"French education" - Bureau CampusFrance Kazakhstan. Cooperation between Kazakhstan and France! University? de Grenoble. Universities. ENA. University? Nice Sophia Antipolis. Ecoles Normales Supérieures. Do I need to speak French? French is popular all over the world! Created in parallel with the university system in the nineteenth century.

"On Education in the Russian Federation" - Parallel. Then invite me to participate in such a pedagogical council. Who owns the property educational institution? 7. 9. Results of public discussion. 1. 4. 10 specific changes. 10. Background of the bill. eleven.

"Internationalization" - Basic definitions. Some internationalization strategies -2. Strong central international office. About 8% have branches abroad. The vision of Bath University. Conclusions. Leiden University, Netherlands. University of Guelph, Canada.

"Image of an educational institution" - Jean Cocteau. Image structure. Stages of image formation. pupils; parents; the staff of the educational institution; social partners. The target audience. Image cannot be bought. Municipal budgetary educational institution"Secondary school No. 19". The need to form the image of an educational institution is determined by:

"French Government Scholarships" - The French Embassy has provided scholarships to 440 Russian students. French government scholarships. The dossier and submission deadlines are available on the website: www.egide.asso.fr/eiffel. Statistics for 2007. Copernicus Program. Scholarships of the New Bridge Association. French government scholarships. Summer linguistic scholarships.

"Goals of education" - Implementation of the strategy. The content of the PPO planning activities. Types of goals of the program: Requirements for goals: Rules for building a "tree of goals". Hierarchy of goals: Indicators for assessing the quality of plans. Goals in education. Classification of goals: goals-tasks, goals-orientations, goals of the system. By levels: classical, real, social General Strategic Tactical Operational Situational.

There are 25 presentations in total in the topic

Introduction

With the help of system analysis, you can explore various socio-economic processes and systems in order to better understand the problem and find measures to resolve it. In this settlement work using the methods of system analysis, we will consider the educational problem in order to develop a physically and morally healthy person at the level of modern education. Because Since this problem has many aspects, suggesting various options for their solution, it can be considered quite complex and controversial. To select the most suitable options for solving this problem, as well as to create an action plan for the implementation of the entire range of works that ensure its solution, we will build a tree of goals and trees of activities, calculate the coefficients of relative importance and build network diagram performance of work.

Thus, the purpose of this study can be defined as the creation of an optimal plan of action to improve modern education in Russia.

Based on the purpose of the study, the following tasks were set:

identify a problematic situation;

Detail the problem;

Solve the problem using system analysis methods.

The object of research is how to develop a physically and morally healthy person.

The subject of the study is the process of developing the education of children and youth.

Goal Tree

The theoretical basis for writing the work was the lectures and educational and methodological complex of Krichevsky A.I.

Building a goal tree

Calculation of coefficients of relative importance

Calculation of coefficients of relative importance (RC) of subgoals (1st level of the goal tree):

Expert Survey Matrix:

Here, experts assign ranks (places) to subgoals, performing the following task: “Place the subgoals in their places based on their importance for achieving main goal».

Our task is to determine the COP of subgoals, i.e. them specific gravity as part of the main goal.

This means that the more important sub-goal should have a larger number (as opposed to the rank assignment in the original survey matrix), so we need to calculate the rank transformation using the formula: (max rank - expert rank).

Conclusion based on the calculation of KOV at the first level:

When detailing, the main goal is " modern education- development of a physically, morally healthy personality” was divided into 4 unequal subgoals:

Develop a state strategy for the upbringing of children and youth - 38.7%;

Scientific and methodological provision - 12.9%;

Raise the qualifications of employees of educational institutions - 22.5%;

Diversity and availability of children's leisure infrastructure - 25.9%.

Based on the analysis of the KOV, we see that the experts identified the development of the state as the most important sub-goal in achieving the main goal. strategies in the education of children and youth (0.387). It follows from this that experts believe that it is the development of state strategies that should be given the most attention. The second place was taken by the sub-objective "Diversity and accessibility of the infrastructure of educational institutions" - 0.259. It is also important because children's leisure means fewer children loitering on the streets. In third place is professional development for employees of educational institutions - 0.225 means that professionalism is necessary for employees in this field of activity. And the last subgoal in terms of weight - scientific and methodological security - 0.129, which is necessary for improvement in education.

