Building the organizational structure of the production preparation system. The main stages of pre-production. Stages of technological preparation

22.05.2021

Essence, content and tasks of preparation of production.

The pre-production process is a type of activity that combines the development of scientific - technical information with its transformation into a material object - a new product.

According to the type and nature of the work, the production preparation processes are divided into research, design, technological, production and economic. The identification of these processes is based on the form labor activity. The processes of scientific research, technical and organizational development and other engineering work are the main ones for the preparatory stage. These include: research, engineering calculations, structural design, technological processes, forms and methods of organizing production, experimentation, economic calculations and rationale.

The creation of new products in the engineering industries is carried out in a certain sequence of phases of a single production preparation process:

– theoretical research of a fundamental exploratory nature;

– applied research, in the process of which the knowledge gained at the first stage finds practical application;

- experimental design work during which the knowledge gained and the conclusions of the research are implemented in the drawings and images of new machines;

– technological design and design and organizational work, in the course of which technological methods manufacture and forms of organization of production of new products;

- the technical equipment of a new production facility consists in the acquisition and manufacture of equipment, technological equipment and tools, as well as, if necessary, in the reconstruction of enterprises;

- mastering the production of new products, when the product designs and methods of their manufacture created at the previous stages are checked and introduced into production;

- industrial production, which ensures the release of new products in terms of quality and quantity that meet the needs of society;

– development and development of the production of new types of products that embody

the latest achievements of science and technology, corresponding to the most high requirements consumers competitive in the global market.

Fundamentals of organizing the preparation of production.

The main task of pre-production is the creation and organization of the release of new products.

Organization of preparation of production is expressed in the following activities:

– definition of the purpose of the organization and its orientation towards achieving this goal;

- establishment of a list of all works that must be performed to achieve the goal of creating specific types new products;

- creating or improving organizational structure production preparation systems at the enterprise;

- assignment of each work to the corresponding division of the enterprise;

- organization of work on the creation of new types of products in time;

– ensuring the rational organization of work of employees, necessary conditions for the implementation of the entire range of work to prepare production for the release of new products;

- establishing economic relations between participants in the creation process new technology.

Principles of organizing the preparation of production.

1. The principle of complexity implies the need to carry out work on the preparation of production according to a single plan, covering all processes - from scientific research to the development of new technology and taking into account the problems that arise in this case.

2. The principle of specialization requires that each subdivision of the enterprise be assigned such types of activities for the creation and development of new technology that correspond to the nature of specialization.

3. The principle of scientific, technical and industrial integration- this is a set of conditions that ensure the achievement of a single and common goal as a result of the activities of a certain set of specialized units and performers.

4. The principle of complexity documentation and components of products requires the simultaneous implementation of a set of works by the time when their further continuation is possible only if there is a complete set of documentation or components of products.

5. The principle of continuity of work for the creation of new products requires the elimination of significant breaks in time between stages, works, operations.

6. The principle of proportionality regarded as a requirement production possibilities all divisions of the association or enterprises engaged in the preparation of production.

7. The principle of parallelism is expressed in the combination of phases, stages, works in time.

8. Ensuring a strict sequence of work and direct flow. Observing this principle, it is necessary that the development and development of new products be carried out with a sequence of work inherent only to this type. Straightness is the provision of the shortest route for the movement of technical documentation and the shortest path traversed by a new product through all stages of its development and development.

Organizational structure of the production preparation system.

The development of the structure of production preparation bodies should be based on the study of the processes of creating and mastering new products. When designing the structure of the pre-production system, it is necessary to proceed from the following basic provisions: pre-production units should be located in close proximity to each other, next to the technical and experimental production units. Production should be located in the course of the sequence of work.

The main provisions of the rationalization of the system of relationships between departments involved in the pre-production processes are based on the following principles: the document should, if possible, be formed in one department; the number of coordinating and approving authorities should be kept to a minimum; the route of the document must exclude returns, loops, and movements in the direction opposite to its route.

The use of the principle of proportionality in organizing the preparation of production requires ensuring the equality of production capabilities of all departments involved in the creation of new products. This should take into account three types of resources: people, fixed assets, material resources:

1. Unit load factor by labor resources:

Kz.t.r.=Rp.p./Rf, where

Rp.p. – planned number of employees

RF - actual number working

2. Equipment unit load factor:

Kz.ob. \u003d Tob / Fo * Kp, where

Tob - the complexity of work performed with the use of this equipment for a certain period of time, standard - hours.

