, but that it displays, in particular, the totality of chemical elements belonging to different universes, which has led and is leading to the emergence of a variety of chemical compounds and to their new properties. On the other hand, the data contained in the table, when interacting with a knowledgeable person, form an information system that produces practical actions for chemical analysis and synthesis of the elements of the universe of the Universe.

When we talk about a navigation system, we understand that the geometric grid on the map or the map itself is not the earth's surface, but only a system of two different universes: the earth's surface and the map, which is used to select a route and move to a given point earth's surface.

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“Boulding's approach to formulating the basic concepts of general systems theory is characterized by the fact that, firstly, he begins by isolating phenomena that are quite general in nature and are the subject of study of many scientific disciplines, and, secondly, he groups them depending on the degree of complexity , i.e. follows the path of "taxocology" of systems.

Thus, he considers “population” to be a common phenomenon for the subject area of ​​various scientific disciplines, regardless of whether it consists of animals, social classes, goods or molecules. Factors of general importance may also include:

a) individuals - an electron, an atom, a molecule, a cell, a plant, an animal, a person, a family, a tribe, a state, a church, a firm, etc. All of them interact with the environment, which includes other "individuals", the consequence of which is a certain behavior, i.e. actions taken, changes, etc.;

b) the behavior of each "individual", which is determined by its own structure. It can be explained as a tendency to maintain or restore the status quo as a preferred state, or as a different trend;

c) growth, which is such an important and specific aspect of behavior that it should be singled out in a special category;

d) information and communication, due to their special significance, are singled out as separate category from the whole complex of relationships.

Having established the elements and categories of each system, boulding highlights further eight hierarchical levels of systems.

1. Static systems. Typical systems of this class can be atoms in a molecule, maps of the Earth or the solar system. Such systems can, according to Boulding, be identified in almost all areas of reality, and they should be considered as the actual basis (or organizational chart) of any systematic (organizational) knowledge.

2. Simple dynamical systems. These are clockwork level systems where movement is determined. They can also include fairly complex machines, like a steam engine or a dynamo, as well as a significant part of theoretical knowledge in the field of physics, chemistry and economic science.

3. Simple cybernetic systems (a thermostat can serve as an example). These include all systems where the transfer, communication and integration of information take place, processes that allow the system to self-regulate and, thus, maintain a given state.

4. Open or self-adjusting systems. This is the level at which the separation of organic life from inanimate matter occurs. It may also be called a "cell". Open systems also include fire and rivers.

5. Plant life. Here a certain division of labor arises between cells, which form "cellular societies" of leaves, grains, etc.

6. The animal kingdom. Unlike plants, in which the sense organs are very poorly developed, animals form special information receptors (eyes, ears, etc.), develop a nervous system that allows the brain to organize information, regulating the behavior of the animal.

7. Man as a system with the ability of self-knowledge. He not only knows something, but knows that he knows. Highly developed memory, the ability to speak, perceive and interpret symbols, knowledge of past experience, etc. - all this distinguishes a person from his humble brothers.

8. Social organization. In this case, the object of study is not the individual, but his roles. Social organization is defined as a set or group of roles linked into a system through communication channels.

Such, in Boulding's interpretation, are the basic premises of general systems theory, testifying to a fruitful desire to overcome the limited empiricism, the failure of which has become obvious in our days in all areas of knowledge.

Gvishiani D.M. , Selected Works on Philosophy, Sociology and System Analysis, M., Canon +, 2007, p. 267-269.

The Theory of Constraints of Systems (TOS) has been successfully operating and developing for over thirty years. Thousands of companies around the world have adopted it as the main management approach to managing their business as a whole, or to managing a specific functional unit within an organization (for example, production, logistics, supply chain or projects).

Introduction

Organizations are created to achieve some purpose. They are run by managers. The role of management is to continually improve the performance of the organization and increase the value it brings. Managers have always existed, but management as a subject of study is a relatively new direction. Many universities began to teach management in the 1960s as part of a technical or economic education, later gradually moving to a separate full-time MBA education.

The emergence of computer technology in organizations has had a significant impact on the development of management as a profession. Information Systems should be based on management procedures, and this required the development of management approaches.

Manufacturing companies gained access to new approaches such as MRP (Manufacturing Resource Planning) in the early 1970s, TQM (Total Quality Management), TOC (Theory of Constraints) in the mid 1980s.

Theory of Constraints is a systematic approach based on a rigid causal logic and combining both logical tools and logistical solutions. Thousands of organizations around the world have improved their operations quickly and effectively with the help of TOC. Materials and reports submitted by such companies can be found on numerous websites. For example, a Google search for Theory of Constraints yields 3,460,000 links. Presentations about the latest achievements and developments can be obtained on the website of the international certification organization TOCICO (TOC International Certification Organization) and on the special website of Goldratt Marketing Group - www.TOC.tv. TOC is taught at many universities, business schools and MBA programs around the world.

About the Theory of Constraints of Systems - TOC

The creator of TOC is Dr. Eli Goldratt, who has been developing the theory of constraints since 1975 with a group of close colleagues and practitioners. Currently, TOC covers numerous aspects of the management of organizations and systematically improves their performance. The essence of the theory is reflected in its name - "restriction".

Constraints are factors or elements that determine the limit of the system's performance.

The Theory of Constraints states that every system has a number of constraints, and these are the key to its control.

Figure 1: Constraint and its impact on the operation of the system.

A constraint is more than something that blocks the system from reaching its best level of performance. A constraint is something that, if properly managed, will “raise” the entire system to new level. The desire for improvement is based on a strong belief that the system is capable of more. It is the gap between current and desired levels of performance that gives managers the energy and perseverance to make improvements.

The Theory of Constraints provides a simple and practical approach to managing and improving a system through its constraints. There are several types of limits: capacity limit, lead time limit, and market limit (number of customer orders).

Power limitation - a resource that is not able to provide at the right time the power that the system requires from it.

Market constraint - the number of orders received by the firm is not enough to support the required growth of the system.

Time constraint - the response time of the system to market needs is too long, which compromises the ability of the system to fulfill its obligations to customers, as well as to expand its business.

The rules for driving a system through its constraints are simple and practical. These are the five focusing (guiding) steps:

Step 1. Find the constraint(s) of the system.

Step 2. Decide how to make the most of the system's constraint(s) ("get the most out of it").

Step 3. Subordinate all other elements of the system (not restrictions) to the decision.