All of these sub-goals, in detail, represent our main single goal, and therefore, by effectively developing programs to achieve all these sub-goals and achieving them, we also achieve the main goal.

Calculation of the KOV of the tree of goals of the second level.

Expert survey matrix.

When determining the COP of subgoals of the 2nd level, we use the same methodology as at the first level, considering the sequence of splitting the subgoals of the 1st level into component parts. At the same time, we first determine the proportion in which this subgoal is divided into its component parts, and then we divide the COP of the higher subgoal in the same proportion. This will ensure the following necessary requirements calculation of KOV.

The sum of the KOV of subgoals is equal to the KOV of the higher subgoal (goal);

The sum of the KOV of all subgoals of one level of the tree of goals is equal to 1.

Matrix of Transformed Ranks:

Expert Survey Matrix:

Matrix of Transformed Ranks:

Expert Survey Matrix:

Rank conversion matrix:

Expert Survey Matrix:

Rank transformation matrix.

By achieving life goals, the meaning of human life is determined, the same can be said about the existence of each company, whether it be state, charitable, public or commercial, organization goal tree - a simple example. Any enterprise, individual entrepreneur or association pursues its goals, which are the reason for their functioning and existence. Consider different kinds tasks and on the example of a company we will build an example of a tree of goals.

Purpose and mission

Each enterprise in the course of work develops its mission - the main task that justifies the existence of the organization. For example, for a charitable company, it means helping people with cancer. For a commercial company - to earn maximum profit, for social organization– achievement of a significant social task, for example, adaptation to modern world disabled children.

The process of achieving the mission will be divided into goals, “steps”, overcoming which you can get as close as possible to solving the main task.

Types of goals

Any company for the near future sets for itself several aspirations and desires, which can be long-term, medium-term and short-term. It usually takes no more than 12 months to solve a short-term goal, medium-term goals - from one year to five or six years, and at least 5 years are required to solve a long-term problem.

How goals are set

In general, the goals for the entire organization or for each of its divisions are set by the center, or decentralized and centralized to the heads of departments. It all depends on what kind of management system is adopted at the enterprise.

The decentralized method of setting goals can develop in two directions. In the first method - from the bottom up, initially goals are set in departments, and management, on the basis of them, determines the main tasks of the organization and ways to resolve them. In the second method - from top to bottom, large tasks are set by the center, and managers, in order to solve them, develop their smaller goals on the ground and set them for the staff and workers.

The task tree on the example of a company is compiled based on the analysis of the impact of the external and internal environment at the enterprise, adhering to the main goal of the organization. And only then are individual and specific goals set.

Goal tree on the example of an organization

Viewing an example goal tree in a graphical display helps to visualize the task model of the organization. With it, it is easy to arrange the degree of importance of tasks. To build such a chart, there are conditional positions.

The overall mission (goal) of the company is placed at the top of the tree. Then it is divided into separate subtasks, without which the main task cannot be completed. When formulating the task, it is necessary to describe the desired result, but it is not necessary to indicate the way to achieve it. Goals should be on the same level, not arising from each other and independent of each other.

For each organization, the set of goals is purely individual. However, several areas of activity can be distinguished, any company will find its interest in them:

Production
Personnel policy
Finance and politics
Sales policy

The number of levels into which the main task of the organization is divided depends on the complexity of the goal, the size of the company, the hierarchy in management and organizational building.

An example of an organization's goal tree:

Examples of Specific Organizational Tasks

In different areas of activity, the organization has its own goals, let's consider some of them.

Marketing

Expansion of the product range
Market Promotion

Production

Development and implementation modern technologies
Improving product competitiveness
Improving production efficiency
Cost reduction

Staff

Increasing labor productivity
Incentive system
Personnel optimization
Training

An example of an organization goal tree #2:

Finance

Multiplication of investment attractiveness
Improvement of profitability and solvency
Efficient Management organization finances

Setting goals for the organization is of great importance - this is the basis for building relationships within the organization, and only by solving the tasks set can one evaluate and control the progress and results of the work of departments, personnel and the entire structure as a whole.