Fo - the actual fund of the operating time of the equipment with the applied shift work, hours.

Kp - coefficient of processing norms.

3. Unit load factor by area:

Kpl \u003d Spl / Sf, where

Spl - the required area, taking into account the planned amount of equipment and labor resources, m 2.

Sf is the area occupied by scientists, technical and production units, m 2.

When designing the production structure, the actual throughput of departments is compared with the planned one and leveled off due to the redistribution of resources and work, increasing the productivity of workers, and increasing the shift work of equipment.

Organization of preparation of production in time.

Production preparation time is the length of stay of the means of production of the developing organization and enterprise in the preparatory stage production process. It consists of the working period and the time of breaks. The working period is the time of creation of new types of products, during which one or another object experiences labor efforts. The time of breaks is subdivided into a break, due to the mode of work of the worker; arising between phases, stages, works, due to the design and technological features of products and shortcomings in the organization and planning of production.

The pre-production time, calculated in units of calendar time, is represented as a pre-production cycle, and in units of working time, as the labor intensity of work.

The production preparation cycle of a specific product is a calendar period of time during which the entire complex is performed. The cycle of preparation for the production of new products includes the duration of all stages of work and the time of breaks between them.

The duration of the pre-production cycle with a consistent organization of work:

Tc(last)= S Teti, where

Cat - the number of phases,

Teti is the cycle of pre-production phases.

The duration of the pre-production cycle with sequential organization of work with interruptions

Tc (after-break) = S Teti + STper.

Cycle time with a parallel-sequential method of organizing work

TC (last-break) \u003d TC (last) - S DT, where

DT is the time of cycle reduction due to the combination of phases.

When calculating the pre-production cycle, it is necessary to divide the phases into stages, stages - work, work - operations, and also set the duration of their parallel execution.

Reducing pre-production time is a top priority organizational activities when creating new types of products.

An integrated approach to the organization of pre-production.

Preparation of production is a system of organizations and works that cover all stages of development, development of production and introduction of new types of products and ensure the flow of all processes of the preparatory stage in mutual connection, conditionality and sequence. The organization of preparation of production constructed in this way implements the principle of complexity and is called integrated preparation of production.

The organization of integrated preparation of production at enterprises involves the implementation of measures aimed at ensuring scientific, technological and industrial integration, the formation of an appropriate organizational structure, the use of special forms and methods of managing work to create new products.

The next element of the introduction of comprehensive training is the proper organizational support, the creation of an appropriate organizational structure. An obligatory element of the organizational structure is the presence of a coordination center, the main functions of which would be the organization and management of work on the creation of new technology.

In the conditions of complex preparation of production, it becomes necessary to apply the following methods of work planning and management:

- network methods, which allow to most fully cover the interconnections of the entire complex of work on the preparation of production;

- methods of managing the progress of work: assigning deadlines for work to be performed, planning resources, determining the technical and economic parameters of the equipment being created;

- methods of material and moral incentives for employees.

TOPIC 3. BASIS OF ORGANIZING THE PREPARATION OF PRODUCTION FOR THE RELEASE OF NEW PRODUCTS

3.1. Essence, content and tasks of preparation of production

The creation of new types of products is carried out in the process of preparing production, which takes place outside the framework of the production process. The task of preparation of production is to provide the necessary conditions for the functioning of the production process. But, unlike such processes of the preparatory phase as the acquisition of objects of labor, the share of labor power and other processes that are systematically repeated with each turnover of production assets, the preparation of production has become a one-time act carried out. during the transition of the enterprise to the production of new products.

Preparation of production is the process of direct application of the labor of a team of workers in order to develop and organize the release of new types of products or the modernization of manufactured products. The pre-production process is special kind activity, combining the development of scientific and technical information with its transformation into a material object - new products.

The process of preparation of production is heterogeneous in its structure and consists of many processes with different content. Classify partial pre-production processes

it is possible according to the types and nature of work, spatio-temporal and functional features, relation to the control object.

According to the type and nature of work, the processes of preparing production are divided into research, design, technological, production and economic. The basis for the allocation of these processes is the type of labor activity.

The processes of scientific research, technical and organizational development and other engineering work are the main ones for the preparatory stage. They include: conducting research, engineering calculations, designing structures, technological processes, forms and methods of organizing production, experimentation, economic calculations and justification.

The main processes of preparation of production are the processes of manufacturing and testing models, prototypes and series of machines. They are called experimental production processes.