The first three steps are known as "tidying up the house". They allow the manager to maintain control over the system and increase its reliability and predictability. The application of the first three steps already leads to a significant improvement in performance, since they eliminate a large number of existing losses in the system. As a rule, as a result of these three steps, the system begins to produce significantly more without any additional costs or investments. Once the system is in a stable state, it is ready for focused investment in areas that will bring the highest return, that is, for the next step:

Step 4. Expand the system limit. This means relieving the stress caused by the constraint by adding capacity (in the case of a capacity constraint), obtaining additional customer orders (in the case of a market constraint), and reducing lead times for orders and projects (in the case of a lead time constraint).

Step 5. If the constraint was removed in the previous step (it ceased to be a constraint), return to step 1. Warning: do not let inertia become the main blocking factor in the system's activity.

The transition from one constraint to another threatens the stability of the organization. Step 3, which requires the subordination of all other elements, forms the behavior of the entire system, which will be aimed at supporting plans and decisions to maximize the use of the constraint. It is within the framework of step 3 that the rules, procedures and mechanisms for day-to-day management are established. If the restriction is changed, all of these rules, procedures and mechanisms will be affected and require changes. Therefore, it is recommended to choose a strategic constraint and organize the operation of the entire system accordingly. This will keep the focus of management and the entire organization on the same constraint and ensure that the company continues to grow towards its goal.

The Theory of Constraints provides a set of solutions for manufacturing, distribution systems, project management, for managing functional units within an organization, and for developing new local or strategic solutions.

This methodology provides the tools to answer four key questions about continuous improvement:

• What to change? - Identify the root (key) problem.
• What to change? - Develop simple practical solutions.
• How to ensure change? - Enlist the cooperation and support of the people needed to implement the solution.
• What creates a continuous improvement process? - Implement a mechanism to identify areas for improvement.

The results of applying the Theory of Constraints - examples of implementations

A distinctive characteristic of companies that have implemented CBT is how they weathered the economic crisis of 2008-2009. While their industries were experiencing severe declines in sales and profits, many of the companies using Theory of Constraints not only maintained their pre-crisis levels of performance, but were able to generate significant growth. In this article, I want to give a few examples of such companies.

Experience in implementing Theory of Constraints in Russia

LPK "Continental Management", timber holding company

Continental Management is a vertically integrated holding, one of the largest timber companies in Russia. The main activity of the company is the management of assets of the holding's enterprises engaged in complex wood processing. The holding's enterprises produce more than 200 types of products, from pulp, cardboard, packaging and newsprint to wood chemical products. The turnover of the holding in 2009 amounted to 6 billion rubles. The holding, including enterprises in the regions of Russia, employs about 7,000 people.

The company began implementing Theory of Constraints at the end of 2008 with a training program for 20 company professionals led by Eli Schragenheim, one of the leading TOC experts, director of Goldratt Schools for Europe. Internal teams then worked with Inherent Simplicity to implement the implementation.

The results of the implementation of the Theory of Constraints in enterprises:

• The level of availability of products in the warehouse - increased to 95%
• Lead time reduced by up to 75%
• The period for which the results were achieved - 6 months
• Implementation continues in a number of other companies of the holding

By implementing the Theory of Constraints solution for the supply chain in a short time, the company solved the main management dilemma in the make-to-stock environment: how much to produce?

Companies hold stocks of finished goods because their customers don't want to wait for their order to be produced. Consequently, the company is forced to start production in the absence of firm orders and rely on the forecast. Since the forecast is never accurate, this leads on the one hand to a shortage of a number of items in the warehouse, which leads to lost sales, and on the other hand to an excess of other items, which leads to obsolescence and write-off of products and low turnover of goods.

According to TOC's decision, the factory warehouse is the part of the system where the majority of inventory should be stored. It supplies downstream warehouses and customers with the required products through frequent deliveries based on daily consumption information. The factory warehouse acts as the main "regulator" for the entire replenishment system, starting from production. The solution provides a significantly higher level of product availability with a significantly lower inventory level compared to conventional inventory management methods. The volume of sales increases as the probability increases that the customer will find what he needs in the warehouse, when he needs it. Product turnover increases as the inventory level in the system is constantly and continuously adjusted to actual market demand.

Experience of implementing Theory of Constraints in India

Fleetguard Filters Pvt Ltd, supplier to the automotive industry.
Presented by Niranjan Kirloskar.

This company started applying TOC in 2006. They quickly improved the performance of their manufacturing units, achieved a high level of on-time fulfillment and a high level of stock availability for finished goods in the factory warehouse, and then, ensured a high level of availability in regional warehouses, while reducing the overall level of inventory. The market responded with a steady growth in demand for the company's products. As a result, the company received a significant increase in profits.

At the international conference TOCICO in Tokyo in November 2009, the company presented a report on the results of its activities.

Figure 2: Fleetguard Filters Performance - Sales and Net Income

It should be noted that Fleetguard Filters achieved such results in the face of a decline in production in the automotive industry. Despite the fact that in 2008 the industry experienced an 80% decrease in production volumes, the company had a 10% profit without a decrease in sales volumes. In 2009, the decline continued, but the company increased sales by 18%, increasing net profit by 50%. According to their estimates, a significant increase in sales volumes is expected, and an even greater increase in profits.

How has such growth been achieved?

• The company used the existing capacities to the maximum and ensured 100% availability of finished products. Compared to 2006, the company was able to "squeeze out" of the existing capacity almost twice as much.
• A record time to develop and bring new products to market has been achieved, which is only one third of the industry standard time.
• The company provided distributors and retailers with a significant increase in the turnover of goods due to its 100% availability.
• A high reliability of supplies to OEMs and the export market was ensured.

This is an example of a holistic Theory of Constraints solution that includes production, distribution (supply chain), development new products, marketing, sales and human resource management.

Results achieved:

• The level of availability of products in the factory warehouse - 99% with 6-8 days of stock,
• The level of availability of products in the regional warehouse - 99% with a 12-day stock volume,
• Close to 100% availability of products from distributors,
• The volume of work in progress - 2? 3 days
• The level of availability of raw materials - more than 98%

Implemented by Kiran Kothekar, Vector Consulting Group

Experience of implementing Theory of Constraints in Japan

Juntos, public sector bridge design and construction company

Due to constant natural disasters, the consequences of which must be eliminated, the Ministry of Public Lands, Infrastructure, Tourism and Transport of Japan initiates thousands of projects every year. In recent years, public funding has fallen to about half of what it was during its peak. Many construction companies are faced with the challenge of reducing costs and project lead times. Many companies have realized that they need a better way to manage projects.