A goal tree is a well-known term in management. This is a structured, built on a hierarchical principle (distributed by levels) set of goals economic system, program, plan.

In 1957, the American scientist Russell Lincoln Ackoff proposed a method for constructing a tree of goals. From that time to the present day, this technique has not lost its popularity and is actively used in planning tasks by managers and businessmen.

What is it and why is it needed

The goal tree method is considered one of the most effective methods task scheduling. This method includes all general principles planning, simple and easy to learn. In fact, this is a graph that reflects a plan for solving a particular problem.

• The goal tree has a standard structure. The “trunk” of the goal tree is the main problem that needs to be solved.
• "Branches" are tasks of the second, third, fourth and so on levels.

When planning a solution to a problem, as a rule, a graphic representation of a tree is used. In such an image, the tree has an inverted view, where the "trunk" represents the top of the graph and is at the very top. And from it, the peaks, the aspirations of subsequent levels grow, forming a crown.

A graphic representation of tasks in this form helps a person to clearly think over a plan to achieve the intended. Having depicted his plans in the form of a graph, a person sees what problems he will face and what additional resources he will need to achieve his plan.

Also, according to the graph, the time period for achieving the goals is approximately estimated. With this representation of the solution to the problem, the connections and dependencies of some tasks on others become visible. Today, the goal tree method is used in scientific forecasting by managers in project management, as well as for planning personal issues.

How to build

The rules used in building a goal tree are quite simple:

1. First, the main problem to be solved is determined. It will then be the top or “trunk” of the tree. Usually such a task is called a general task. It usually cannot be achieved immediately. In order to achieve it, it is necessary to solve other subgoals, the result of which is necessary for the implementation of the general one.
   These subgoals will be called "branches". A branch can also have subgoals.
2. When building a tree of goals, you need to clearly and in detail describe each branch. Each should also have the right number of sub-goals in order to be implemented. The result should be a tree that fully coexists with the solution of a particular problem. It should contain all the necessary steps and resources to solve the main task.

Construction principles

In management, the following principles for constructing a goal tree are adopted:

• Consider needs and resources

Goal setting suggests that there is some problem that needs to be solved. As a rule, tasks that require planning cannot be solved immediately. Because they are quite complex and require an integrated approach to the solution.

It happens that the set task cannot be solved, because there are not enough resources to solve it. Or it is not possible to assess the availability of resources, because the problem is too big. In this case, the target tree a good option to analyze the situation. Consider the needs and resources at your disposal when building your goal tree.

• Specify

Using the tree of goals in planning, formulate the tasks specifically. Keep in mind that they must be finite. Describe the parameters by which in the end it will be possible to determine whether it was completed or not. You also need to set the time it takes to complete the task.

• Break it down into steps

It would be rational to set tasks in several stages. The first step is to set the overall goal. Then, resources are searched for and analyzed for its implementation. After that, as a rule, you will need to set subgoals. Similarly, resources are also sought for the implementation of subgoals.

Thus, the unfolding of the main task continues until the whole scheme for its solution is thought out. Tasks are specified and clarified as long as necessary.

• Compatibility

Subgoals should be sufficient to solve the main idea, that is, if all subgoals are achieved, then this leads to the solution of the main task. It should not turn out that when all subgoals are completed, additional actions or resources will be required to solve the main task. If it turns out this way, then this indicates that the goal tree was built incorrectly.

• Compliance with the structure of the enterprise

If the goal tree is used to organize the work of a business or enterprise, then its structure should correspond to the structure of the enterprise. In such a way that each department or division achieves its aspirations, which should subsequently lead to the achievement of the overall intent of the enterprise. This is the most convenient goal tree construction for systems consisting of several elements or enterprises.

• Decomposition method

When building a goal tree, the decomposition method is often used. The essence of this method is to break the main goal of the highest level into private subgoals. Or, in reverse order, a plan is drawn up from the sub-goals to achieve the higher-level plan. To solve a specific problem, it is always worth choosing the option of creating a tree of goals that is most suitable and uses resources optimally.

Construction examples

Let's analyze the construction of a goal tree on the following examples goals: admission to a university and financial well-being. How to get a goal tree?