By location in time and space, the processes of preparing production are divided into operations, work, stages, phases.

The operation is the primary link in the process of creating a new technique. It is performed at one workplace by one performer and consists of a series of sequential actions. Operations are combined into works.

Work - a set of sequentially performed operations, which is characterized by logical completeness and completeness of actions to perform a certain part of the process.

Stage - a set of a number of works, interconnected by the unity of content and methods of implementation, providing a solution to a specific task of preparing production.

Phase - a complex of stages and works that characterizes the completed part of the pre-production process; associated with the transition of the object of work to a new qualitative state.

In relation to the object of management, the processes of preparation of production and the processes of management of the preparation of production are distinguished.

· theoretical studies of fundamental and exploratory character;

applied research, in the process of which the knowledge obtained at the first stage finds practical application;

· experimental design work, in the course of which the knowledge gained and the conclusions of the research are implemented in the drawings and samples of new products;

· technological design and design and organizational work, in the course of which technological methods of manufacturing and forms of organizing the production of new products are developed;

· technical equipment of new production, which consists in the acquisition and manufacture of equipment, technological equipment and tools, as well as, if necessary, in the reconstruction of enterprises and their subdivisions;

mastering the production of new products, when the product designs and methods of their manufacture created at the previous stages are checked and introduced into production;

· industrial production, which ensures the release of new products in terms of quality and in quantities that meet the needs of society;

· the use of a newly created product in the field of operation; development and development of the production of new types of products that embody the latest achievements of science and technology, meeting the highest requirements of consumers, competitive in the world market;

ensuring proper technical and organizational conditions for a significant increase in labor productivity in national economy;

creation of new products that would have a high quality level at minimal cost for its production;

· Reducing the duration of design, technological, organizational and other work included in the pre-production complex, and mastering the production of new products in a short time;

· cost savings associated with the preparation of production and the development of new products.

3.2. Basics of organizing pre-production

The content of activities to organize the preparation of production. The main task of pre-production is the creation and organization of the release of new products. To solve it, it is necessary to clearly combine all the diverse processes of preparing production, rationally combine the personal and material elements of the process of creating new technology, and determine the economic relations between participants in the preparation of production. There is a need to organize the processes of preparation of production.

The organization of the processes of creating new types of products covers the design, implementation in practice and improvement of the production preparation system. The production preparation system is an objectively existing complex of material objects, groups of people and a set of processes of a scientific, technical, industrial and economic nature for the development and organization of the production of new or improved products. The organization of production preparation is aimed at a rational combination of all elements of the process of creating and mastering new technology in space and time, establishing the necessary connections and coordinating the actions of the participants in this process, creating conditions for increasing the interest of scientists, engineers, production workers in accelerated development and organization of production of new highly efficient equipment.

The organization of preparation of production is expressed in the following types of activities;

Definition of the purpose of the organization and its orientation towards achieving this goal;

Establishment of a list of all works that must be performed to achieve the goal of creating specific types of new products;

Creation or improvement of the organizational structure of the production preparation system at the enterprise;

Assignment of each work to the corresponding subdivision (department, group, workshop, etc.) of the enterprise;

Organization of work on the creation of new types of products in time;

Ensuring the rational organization of the work of employees and the necessary conditions for the implementation of the entire range of work to prepare production for the release of new products;

The establishment of economic relations between the participants in the process of creating new technology, ensuring the interest of scientists, engineers and production workers in the creation and development of technically progressive and cost-effective technology and the accelerated organization of its industrial production.

Principles of organizing the preparation of production. The rational organization of the processes of creating new products is based on the general laws of the organization of production; compliance of the organization of production with the goals set for the enterprise; compliance of forms and methods of organizing production with the characteristics of its material and technical base; orientation to specific production, technical and economic conditions; mutual correspondence between the characteristics of the organization of production processes and the characteristics of the organization of labor of workers, etc.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the processes of creating new products, it is necessary to be guided by a number of specific principles when building and improving the production preparation system.

The principle of completeness implies the need to carry out work on the preparation of production according to a single plan, covering all processes - from scientific research to the development of new technology and taking into account the complex of technical, organizational, economic and other problems that arise in this case.

The principle of specialization requires that each subdivision of the enterprise be assigned such types of activities for the creation and development of new products that correspond to the nature of the specialization of these units.

The principle of scientific, technical and industrial integration is considered as a set of conditions that ensure the achievement of a single and common goal as a result of the activities of a certain set of specialized units and performers.