In 2007 Juntos management decided to use the Theory of Constraints method for project management.

Results achieved:

• On-time delivery (completion of projects as originally planned) increased from 30% to 86%
• Project lead time reduced by more than 20%
• Costs for materials and equipment decreased by more than 20%
• Improved communication process with customers.

The critical chain projects were led by Keita Asaine and Ryoma Shiratsuchi.

Experience in implementing Theory of Constraints in the UK

Positive Solutions - financial consulting

Positive Solutions provides financial planning services in the UK. The company offers its assistance in matters of investments, loans, pensions, insurance and others and works through independent financial advisors. The company's headquarters is located in Newcastle, UK. Since 2002 the company has been a subsidiary of AEGON UK.

Company founder David Harrison built it from scratch. As sales growth remained below expectations, David used the TOC logic tools to analyze the UK independent financial advisor market and identified key issues:

• The speed of attracting independent consultants was insufficient and did not allow to achieve the planned level of growth
• The sales cycle time was too long and did not allow to achieve sales targets
• The company's offerings were not differentiated from competitors' offerings
• Resources were loaded at full capacity, resulting in lost sales.

To address the issues identified, in 2001 the company applied Theory of Constraints to manage the recruitment of new independent consultants and build a more efficient sales process.

Results achieved:

• Within one month, the number of consultants involved in cooperation doubled, and over the next two months - tripled
• Turnover grew by 40% during the year to reach £25.6 million
• Gross profit up 54% to £6.2m
• Positive Solutions was ranked second in the national Vantis Top 100, topping the list of financial services companies.

The implementation was carried out by Oded Cowan (International Director of Goldratt Schools) together with Andy Watt (www.goldratt.co.uk). This example is described in the supplement to the anniversary edition of E.M. Goldratt "The Purpose", dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the first edition of the book.

Other examples of implementing Theory of Constraints

There are many publications in which companies themselves or independent experts describe the results achieved through the implementation of TOC. There are over 90 such links on the Goldratt Marketing Group website. Over 400 scientific research publications have been published in the form of The World of Theory of Constraints by Victoria J Mabin and Steven J. Balderstone.

The following are some notable companies and institutions that have publicly announced their use of Theory of Constraints:

ABB Switzerland

Boeing Aviation & Space

United States Marine Corps Vehicle Maintenance Base

Elwood City Forge USA

Israeli Aircraft Industry

Amdocs Israel

Dr Reddy's Pharmaceutical Company India

Tata Steel India

You can learn more about their experience by searching for information on the Internet, indicating in the request next to the phrase "Theory of Constraints" the name of the company.

Mineralia sunt, vegetabilia vivunt et crescunt, animalia vivunt, crescunt et sentiunt.

(71. Minerals exist, plants live and grow, animals live, grow and feel (lat.) K. Linnaeus. (You can continue this statement in both directions.)

K. Boulding successfully worked on the applied development of the GTS concepts according to von Bertalanffy. His most important merit is the formation of some conditional ordinal scale of system complexity, onto which they are projected on the basis of their relationship to input flows.

In an abbreviated form, this scale (classification) was presented to K. Boulding as follows:

1. First level - static structure level. It could be called the level of "bases" or "skeletons". The description of this structure is the beginning of systematic theoretical knowledge, since it is impossible to create an accurate functional or dynamic theory without having a reliable description of static relationships. This is the level of static systems, the existence of which not predetermined by information flows.

2. The second level of the hierarchy of systems is simple dynamic level systems with predetermined, obligatory movements. It can be called the "clockwork" level. Most of the theoretical provisions in physics, chemistry and a number of other sciences belong to this category. This is the level of dynamic systems, the existence of which not related to the processing of information flows.

3. The third is the level of the control mechanism or, in other words, systems with controlled feedback loops, and it can be called the “thermostat” level. It differs from a simple system of stable equilibrium mainly in the property that transmission and analysis of information are an essential part of the system. This is the simplest of all levels of systems that exist in the world, where information flows and their processing can affect the system.

4. The fourth level is an “open system”, a self-preserving structure. We emphasize that the first mention in K. Boulding's classification of a self-preserving structure as a characteristic associated with information refers to the “supra-cybernetic” level. This is the level at which the living begins to differ from the non-living, and it can be called the “cell” level. it the level of origin of the system's own attitude to incoming information, the level is intermediate between passive and active response to input information .

5. The fifth level can be called "genetically-social" or "plant" level. Here we are talking about a specific form of reaction to disturbing information inherent in the world of plants and associated, for example, with known degrees of adaptability and other reactions to external influences.

6. As we move up in this hierarchy, we gradually reach a new level - the level of "animals", which is characterized by the presence of mobility, purposeful behavior and awareness. Here specialized receivers of information have been developed(eyes, ears, etc.), which leads to a significant increase in the flow of input information; in addition, there are developed nervous systems, eventually leading to the appearance of the brain, which forms the main features of the phenomenon, or “image”, from the perceived information.

The higher the organization of the individual, the more noticeable it becomes that his behavior is not a simple response to some kind of influence, but is determined by the “image”, or the structure of knowledge, or the environment in general ... The difficulties in predicting the behavior of these systems increase due to that an image is wedged between the impact and the reaction to it.

7. The next level considers an individual as a system and is called “human”. In addition to all or almost all the characteristics of "animal" systems, a person has self-awareness which distinguishes it from mere awareness of the animal. The human imagination, in addition to being more complex than that of higher animals, has the property of self-reflection - a person not only knows, but also realizes that he knows. This property is closely connected with the phenomena of language and with the use of symbols. In fact, this is an indication not so much of the importance of abstraction as of the level of the language. A significantly higher level of contextual dependence of human language in comparison, for example, with the language of animals, is one of the reasons why “intelligence” is considered an attribute, first of all, of a person.

8. Public (social) institutions constitute the next level of organization ... It is to this level that the overwhelming number of systems that organize scientific and production and social activities, i.e. systems that organize the existence of previous levels, and without which the existence of subjects as an information-organized community would be impossible. The position of this level in the hierarchy of systems according to K. Boulding was most likely dictated by the assumption that a system composed of objects of a certain level would be more complex in the system sense. Here the author focuses us not so much on scientific and production activities, but, according to the author, on “the subtle symbolism of art, music and poetry, a complex range of human emotions”.

9. To complete the construction of the hierarchy of systems, you need to add the last level - transcendent systems. There is the finite and the absolute, the inevitable and the unknowable, showing a certain structure and interconnection. It will be a sad day for mankind when no one can ask questions for which there are no answers. The ninth level of systems - transcendental systems - is interesting for the applied theory of intelligent control systems in that it points to the possibility of the existence of some even more complex class of systems in the event that the statement about the possibility of a complete separation of information from the physical medium is valid. ...