An example with admission to a university describes the formulation of the main task, subgoals, and the allocation of resources. And also how resources are used to solve the problem. In the example of financial well-being, another option for constructing a graph is considered.

• ADMISSION TO THE UNIVERSITY

Let's say your main goal is to get into college. Building a tree of goals for a future student requires taking into account the available resources and highlighting subgoals. What are the resources for admission to a university.

Resources in this case include:

1. Education received at school;
2. The financial possibilities of the family;
3. Connections.

Given the available resources, it is necessary to obtain a tree of goals. For this, subgoals are allocated. They depend on resources. For example, a family has little finance, no connections, a young man graduated from school without a medal, has average knowledge grades.

We get the following subgoals:

1. Establish connections, if possible;
2. Take a loan for education or find a source of additional income;
3. Work with a tutor.

In turn, these goals can have sub-goals. Consider the example of a goal about classes with a tutor. This should include:

1. Organization of additional income to pay for the services of a tutor;
2. Search for a tutor with the necessary knowledge;
3. Allocate extra time for classes.

Of course, each case will have its own resources and options for solving the problem. After all, there are rich parents with connections and a child who does not study well. Then the structure of the whole plan will change very much.

It will also depend on which university a person wants to enter. Since for admission, for example, to an ordinary unpopular university, where there is a competition, perhaps one person per place, this is one planning option. And admission to a prestigious foreign university is completely different. Here you will additionally need knowledge of the language, and the study of the possibilities of living in another country while studying, and obtaining a visa, and much more.

• FINANCIAL WELL-BEING

Now let's look at an example of building a graph to create financial well-being.
Let's start building a goal tree by setting the main idea: financial well-being.
The tree of goals can be depicted graphically, so it will be more visual.

Conditionally, financial well-being can be achieved by fulfilling three sub-goals:

1. Passive income organizations;
2. Active income organizations;
3. Luck and freebies.

Thus, the goal tree has three second-level items. Then each of the items is divided into subgoals, which form the third level. For example, an active income organization might have the following items:

1. Change of place of work;
2. Obtaining additional education;
3. Change of profession;
4. Moving to another city;
5. Independent development in the professional field;
6. Establishing relationships in the team;
7. Gaining experience.

Again, this is just general example. The ideas and resources for organizing financial success for a janitor, for example, will be very different from financial plans wealthy businessman. For someone, an additional income of several thousand rubles will be a great success or the acquisition of modest housing in the suburbs. And for some, the acquisition of another plant will be only a small part of the plan.

Conclusion

It is very convenient to plan your activities using the graph. This is a visual tool that allows you to see how tasks and resources interact to solve them.

With the help of such a construction, missing resources are easily detected and new tasks appear that need to be solved to make up for the missing resources.

Also, with a graphic image, it becomes clear the interaction of goals with each other, their dependence on each other, the impact of the implementation of a particular task on higher ones, its significance in the overall result.

The graph is convenient to use not only when doing business or planning work issues. It is easily transformed to solve personal issues such as studies, finances, self-development and others.

The success of an organization depends largely on good planning. Maximum profit and high profitability in the long term - this is always the general goal. What is the role of the goal tree in planning?

What is objective tree

Management objectives are presented in in large numbers and diversity, therefore, each enterprise needs a comprehensive, systematic approach to the selection of their composition. The process of setting goals is called goal setting.

The objective tree of an organization is:

• structured list, scheme of organizational goals;
• hierarchy of multi-level goals;
• a model that allows you to streamline and combine goals into a single complex.

Product Application this method strategic planning should be a logical and simple scheme of enterprise management. The goal tree makes it possible to justify the general goal and makes sub-goals more achievable.

The system of goals is determined organizational structure. A huge structure, a large number of departments and work lines will require the development of a complex "branching" tree with many decomposition levels.

Vertex

The tree is filled "from top to bottom", from the central goals to secondary tasks. At the “top” (“root”) there is a general goal, the achievement of which is not an easy task. This means that it is necessary to decompose it into smaller elements, “branch goals”, that is, to decompose. So there is a plan of movement to the main goal.

All subsequent levels are formed in such a way as to contribute to the achievement of the previous one.