The principle of completeness of documentation and components of products requires the simultaneous implementation of a set of works to

the point in time when their further continuation is possible only if a complete set of documentation or component parts of the products is available.

The principle of continuity of work on the creation of new products requires the elimination of significant time gaps between the phases of the preparation process, and within them - between stages, works, and operations.

The principle of proportionality can be viewed as a requirement for the production capabilities (capacity) of all departments of an association or enterprise engaged in the preparation of production.

The principle of parallelism in the organization of work on the preparation of production is expressed in the combination in time of various phases, stages, works.

Ensuring a strict sequence of work and straightness. Observing this principle, it is necessary that the development and development of new products be carried out with a sequence of work inherent only to this type. Straightness is understood as providing the shortest route for the movement of technical documentation and the shortest path traversed by a new product through all stages of its development and development.

3.3. Organizational structure of the production preparation system

The creation of a rational organizational structure of the production preparation system is based on the use of the scientific principles of its organization.

One of the main areas of work on the formation of the structure of the production preparation system is the determination of the composition of the units that should function at the enterprise during the development and development of new products.

The structure, being the form of the system, is determined by its content, i.e. processes running in the system. It follows from this that the development of the structure of production preparation bodies should be based on the study of the processes of creating and developing new products. The main classification groups of processes for creating new products should correspond to structural units, in which these processes will be carried out (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1.

The main groups of production preparation processes and their corresponding structural units of a large enterprise

Pre-production processes	Structural units of the division
Research	Department for the study of needs, research thematic departments, department (bureau) of feasibility studies, department for implementing the results of PIR
Engineering	Design thematic departments, technological service, standardization and normalization department, normal factory laboratory, labor organization and management department
Production	Model workshops, experimental production, small series workshops, production workshops
Providing	Scientific and Technical Information Service, Human Resources and Training Department, Logistics Department, Tool Facilities, Chief Mechanic and Power Engineering Departments, Non-Standard Equipment Department and Workshop, Quality Management Service
Serving	Bureau of technical documentation, warehousing, transport
managerial	Computing center, development and production management department, economic planning and production departments, labor and wages, Bureau of Rationalization and Invention

The organizational structure of the pre-production system is characterized not only by the composition of its parts, but also by the peculiarities of the links between them. The principle of a strict sequence of work and directness implies the need to improve the spatial arrangement of the structural units of the pre-production system and ensure rational relationships between the divisions of the enterprise.

When designing the structure of the production preparation system, it is necessary to proceed from the following basic provisions: the preparation and production units should be located in close proximity to each other, next to the technical and experimental production units. Production units should be located in the course of the sequence of work performed.

Equally important and complex is the problem of establishing relationships between departments. The main provisions of the rationalization of the system of relationships between departments involved in the processes of preparation of production are based on the following principles; the document should, if possible, be formed in one unit; the number of coordinating and approving authorities should be kept to a minimum; the route of the document movement must exclude returns, loops and movement in the direction opposite to its route.

The use of the principle of proportionality in organizing the preparation of production requires ensuring equality of production capabilities (throughput, capacities) of all departments involved in the creation of new products. In this case, three types of resources should be taken into account: people (workers, engineering and technical and scientific workers), fixed assets (space, production and scientific equipment), material resources (materials, special literature, standards, etc.).

A fairly complete picture of the throughput of departments can be obtained by determining the coefficients of their load, which are calculated by labor resources, equipment areas.

Workforce Unit Load Factor

where tpl - planned and actual labor intensity of the performance of work assigned to the unit for a month, quarter, year, standard hours;

To v.n. - coefficient of performance of labor standards;

R pl R f - planned and actual number of employees in the unit, people.

Equipment Division Load Factor

where T about - labor intensity of work performed with the use of this equipment for a certain period of time, standard hours;

F d - effective fund of equipment operation time with the accepted shift work, h;

To P - coefficient of processing norms .

Unit load factor by area

where S pl- required area, taking into account the planned number of equipment and labor resources, m 2 ;

S f - area occupied by scientific, technical and production units m 2 .

The structure of the training and production bodies largely depends on the existing system of training. There are three types of such systems in mechanical engineering enterprises:

centralized, in which all work on design, technological and organizational design is carried out in factory services and other departments; decentralized, in which the main burden of work on technological and organizational preparation is transferred to shop bodies; mixed, when work on the preparation of production is distributed between the central and shop bodies.