As they wrote earlier, there are no unknowable systems, there are unknown systems. Today we can afford to talk about the limited observability of the system one level from another, including, in some cases, perhaps, the practical non-observability of higher-level systems from the level of a systemically simpler one (as, indeed, vice versa).

The level of transcendental systems introduced by K. Boulding tells us about such situations. No less interesting in this sense is the barrier between the cybernetic and supra-cybernetic levels. If it is possible to overcome it using the technical elemental base, then it may be possible (say, by analogy) to overcome the barrier of transcendence?

Of course, a modern researcher will note the need for some modernization of this classification (according to the logic of construction, the level of “viruses” should be introduced, and other similar remarks are possible). Nevertheless, the main success and value of the proposed hierarchy lies in the indication by K. Boulding of a linear cut that characterizes the most important moments in the development of systems without building a multidimensional model of their classification. Thus, a simple explanation of the interconnection of systems is given without details that are difficult for the initial perception, but providing sufficient validity for further constructions, a basis on which applied theories can be built.

For the applied theory of control systems in the classification of K. Boulding highlight is an actual indication of the need to streamline systems according to the meaning of processing the input information flows characterizing them, i.e. according to the levels of perception, processing and issuance of information to the outside world, and, consequently, according to some qualitative assessment of the possibility of processing information for each level .

What is important is the fact of a gradual, within the level and spasmodic between levels, qualitative change in the meaning of information perception and processing, the transition from signal and context-free to structural and context-dependent analysis of information. As follows from the classification of K. Boulding, it is advisable to consider such levels both as separate types of systems and as their symbioses.

The most important point is the allocation in the hierarchy of systems of a more complex level than the third - "cybernetic", for separate consideration by the parameter of the impossibility of finding a rigorous mathematical description for them. Further, they will be referred to not only under the collective name “over-cybernetic”, but also, as is customary in the works of von Bertalanffy, K. Boulding, J. Miller and a number of other scientists, under the collective name “living systems”.

K. Boulding's classification indicates the process of continuous increase in the importance of the information component as the organizational and behavioral complexity of systems grows up to the transcendental level .

Ultimately, information itself becomes a system, begins to dominate systems of lower levels and, in a sense, “information begins to exist on its own”.

BUSINESS PLAN

Subject: An investment project for organizing an entertainment bowling center.

Introduction

Anyone can play bowling. Excitement and ease of play - these are the main reasons for the popularity of bowling. This type of business is not widespread enough in our city, so the creation of a new bowling center can be a profitable financial investment.

It must be remembered that for an investor, the priority is the amount of money that the club brings at the time of purchase, and not the results that the institution is able to show in the future. However, demand in this market significantly exceeds supply, and this very often leads to the fact that even unprofitable establishments at the time of sale “leave” at a very good price.

The trend towards an increase in the number of bowling centers has become more stable, for several reasons - the well-being of Russians is slowly but surely growing, people's need for recreation and entertainment is unlikely to ever disappear, and bowling is becoming more and more popular outdoor activity. Therefore, the creation of bowling centers becomes not only interesting, but also economically profitable.

Goals of organizing this business:

obtaining financial benefits;

Providing leisure time for the population;

· Development of bowling as a sport, entertainment and business in the city of Kirov.

Tasks:

Occupying a market share of at least 30%;

Reduced payback period of the project;

Increasing net income growth.

Characteristic working conditions of the company

The choice of the legal form of the enterprise

This business plan is presented in the form of an investment project. As a legal form, it is recommended to choose the form of individual entrepreneurship.

Advantages of this organizational and legal form:

· the presence of primary authorized capital is not required;

· it is not required to draw up the charter of the enterprise;

the individual entrepreneur is the sole manager of funds;

Possibility of using the simplified taxation system.

Strengths and weaknesses of this business

Factors that positively affect the activity of the enterprise:

The presence in the city of Kirov of only two establishments providing bowling services, which leads to a low level of competition in this business area and low entry barriers to the market;

Favorable location (at a distance from competitors) - Lepse district;

Bowling is a public game, since it does not impose restrictions on the age and gender of visitors and does not require special physical training;

Simplicity and speed of business organization due to the lack of a production process, which ensures a quick turnover of funds; opportunity to expand the business;

Average prices on the market subject to high quality services; low;

Operating expenses, i.e. significant material costs are necessary only at the stage of creating a bowling center, after the start of work they are minimized.

Factors negatively affecting the activity of the enterprise:

1. the presence of serious competitors;

2. high cost of equipment and its transportation upon purchase or replacement;

3. rather high cost of the service;

4. insufficient awareness of potential customers.

Assessment of the competitive environment

Expected and maximum income of the Bowling Center, the 21st Century restaurant, and the Globus entertainment club.

Sales Forecast

Income from bowling in the entertainment club "Bowling Center" for 1 week, month, year

5) expected sales revenue - 4,188,000 rubles.

6) planned costs for the production and implementation of the project - 7170 thousand rubles.

7) expected net profit - 1715234.12 rubles

8) the main sources of financing are the profit of the enterprise, bank loans, etc.

9) The payback period of the project is 4 years 2 months.

2. Market research and analysis

According to experts, twenty-five years ago there were only two bowling halls in our country - one in Central Asia, avid for luxury, the other in the advanced Baltic. In the year of the Moscow Olympics, a third one was added to them, which appeared in the capital's hotel "Cosmos". The first real commercial bowling alley was Alex, opened in 1997 and, by the way, still operating in the Central Tourist House.

From that moment on, the “dam broke”: decent money “flowed” into bowling as a business. In pre-crisis times, the recipe for commercial success was quite simple: the main thing was to choose the right size premises, install new (and often refurbished) equipment, and in a year it was possible to “recapture” all the funds. After all, an hour of renting a track cost the client at least $50.

Now, of course, the profitability of the business is an order of magnitude lower, but still, according to Pavel Primak, the manager of the Bowling Planet network of bowling clubs, it remains quite decent - at least 25%. In Moscow, one new club still appears every two or three months.

According to experts, the dynamics of bowling development is directly related to the growth in the welfare of the population, because the main consumer of such entertainment is the middle class. Considering that the incomes of Russians are growing faster than GDP growth, bowling can predict the most brilliant future.