Target directions

Target	Content
Economic	Maximizing profits from sales of products or services in the required quality and volume
Scientific and technical	Maintaining products and services at a given scientific and technical level, R&D, increasing labor productivity through the introduction of know-how
Production	Implementation of the production plan. Maintaining the rhythm and quality of production
Social	Improvement, development and replenishment of human resources

branches and leaves

Branches - subgoals extending from the top, are again decomposed. Branch Runs are the next level of objectives. The process is repeated at each level until the goals are simplified. Simplicity is reachability, understandability and logic.

All "branches" describe the result that expresses a specific indicator. The goals of one parallel are independent of each other.

An enterprise goal tree is created based on 3 important elements of any goal.

"Leaves" are specific activities to achieve the goal. The characteristics and indicators indicated on the "leaves" contribute to the choice of the best option:

• deadline;
• the probability of achieving the goal by the planned date;
• cost indicators;
• the amount of consumed resources.

Tree elements in the same group are interconnected through the logical "AND" (denoted by "∧"). Alternative groups interact through "OR" ("∨").

The organization's goals tree. Example

Let's consider a simple scheme of goals for maximizing profit while increasing results and reducing costs.

To approach the general goal (high profitability and maximum profit), three directions have to be worked out. Enter the resulting options in the organization's goal tree. The example is presented in the form of a table.

Apple strategy and goals

Why is Apple's strategy winning?

The company's field of activity is information and radically new products for working with it. The priority is the process of creating content and its consumption.

For example, Apple paid attention to cultural aspects. The music consumption model has been improved. With iPod, listening to digital music and surfing the Internet has never been easier.

The iPod, iPhone, and iPad lineup fixes the bugs, improves the basic ways to create and use information. This model, used for laptops, desktop computers, television, will allow the "apple" corporation to further increase income.

The result of the decade was three universal inventions and business platforms. They are not an end in themselves, but a means to achieve the goal: gaining access to the main ways of information consumption.

It is natural that the general strategy of Apple is the development of an existing product line.

Building a tree of organization goals using the example of Apple

The main goal of any business is to expand the market boundaries, to win an infinite number of customers. Apple is no exception and prioritizes improving its product line for the benefit of the consumer.

Consider a company goal tree for a product like the iPhone, whose value reflects the motto “Simple. Comfortable. Aesthetically." As the main goal of the tree, we will define the improvement of the iPhone, taking into account the interests of potential users.

The main competitive and significant factors for the consumer of this market are:

• product cost;
• a variety of functions and an energy-intensive battery;
• brand popularity;
• technology for connoisseurs;
• design and size;
• range (was discontinued by Apple).

The tree of goals will help answer the question: “What to do?”. For example, to reduce the cost, it is necessary to simplify the interface.

What industry factors need to be created? What features to improve? These are memory, design, games and entertainment. What to focus on: the functional component or the emotional?

Table with iPhone subgoals on three levels

Apple's goal tree is presented in a simplified version in the form of a table.

Improving the iPhone with Consumers in Mind
First level goals
1. Eliminate assortment and brand popularity	2. Simplify the interface	3. Increasing consumer appeal	4. Increasing ergonomics
Second level goals
	2.1. Simplify Manufacturability	3.1. Create a new design	4.1. Special status of the owner
		3.2. Increasing the amount of memory	4.2. Last Mile Solution
		3.3. Strengthening the entertainment aspect	4.3. Reduce size

To solve the "last mile", the following tasks were identified:

1. Use touch screen and achieve the absence of buttons.
2. Create additional options.
3. Enlarge screen.

The next step is to fill in the "leaves" or activities to achieve the subgoals. For this, specific deadlines for completing tasks, the required volume, resources, cost and significant quantitative indicators are necessarily indicated.

The last step is to draw the targets in the form of a branched tree.

Task tree. Example

Tasks are called subgoals. They do not need decomposition and “end-means” linkages. The tree of goals includes the goals of the highest and lowest levels.

Objectives are the basis for creating a program to achieve a specific goal at the grassroots level. Problem solving is a set of actions.

The tree of goals, as an option, may contain the following tasks.

Thus, the goal tree becomes an ordering tool for creating a company development program. Examples confirm the principle of its formation “completeness of reduction”: goals are “split” into subgoals until the original goal becomes clear and achievable.