At engineering enterprises with mass and large-scale production, preparation for the production of new products is carried out, as a rule, centrally. At serial production plants, a mixed system of preparation prevails, and at enterprises of a single and small-scale type, a decentralized one.

3.4. Organization of preparation of production in time

The preparation time for production is the duration of the stay of the means of production of developing organizations and enterprises in the preparatory stage of the production process. It consists of the working period and the time of breaks.

The working period is the time of creation of new types of products, during which work processes are performed sy. In the course of these processes, scientific research, engineering developments, development of new products in production and operation are carried out.

The time of breaks characterizes the calendar period of time during which one or another object does not experience labor efforts. The time of breaks is divided into breaks due to the working regime of workers; arising between (times, stages, works; due to the design and technological features of products and shortcomings in the organization and planning of production.

Production preparation time is calculated in calendar days or hours. If the time of preparation and breaks is calculated in calendar time, then the working period is measured by working time, i.e. labor costs. The production preparation time, calculated in units of calendar time, is presented as a production preparation cycle, and in units of working time, as the labor intensity of the work.

Production cycle. The preparation cycle for the production of a particular product is a calendar period of time during which the entire range of work is carried out to develop and master the release of a new type of product. The cycle of preparation for the production of new products includes the duration of all stages of work and the time of breaks between them.

Pre-production processes in time can be arranged different methods: sequential execution of operations, works and phases without interruptions between them; sequential execution and the presence of breaks between operations, works or phases; by organizing parallel-combined execution of operations, works and phases of pre-preparation of production. Depending on the chosen method of organizing the preparation of production, its duration will be different. Below are formulas for calculating the duration of pre-production cycles for different methods of organization:

the duration of the pre-production cycle with a sequential organization of work:

cycle time for sequential work organization with interruptions:

cycle time with a parallel-sequential method of organizing work:

where T this i - the cycle of the pre-production phase;

To this - number of phases;

T lane - time of breaks between phases;

Cycle reduction time due to phase matching.

When calculating the pre-production cycle, it is necessary to divide the phases into stages, stages - into work, work - into operations, and also set the duration individual works and operations, the possibility of their parallel execution.

The duration of the cycle of preparation for production and development of the release of new types of products, despite the trend towards reduction, continues to be extremely high. At many machine-building enterprises, the period from the start of development terms of reference before the release of products is on average 3-5 years, which is several times higher than the time spent on preparing production at similar foreign enterprises.

Specific measures to reduce the preparation time for production provide for a high level of its organization, based on the application of scientific principles.

Reducing the preparation time for production is the main task of organizational activity when creating new types of products. The implementation of this task is designed to ensure the acceleration of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy.

The main directions of this work can be: reducing the time of the working period by taking measures to reduce labor costs: reducing the time of interruptions in the process of preparing production, introducing a parallel-but-combined method of organizing work.

The economic importance of the time factor in the creation of new technology. The lengthening of the terms of preparation for production and mastering the release of new types of products negatively affects the pace of scientific and technological progress and production efficiency. Long periods of mastering the production of new efficient machines slow down the flow of equipment into the relevant industries, lead to a decrease in the rate of their technical re-equipment, a deterioration in labor productivity and production profitability. In addition, in practice there are cases when new equipment becomes obsolete even before its production begins.

Significantly deteriorate with the lengthening of the preparation time for the production of technical economic indicators the work of enterprises that master new technology. The negative results of long periods of creation and development of new technology are manifested in a slowdown in turnover working capital due to the growth in the volume of work in progress and the increase in stocks of special equipment and equipment; in a decrease in the achieved level of labor productivity, which is a consequence of the diversion of labor resources to the creation of new technology without a corresponding increase in output; in a partial increase in the cost of production, which is a consequence of the deterioration in the use of equipment and space, increased costs in the field of research and development, an increase in the share of overhead costs, etc.

3.5. An integrated approach to the organization of pre-production

Preparation of production is an organization system that covers all stages of development, development of production and introduction of new types of products and ensures the flow of all processes of the preparatory stage in mutual connection, conditionality and sequence. Thus, the built-up organization of production preparation implements the principle of completeness and is called integrated production preparation (Fig. 3.1).

The organization of integrated preparation of production at enterprises offers the implementation of measures aimed at ensuring scientific, technical and industrial integration, the formation of an appropriate organizational structure, the use of special forms and methods of managing work to create new products.