Until now, in almost all Moscow clubs in the evening, even on weekdays, it is advisable to book a track in advance, like a table in a prestigious restaurant. According to Mikhail Chizhikov, Vice-President of the Russian Sports Bowling Federation, the world's bowling industry ranks third in terms of profitability among legal types of business after gambling and oil.

On the this moment in the city of Kirov there are only a few organizations providing bowling services: Entertainment Center"Globus" and entertainment club "21st century". To determine the expected income, a study of the income of competitors was carried out.

Table 3 provides information on the expected and maximum income that the entertainment club "Globus" should receive from bowling in one week.

Table 3 - Income from bowling in the entertainment club "Globus" for 1 week

Days of the week	Time	Price, for 1 hour	Expected income	Maximum income
Monday Tuesday	12.00-17.00	210 rub.	1.5 d * 3 hours * 21Oru b / hour = 945 rubles.	4d*5h*210rub/hour =4200rub.
Wednesday	17.00-24.00	330 rub.	2d*7h*330rub/hour =4620rub.	4d * 7h * 33Orub / hour = 9240rub.
24.00-6.00	330 rub.	1 day * 6 hours * 330 rubles / hour = 1980 rubles.	4d*6h*330rub/hour =7920rub.
Thursday Sunday	12.00-17.00	330 rub.	1.5d * 5 hours * 33Oru b / hour = 4125 rubles.	4d*5h*330rub/hour =6600rub.
17.00-24.00	600 rub.	2d*7h*600rub/hour= 8400rub.	4 days * 7 hours * 600 rubles / hour = 16800 rubles.
24.00-6.00	600 rub.	2.5d*6h*600rub/hour= 9000rub.	4 days * 6 hours * 600 rubles / hour = 14400 rubles.
Friday Saturday	12.00-17.00	330 rub.	2d*5h*330rub/hour =3300rub.	4d*5h*330rub/hour =6600rub.
17.00-24.00	600 rub.	2d*7h*600rub/hour= 8400rub.	4d*7h*600rub/hour =16800rub.
24.00-6.00	600 rub.	4d*6h*600rub/hour =14400rub.	4d * 6 hours * 600 rubles / hour -14400 rubles.

Table 4 calculates information on the expected and maximum income that the entertainment club "Globus" should receive from bowling for one week, month, year.

Table 4 - Income from bowling in the entertainment club "Globus" for 1 week, month, year

Table 5 provides information on the expected and maximum income that the 21st century restaurant expects to receive from bowling in one week.

Table 5 - Income from bowling in the restaurant "21st century" for 1 week

Days of the week	Time	Price, for 1 hour	Expected income	Maximum income
Monday Tuesday	12.00-17.00	180 rub.	1 day * 2.5 hours * 180 rubles / hour = 450 rubles.	2 days * 5 hours * 180 rubles / hour = 1800 rubles.
Wednesday	17.00-24.00	300 rub.	1.5 days * 7 hours * 300 rubles / hour = 3150 rubles.	2d*7h*300rub/hour =4200rub.
24.00-6.00	300 rub.	1 day * 6 hours * 300 rubles / hour = 1800 rubles.	2d*6h*300rub/hour -3600rub.
Thursday Sunday	12.00-17.00	240 rub.	1.5 days * 5 hours * 240 rubles / hour = 1800 rubles.	2d*5h*240rub/hour =2400rub.
17.00-24.00	540 rub.	1.5 days * 7 hours * 540 rubles / hour = 5670 rubles.	2d*7h*540rub/hour -7560rub.
24.00-6.00	540 rub.	1 day * 6 hours * 540 rubles / hour = 3240 rubles.	2d*6h*540rub/hour =6480rub.
Friday Saturday	12.00-17.00	240 rub.	1 day * 5 hour * 240 rubles / hour = 1200 rubles.	2d*5h*240rub/hour =2400rub.
17.00-24.00	540 rub.	2d*7h*540rub/hour= 7560rub.	2d * 7 hours * 540 rubles / hour = 7560 rubles.
24.00-6.00	540 rub.	1.5 days * 6 hours * 540 rubles / hour = 4860 rubles.	2d*6h*540rub/hour =6480rub.

Table 6 shows information about the expected and maximum income that the 21st century restaurant should receive from bowling for one week, month, year.

Table 6 - Income from bowling in the 21st century restaurant for 1 week, month, year

Based on data on prices and incomes of competitors, the Bowling Center price list was developed, on the basis of which the expected income was calculated.

Table 7 provides information on the expected and maximum income that the entertainment club "Bowling Center" expects to receive from bowling in one week.

Table 7 - Income from bowling in the entertainment club "Bowling Center" for 1 week

Days of the week	Time	Price, for 1 hour	Expected income	Maximum income
Monday Tuesday	12.00-17.00	100 rub.	2 days * 2 hours * 100 rubles / hour = 400 rubles.	4d*5h*100rub/hour =2000rub.
Wednesday	17.00-24.00	200 rub.	2.5d*7h*200rub/hour =3500rub.	4d*7h*200rub/h
24.00-4.00	200 rub.	2d * 4 hours * 200 rubles / hour \u003d 1600 rubles.	4d*4h*200rub/h
Thursday Sunday	12.00-17.00	160 rub.	2.5 days * 5 hours * 210 rubles / hour = 2625 rubles.	4 days * 5 hours * 210 rubles / hour = 4200 rubles.
17.00-24.00	270 rub.	3 days * 7 hours * 400 rubles / hour - 8400 rubles.	4d*7h*400rub/h
24.00-4.00	380 rub.	2d*4h*500rub/hour =4000rub.	4d*4h*500rub/h
Friday Saturday	12.00-17.00	160 rub.	3d*5h*210rub/hour =3150rub.	4d*5h*210rub/hour =4200rub.
17.00-24.00	300 rub.		4d*7h*400rub/hour =11200rub.
24.00-4.00	270 rub.	3d*4h*500rub/h	4d*4h*400ru6/h

Table 8 contains information about the expected and maximum income that the entertainment club "Bowling Center" should receive from bowling for one week, month, year.

Table 8 - Income from bowling in the entertainment club "Bowling Center" for 1 week, month, year

Table 9 shows the expected and maximum income of the Bowling Center entertainment club, the 21st Century restaurant, and the Globus entertainment club for 1 year.

Table 9 - Expected and maximum income of the "Bowling Center" entertainment club "Globus", entertainment club "21st century"

Thus, the estimated income of the "Bowling Center" is less than the income of the club "Globus", but more than the income of the entertainment club "21st century" for this service.

Restaurant "21st century"

Entertainment club "Globus".