Mastering the production of new products

Rice. 3.1. Scheme of the composition of the complex preparation of production

The requirement to ensure scientific, technical and industrial integration within the enterprise makes it necessary to carry out work on the creation of new types of products on the basis of unified schedules covering all stages of work, as well as all performers of these works within a given enterprise or association .

The next element of the introduction of integrated training is the proper organizational support, the creation of an appropriate organizational structure. An integrated approach to the organization of pre-production should be implemented by specific services and performers. Hence, it becomes necessary to single out independent production preparation services, divisions and groups within functional services, assigning individual performers to all work on preparing production. An obligatory element of the organizational structure of the integrated preparation of production is the presence of a coordination center, the main functions of which would be the organization and management of work on the creation of new technology.

In the conditions of complex preparation of production, it becomes necessary to apply the following methods of work planning and management;

· network methods, which allow the most complete coverage of the interconnections of the entire complex of work on the preparation of production;

· Methods for managing the progress of work: assigning deadlines for the work to be performed, planning resources, determining the technical and economic parameters of the equipment being created;

· Methods of material and moral incentives for workers involved in the creation of new products, taking into account their contribution to reducing time and costs, achieving high technical and economic parameters of new technology.

Preparation of production is a complex of interrelated activities that ensure the creation of new and improvement of manufactured products, the introduction of advanced technology, effective methods organization of labor, production and management.

Production preparation includes the following stages:

Conducting research related to the preparation of new production;

Designing new and improving products;

· technological preparation of production;

· organizational and economic preparation of production. The content and procedure for preparation of production are regulated by state standards:

· One system design documentation(ESKD);

· Unified system of technological documentation (ESTD);

· Unified system of technological preparation of production (ESTGTP).

The main task of preparing production is the creation and organization of the release of new competitive products.

The purpose of production preparation is to create technical, organizational and economic conditions that fully guarantee the transfer of the production process to a higher technical and socio-economic level based on the achievements of science and technology, the use of various innovations to ensure the efficient operation of the enterprise. Consider the content of the main stages of preproduction.

Scientific research is the basis for the development of the enterprise, opening up new opportunities and potential sources for a radical transformation of production. Research work (R&D) is intended to determine the most advanced methods for creating new products and technological processes, fundamentally improve existing products, materials and methods for their processing. In the course of research, the state is studied, ways and methods of improving the organization and production management,

During the research stage, the prospects for the development of production and the effectiveness of the use of new or improved products and technologies are determined. Scientific research is carried out either in special research institutes or in the laboratories of the enterprise. The research stage usually ends with the preparation of specifications for product design.

At the design stage, design preparation of production is carried out, during which the nature of the product, its design, physical and chemical properties, appearance, technical, economic and other indicators.

The design of new products is carried out by design and technical and research institutes, as well as design departments and laboratories of enterprises. The objectives of the design preparation of production are:

Improving the quality and competitiveness of products;

ensuring high manufacturability of the design based on the unification and standardization of parts and assemblies of the product, which makes it possible to reduce labor and material costs for the design and manufacture of the product;

Reducing the cost of new products by improving the design of the product, reducing the consumption of raw materials and materials per unit of production, reducing operating costs associated with the use of products;

Ensuring occupational health and safety, as well as convenience in the use and repair of products.

Design preparation of production, as a rule, includes five stages:

Terms of reference (TOR);

· technical project (TP);

working drawings of prototypes;

manufacturing, testing and fine-tuning of prototypes of new products;

Development of working drawings for serial production. The design of a new product begins with the preparation of a technical (design) assignment. It is developed by the customer (enterprise) or on his behalf. design organization. The terms of reference indicate the name and purpose of the new product, technical and economic indicators in the process of its production and operation. At the level of technical specifications, the fundamental differences between the new product and those previously produced should be determined, and the effectiveness of the new product both for the manufacturer and for the consumer should be calculated.

The terms of reference are developed on the basis of the results of research and development work (R&D), short-term and long-term forecasting, analysis data of relevant domestic and foreign standards, achievements in science and technology. The ToR includes projected indicators of the technical level of products reflecting the level of standardization and unification. The TOR contains technical and economic requirements for products that determine its consumer properties and efficiency of use, a list of documents requiring joint consideration, the procedure for submitting and accepting development results. TK may contain requirements for technological preparation of production, examination.

Based on the initial requirements set out in the terms of reference for product design, marketing, conditions of use, development trends, the developer conducts the necessary scientific research and development work, including patent research, functional cost analysis, modeling, artistic design and other progressive methods of creating products . At the same time, the developer is guided by regulatory, technical and other documents that set the values of indicators that determine the technical level of products, the requirements for resistance to external influences, interchangeability and compatibility of components and products in general, safety, health and nature protection.