Let's take a look at the comparative characteristics of competitors.

Table 10 - Comparative characteristics of competitors "Bowling Center"

Both competitors are strong enough and occupy confident positions in the market. The 21st Century restaurant is located in the city center, the price for services is slightly lower than that of the Globus, but the parking lot is relatively small, which plays an important role when choosing a place to stay, since most consumers of this type of service have personal vehicles. Entertainment club "Globus" is located in the center of the South-West district of the city, has a fairly large parking lot and a number of additional services, but the price of services is slightly higher.

Market capacity is the potential or actual volume of sales in a certain territory during a certain period of time.

Market capacity will be determined by the method based on consumption norms.

Where H is the rate of service consumption per inhabitant;

H is the population of the given territory.

According to statistics, every 15 resident of the city visits bowling centers, and the population of Kirov is 500,000 people.

H \u003d 1/15 \u003d 0.07

E \u003d 0.07 * 500,000 \u003d 35,000 people.

Market capacity is the upper limit of the volume of sales that can be planned in a business project. But the company cannot claim the entire market due to the presence of competitors. Therefore, to assess the possible volume of sales, we determine the market share of the company: we divide the market capacity by the total number of competitors equal in strength:

35000 / 3 = 11667 people

3. The essence of the proposed project

Bowling is a game that anyone can play.

This type of service satisfies the need for rest and is a commodity with unstable demand, since there are many alternatives to satisfy this need.

The presence of two fairly strong competitors that have been in this market for a long period of time determines some difficulties for the Bowling Center to enter the market:

· Image of firms;

Loyal attitude of consumers;

· Good location;

Availability of additional services;

· Long stay in the market.

To overcome these difficulties, the business plan proposes the following:

· Opening of the center with participation famous people cities;

· Favorable location - Lepse Square.

Availability of additional services (free parking, cafe, children's playrooms, billiards)

Almost anyone can use this service.

In order to attract more customers, it is proposed to introduce discounts during the day for students and students, as well as introduce a bonus program for regular customers.

4. Production plan

Some of the most famous bowling equipment suppliers are VPSBouling, Bowling Service Plus, VIABoulingProducts, Master Bowling and Bowling League.

You should start not with choosing an equipment supplier, but with finding a reliable partner who will not only calculate the business plan, but also help you implement it. BOWLING LEAGUE is a reliable and powerful partner in building a bowling business.

"LEAGUE OF BOWLING" - the first largest, independent company, which is the leader in the Russian market of the bowling industry. In 1996 "LEAGUE OF BOWLING" opened a bowling alley for Russia, presenting such large companies like AMF, Brunswick, YangjiVision, Zhonglu and Dacos. From 1996 to 1999 BOWLING LEAGUE was the exclusive agent of AMF in Russia. In 1999 "LEAGUE OF BOWLING" began to work as an independent company.

The specification of the new 4-lane bowling alley equipment is presented in Appendix A.

Location and surrounding area

The building should be provided with convenient entrances from the side of the main, transport highways. It is desirable that there is a bus stop nearby. There should be enough space for parking, and the parking itself should be located not far from the entrances to the building.

From this point of view, "Bowling - Center" will be located advantageously: Lepse Square - the intersection of many bus and trolleybus routes. You can also use the recently opened but popular Red & Blac club to attract customers.

Building

The building and the adjacent territory should be a complete, convenient and visually attractive complex. When reconstructing an old or planning a new bowling center, it is necessary to think over the appearance of the building, which will be combined with the internal content. The external facade of the building should be made in a creative design that attracts attention.

The plan of the premises is presented in Appendix B.

Advertising signs, both inside and outside, are an integral element of the bowling center, since they contain the information necessary for visitors and generally attract people's attention. In addition to the sign, it is necessary to install several billboards, playing the role of signs on adjacent highways. Indoor commercial advertising can be part of the interior design as well as a significant part of the center's income. Of the other forms of bowling center advertising, it is worth mentioning advertising in local media.

Interior

The interior of the bowling center is largely determined by considerations of functionality and convenience for visitors. The entrance to the bowling center should be planned in such a way that, when entering the premises, the visitor can immediately see everything that happens on the lanes. It is also recommended to install two doorways with sufficiently wide and easy-to-open doors. The center counter of the manager is the focal point of the bowling alley and should be raised in relation to the lanes. With this arrangement, the bowling area (pins and players' seats) is clearly visible. Wall graphics should not be brighter than the colors used on the masking panels above the pins.

Staff

Particular attention should be paid to the selection and training of staff. Only qualified employees are able to support and promote this business. In Russia, there is an acute problem of a shortage of qualified personnel in general, and in the bowling industry in particular. "LEAGUE OF BOWLING" - the only one on Russian market a company that recruits and trains qualified personnel for work in any area of ​​the bowling industry.

The effectiveness of its work largely depends on how well-planned the bowling center is.

The required number of personnel is presented in Table 11.

Table 11 - Required number of personnel.

payroll fund

The salary of employees is set in the form of a salary for a month of work. Table 12 presents data on the wages of employees of the entertainment club "Bowling Center" for 1 month.

Table 12 - Data on remuneration of employees of the entertainment club "Bowling Center" for the first month

Number of tracks and their width

The basis of any center is a track. The minimum number is one, and the maximum is as far as the size of the building allows. The track consists, in fact, of the coating (laminate), on which the ball rolls, the mechanism that returns the balls, and the mechanism that sets skittles. It is called differently by different manufacturers. pinspotter or pinsetter. This is the heart of the bowling alley. The main indicator of the pinsetter is the time it takes him to set the pins. As a rule, this time is 8-14 seconds.

The number of lanes and their minimum width are shown in Table 13.

Table 13 - number of tracks and their minimum width

Heating and air conditioning

In the premises it is necessary to constantly maintain a temperature of 20-23 ° C with a relative humidity of 35-45%.

Engine room

Space must be provided (minimum 2 m2 per car) for pinspotters/pinsetters at the rear of the lanes. It is better to use double doors (1.83 m wide and 2.2 m high) in order to bring the pinspotters/pinsetters into the building (and into the engine room in particular). Behind the pinspotters/pinsetters there must be a passage of 1.2 m (minimum 0.9 m). Attention should be paid to soundproofing (the machines themselves are silent, but flying skittles create a lot of noise).

Monitors of the automatic scoring system

The system includes floor standing 14" TV monitors (LCD floor consoles) and suspended 27", 29" or 34" TV monitors supplied in the equipment package. Suspended monitors are fixed on a suspended form or main beam that can withstand a load of 200 kg. Ceiling height must be at least 3.10 m.