Based on the terms of reference, a technical project is developed, i.e. a set of design documents that should contain technical solutions that give a complete picture of the design of the product, and initial data for the development of working drawings of prototypes.

Technical project allows you to select materials and semi-finished products, determine the basic principles of manufacturing products and carry out economic justification project.

After testing and fine-tuning the prototypes, the necessary refinements and development of working drawings for organizing the production of products are made. - At all design stages, all technical and economic characteristics new product.

The results of design preparation are drawn up in the form of technical documentation - drawings, instructions, specifications, etc.

Specifications(TS) are an integral part of the set of technical documentation for products (product, material, substance, etc.) to which they apply. Specifications must contain all requirements for products, their manufacture, control, acceptance and delivery, which are appropriate to indicate in the design or other technical documentation.

Design preparation of production is carried out in accordance with a set of state standards that establish uniform interrelated rules and regulations for its implementation, execution and circulation of design documentation developed and applied by industrial, research, design organizations and enterprises. This set of standards is called the Unified System for Design Documentation (ESKD).

The use of ESKD allows you to create favorable conditions for ensuring scientific and technical training production at a high level, capable of guaranteeing the competitiveness of manufactured products, reducing design time, ensuring the necessary uniformity of this process at various enterprises in different industries economy. It should be noted that the ESKD takes into account the rules, regulations, requirements, as well as the positive experience in the design of graphic documents (sketches, drawings, diagrams) established by the recommendations of ISO - the International Organization for Standardization.

The continuation of work on product design is the technological preparation of production (TPP), which is a set of interrelated processes that ensure the technological readiness of the enterprise to produce products of the required quality within the established deadlines. production volume and costs. The content and volume of CCI depend on the type of production, design and purpose of the product. Technological readiness is understood as the availability of a complete set of technological documentation and technological equipment necessary for the production of new products.

The main task of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry is to ensure high quality of manufacturing products and create the necessary conditions for increasing labor productivity, improving the use of equipment, and reducing the consumption of raw materials, materials, fuel, and energy.

In the process of technological preparation of production, a wide range of issues is solved. The main ones are:

Development of the design of a new product for its manufacturability;

development of technological processes for the manufacture of products;

Designing of special tooling and equipment;

Determining the need for equipment and its layout;

· design of interoperational transport and control.

The work is regulated by the standards of the Unified System for Technological Preparation of Production (USTPP). It determines the procedure for organizing and managing the Chamber of Commerce and Industry at all levels: state, industry, enterprise. ECTPP is designed to provide a single system approach for each enterprise to the selection, application of methods and means of technological preparation of production, corresponding to the advanced achievements of science, technology and production; high adaptability of production to its continuous improvement, rapid readjustment to produce more advanced products; basis for implementation automated systems CCI.

Technological design begins with the development of route technology, which determines the sequence of the main operations and their assignment in the workshops to specific groups of equipment. According to the route technology, processed types of products are assigned to each workshop and section, equipment, tools, specialty of workers, categories of work and time standards are indicated.

In individual and small-scale production, as well as in enterprises with relatively simple technology, the development of technological processes is usually limited to route technology. In mass and large-scale production, after the route, a more detailed step-by-step technology is developed, which contains detailed description all technological operations.

When developing a technological process important task is the choice of cost-effective ways of manufacturing the product. The chosen production technology should provide high quality of production, increase in labor productivity and the lowest cost of products in comparison with other options.

In accelerating the technological preparation of production, an extremely important role belongs to standard technological processes, which are understood as generalized schemes for the manufacture of parts of homogeneous classification groups. The introduction of standard technological processes allows to reduce the volume of technological documentation by 6-10 times, speed up the design of the technological process by 3-4 times, reduce the duration production cycle by 2-2.5 times, speed up the process of technical regulation by 2.5 times, increase the technical equipment of production by 70-90%, reduce the labor intensity of manufacturing products by 30-40% and cost by 20%.

The typification of technological processes creates the necessary prerequisites for the aggregation and standardization of technological equipment, which significantly reduces the complexity of designing and manufacturing equipment, which takes about 80% in duration and 90% of the total cost of technological preparation of production.