Required zones:

The manager's central desk (reception), where there is a management computer, a cash register, replacement shoes are issued and bowling is billed.

Office or manager's room.

Director's office.

Accountant's office.

Mechanic's room or repair shop.

Warehouse for storage of equipment supplied for bowling and
materials.

Wardrobe.

Men's and women's toilets.

Tracks

The DBA synthetic track used by YjVision to complete its equipment is a high quality, impact-resistant laminate with a thickness of 12 mm. The track itself, the run-up area and the rest area are made of laminate using thermosetting homogenization technology. This means that the laminate from which the track is made is not subject to delamination throughout its entire service life (25 years). The track has a very high degree of impact resistance, which is necessary, given the specifics of operation. Easy to clean and holds the conditioner well. No further maintenance of these tracks is required.

The track includes side troughs and divider covers (cuppings) that provide free access to the ball return system. In addition, all tracks are equipped with an infrared spade system. The surface of the lane, run-up and rest areas glows under ultraviolet light, which makes the bowling center a special attraction for guests.

Ball return system

Agree, you don’t want to wait a long time when the just thrown ball will return to you? This happens very often, but not on YjVision equipment. The ball return system is horizontal and equipped with an accelerator. This design ensures very fast operation of the mechanism and no damage to the ball!

The high return speed of the ball, combined with the fastest pinsetter, makes the game more dynamic and the guests of your bowling center will undoubtedly notice this.

Furniture

YjVision bowling center furniture represents the ultimate in comfort, durability and style. The seating system is made by injection molding and due to its strength has an unlimited service life. The shape of the seats allows you to make the game and rest of the guests of the bowling center comfortable and leave a favorable impression.

The V5 pinsetter is a first-class development and the pride of the YjVision technicians and is the next generation of the V2 pinsetter. The replacement of the PCB control system (system with printed circuit boards) and the introduction of a fundamentally new control through a programmable controller - the PLC system increased the reliability and resistance of equipment to shock loads by more than 25% and expanded the range of modern functions of V5 pinsetters. controls, among the proposed machine models on the market.

Type control system PLC (Programmable Controller)

It is a minicomputer manufactured by "Mitsubishi", Japan. The PLC system is widely used in mechanical engineering and other high-tech industries for assembly and other purposes, as a control system where complex multifunctional synchronous actions are required.

Control systems PLC this is:

Self-diagnosis of malfunctions with detailed indication of the error in the digital code on the control box. 100% troubleshooting!!!;

Control blocks on the front and rear panels - for quick detection and elimination of breakdowns;

Training modes for players:

After each throw, the pinsetter exposes all 10 pins to practice the strike;

The pinsetter sets out the remaining pins until all the pins are knocked down;

Automatic shutdown (energy saving function);

Self-testing of all machine mechanisms after preventive maintenance or repair;

Emergency shutdown when the pin hits the ball return chute;

Fast cycle (for strike and spa rolls, pins knocked down and after the second roll);

Electronic circuit protection (up to 30% power drop);

Double notification when an error is detected in the operation of the machine: a signal to the operator and a signal to the mechanic - error indication through the pinsetter's emergency lamp;

Built-in voltage regulator, which extends the life of the machine and is an indispensable element of bowling equipment;

Fast system of installation of pins;

Out-ofrange function (point size out of limits). The CCD camera counts pins moved from its standard position. The account does not need to be corrected;

Fast horizontal ball return system (works faster than the vertical system by 3-5 seconds);

Electronic control of the ball return system;

The V5 pinsetter is a significantly improved model of the previous version of the V2 pinsetter. The efforts of the company's engineers aimed at simplifying the structure of the V2 pinsetter, improving its mechanics and electrical circuits have increased the reliability of the machine and led to a significant reduction in maintenance costs. For the convenience and safety of mechanics, walkways between the machines and protective covers on the front and rear panels have been designed.

Service

Like any other mechanism, bowling equipment requires qualified maintenance. During the execution of the contract, the technical staff of your bowling center will be fully trained, will receive all necessary documentation and technical means.

The service center provides warranty and post-warranty maintenance of YjVision equipment, supply of all necessary spare parts and consumables. At your service round-the-clock "hot line", on-line consultations and the order of spare parts.

Scoring system VS-21

digital three-dimensional image of animated screensavers. The double focus of the tube allows you to reproduce the image with increased clarity and color reproduction;

14" floor consoles;

As a second floor console option
15" console with flat
liquid crystal LCD display;

3-dimensional video graphics that allow you to show color animation pictures;

· Forty graphic images, more than 14 combinations of various games and other functions;

· To help the player - hints on the screen how to knock down the remaining pins in the next throw;

· Possibility of TV and video broadcasts on monitors;

· The "Lock" function is installed, in order to prevent the player from trying to change the operation of the control panel;

· At the end of the game, you can play the results of games up to 20 players at the same time on the monitor or print the result.

Bowling center control system

Full control over the work of the bowling center;

· Allows you to easily and accurately make settlements with the guests of the bowling center;

Possibility to choose the type of payment;

· Accounting for all taxes levied;

· Operation of the control system can be checked in the "Office" via LAN or modem;

· Track booking functions, revenue and statistics reports;

· Set up to 36 status codes for players;

· Tariffing management depending on the day of the week, time and other programs;

Ease of execution of current functions: adding and removing players, transferring players to other lines, etc.,

· Send messages to multiple lines at the same time and store up to 10 messages that are used most often;

· Control of many different functions at the same time;

· View and print the performance of each throw and points scored for each player or team;

· Ability to view, summarize or print the total number of games and the number of sales, analysis of the results.

The system is based on Windows 2000.

Decorative panels (masks)

With a wide choice of graphics, decorative panels play a big role in shaping the overall style of the bowling center. Lightweight designs of decorative panels provide, if necessary, easy access mechanics to pinsetters and a platform with skittles. The masks are not subject to wear and tear and are easily replaceable. All panels are double-sided and glow under UV light.

SATURN (Glow-m-the-Dark)

(Glow-in-the-Dark)

Delivery time: Moscow - 50 days after the conclusion of the contract. Installation time - 4-5 days per track, subject to the readiness of the site.

5. Marketing plan

Marketing research.

Study plan:

1) development of a questionnaire for a survey of consumers;

2) conducting a survey;

3) interpretation of the results;

4) modeling and forecasting consumer demand for the service.

Questionnaire for a survey of potential consumers (Appendix c)

50 people were interviewed for marketing research. Only those consumers who want to play bowling were subject to the survey. In the course of the survey, the following results were obtained, which are presented in table 14:

Table 14 - Summary table of survey results

a	b	in	G	d	e	and
1	14	11	8	23	X	X	X
2	30	20	X	X	X	X	X
3	50	0	X	X	X	X	X
4	5	5	8	4	13	14	13
	3	5	31	13	X	X	X
6	7	29	10	4	X	X	X
7	8	8	33	3	X	X	X
8	4	26	14	6	X	X	X
9	25	17	4	4	X	X	X
10	33	6	11	X	X	X	X
11	0	18	8	18	6	0	0
12	3	9	12	15	11	X	X

Conclusion: potential consumers bowling games are social groups as students, workers, employees and entrepreneurs.

The most preferred days of the week to play are Friday, Saturday, Sunday, and the time of day is evening. The majority of consumers want to play bowling for 1 to 3 hours. On average, each respondent is ready to play bowling 1-2 times a week.

The amount that the consumer is willing to pay for one session of the game is the minimum of those offered and ranges from 200 to 300 rubles.

To determine the number of potential customers of our Bowling Center, the survey data by age groups were transferred to the general population. The results obtained are presented in table 15.

Table 15 - Calculation of the number of potential customers of the Bowling Center

* The number of potential customers of the Bowling Center was determined based on the number of all potential customers and the number of competitors in the market.

As the practice of the Russian bowling industry shows, the amount spent on the construction of a bowling center pays off within 1.5-2 years (the return on investment can be longer only in the case of capital construction, since the construction of a new building requires large sums).

In order for the work of the bowling center to bring sustainable dividends, it is necessary to ensure that each lane is loaded daily for at least six and a half to seven hours (in practice, these figures are often higher). Based on this parameter, it will be possible to estimate the size of the club's revenue by calculating the daily, weekly and monthly profitability of one track and multiplying the resulting amount by their number.

6. Organizational plan

The organizational structure of the bowling center is presented in Appendix D.

The management structure is presented in Appendix D.

The director's responsibilities include general management and strategic planning.

In the duties of Deputy director includes tactical and operational planning, control over the activities of all departments, a weekly report to the director on the work of the company.

The manager's duties include accounting for playing time, issuing special shoes and cash settlements with the players.

The duties of a marketer include the development of advertising campaigns, the study environment, study of complaints and wishes of customers.

The responsibilities of a technician include maintenance of gaming equipment.

The responsibilities of the instructor include teaching the game of bowling.

The duties of the security service are to ensure law and order in the hall and in the parking lot.

In charge service personnel includes ensuring cleanliness and order directly in the playing hall, as well as in the hall of the building.

Qualifications to employees are presented in table 16.

Table 16 - Qualification requirements for employees

Profession	Description of the work to be performed	Skill level	average salary
Director	General leadership		20000
Deputy directors	Strategic management	Higher education, work experience	15000
Accountant	Cash accounting	Higher education, work experience, knowledge of 1C.	11000
Manager	Working in the game room	Higher education	8000
Marketer	Work with clients	Higher education, work experience	9000
Technician	Equipment service	Technical education, work experience	9000
Instructor	Learning to play	5000
Wardrobe attendant	Acceptance of clothes	5000
Security guard	Law Enforcement	7000
Cleaning woman	Room cleaning	4000

Management personnel must have higher education and work experience. For director and deputy The director's work experience must be in managerial positions. The accountant must also have a higher education and work experience, as well as own the 1C program.

Managers and marketer must also have higher education and work experience.

Maintenance personnel can be accepted without higher education and work experience, but the technician must have a technical education.

Wardrobe attendants, security guards and cleaners can be accepted without work experience and special education, but must be without bad habits.

Recruitment can be carried out both through a recruitment agency and using personal connections.

7. Risk assessment

It is very important to be able to anticipate difficulties and develop a strategy to overcome risks in advance.

To take into account the risk factor in business planning, we apply a sensitivity analysis of a business project to a deterioration in business conditions. In this case, the change in financial results from the implementation of the project is determined when risk events occur, expressed in a decrease in the company's revenue or an increase in costs.

8. Financial plan

Area calculations:

210m - to the playing area;

8 m 2 - wardrobe;

7 m 2 - men's and women's toilets;

75 m 2 - service premises.

Total area - 300 m2.

Based on the fact that the average price for 1 m 2 of non-residential area in the Lepse area is 10 thousand rubles, and average price finishing 1 m2 is equal to 400 rubles, then the total cost of the Bowling Center premises will be:

10400 rub. * 300 m 2 \u003d 3,120,000 rubles.

The initial costs of creating an entertainment club "Bowling Center" are calculated using the following formula:

Рп=Рз+Ро, where Рп – initial expenses;

Rz - the cost of building a building of 300 m 2;

Ro - expenses for the purchase of equipment (4 playing tracks and the entire

a set of equipment for them 150000ue. The dollar exchange rate is 27 rubles)

Rp = 3120 thousand rubles + 405 Otys.rub. = 7170 thousand rub.

Table 17 - Costs of organizing a business

Profit: 4188000- 17100 - 67813 - 192000- 9360- 233950 - 753840 - 499200 - 157850 = 2256887

Net profit: 2256887 - 541652.88 = 1715234.12

9. Funding strategy

The need for investment in this case is equal to the cost of equipment. Sources of financing can be: profit of the enterprise, bank loans, etc.

The following system of indicators is used to assess the effectiveness of investments:

1. Net present value of income - assessment of the present value of income:

where is the total cash flow for period j, including net profit and depreciation charges for this period minus the amount of investments for the same period;

e is the discount rate;

N is the ordinal number of period j.

NPV \u003d (1715234.12 + 233950) * (1 + 0.2) -12 \u003d 1738670.34 rubles.

2 The payback period of investments is the period of time in which the discounted cash flow on an accrual basis changes sign from “minus” to “plus”. We calculate it as the ratio of initial expenses to net profit:

Payback period: 7170000 / 1715234.12 = 4.18

Bibliography

1. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation - the official text. – M.; ELITE Publishing House, 2004, 384 p.

2. Azoev G. L. Methods for assessing the market capacity // Marketing and Marketing Research in Russia No. 6 - 1999 - p. 43-48.

3. Business plan and business planning - the basis of a sustainable financial condition of the enterprise. Recommendations for drawing up a business plan / CJSC "Corporation Center"

4. Kotler F. Fundamentals of marketing: per. from eng. – M.: Rosinter, 2003. – 704 p.