The creation of new types of products is carried out in the process of preparation for production, which takes place outside the framework of the production process. The task of preparing production is to provide the necessary conditions for the functioning of the production process. But, unlike such processes of the preparatory phase as the acquisition of objects of labor, the share of labor power and other processes that are systematically repeated with each turnover of production assets, the preparation of production has become a one-time act carried out. during the transition of the enterprise to the production of new products.

Preparation of production is the process of direct application of the labor of a team of workers in order to develop and organize the release of new types of products or the modernization of manufactured products. The production preparation process is a special type of activity that combines the development of scientific and technical information with its transformation into a material object - new products.

The production preparation process is heterogeneous in its structure and consists of many processes with different content. It is possible to classify partial pre-production processes according to the types and nature of work, spatio-temporal and functional features, and relation to the control object.

According to the type and nature of the work, the production preparation processes are divided into research, design, technological, production and economic. The basis for the allocation of these processes is the type of labor activity.

The main processes of preparation of production are the processes of manufacturing and testing models, prototypes and series of machines. They are called experimental manufacturing processes.

According to their location in time and space, production preparation processes are divided into operations, works, stages, phases.

The operation is the primary link in the process of creating new technology. It is performed at one workplace by one performer and consists of a series of sequential actions. Operations are grouped into jobs.

Work - a set of sequentially performed operations, which is characterized by logical completeness and completeness of actions to perform a certain part of the process.

Stage - a set of a number of works, interconnected by the unity of content and methods of implementation, providing a solution to a specific task of preparing production.

Phase - a complex of stages and works that characterizes the completed part of the pre-production process; associated with the transition of the object of work to a new qualitative state.

In relation to the object of management, the processes of preparation of production and the processes of management of the preparation of production are distinguished.

The creation of new products in industries is carried out in a certain sequence of phases of a single production preparation process:

Theoretical studies, having a fundamental and exploratory character;

Applied research, during which the knowledge gained at the first stage finds practical application;

Development work, during which the knowledge gained and research findings are implemented in drawings and samples of new products;

Technological design and design and organizational work, in the course of which technological methods of manufacturing and forms of organizing the production of new products are developed;

Technical equipment of the new production, which consists in the acquisition and manufacture of equipment, technological equipment and tools, as well as, if necessary, the reconstruction of enterprises and their divisions;

Mastering the production of new products, when the product designs and methods of their manufacture created at the previous stages are checked and introduced into production;

industrial production that ensures the release of new products in terms of quality and in quantities that meet the needs of society;

Use of a newly created product in the field of operation; development and mastering the production of new types of products that embody the latest achievements of science and technology that meet the highest requirements of consumers that are competitive in the world market;

Ensuring appropriate technical and organizational conditions for a significant increase in labor productivity in the national economy;

Creation of new products that would have a high quality level at minimal cost for its production;

Reducing the duration of design, technological, organizational and other work included in the pre-production complex, and mastering the production of new products in a short time;

Saving costs associated with the preparation of production and the development of new products.

The main task of pre-production is the creation and organization of the release of new products. To solve it, it is necessary to clearly combine all the diverse processes of pre-production, rationally combine the personal and material elements of the process of creating new technology, and determine the economic relations between the participants in pre-production work. There is a need to organize the processes of preparation of production.

The organization of processes for creating new types of products covers the design, implementation in practice and improvement of the production preparation system. The production preparation system is an objectively existing complex of material objects, groups of people and a set of processes of a scientific, technical, industrial and economic nature for the development and organization of the production of new or improved products. The organization of pre-production is aimed at a rational combination of all elements of the process of creating and mastering new technology in space and time, establishing the necessary connections and coordinating the actions of the participants in this process, creating conditions for increasing the interest of scientists, engineers, manufacturers in the accelerated development and organization of production of new highly efficient technology .

Organization of preparation of production is expressed in the following activities:

Determination of the purpose of the organization and its orientation towards achieving this goal;

Establishment of a list of all works that must be performed to achieve the goal of creating specific types of new products;

Creation or improvement of the organizational structure of the production preparation system at the enterprise;

Assignment of each work to the relevant subdivision (department, group, workshop, etc.) of the enterprise;

Organization of work on the creation of new types of products in time;

Ensuring the rational organization of the work of employees and the necessary conditions for the implementation of the entire range of work to prepare production for the release of new products;

The establishment of economic relations between the participants in the process of creating new technology, ensuring the interest of scientists, engineers and production workers in the creation and development of technically advanced and cost-effective technology and the accelerated organization of its industrial production.

The principle of specialization requires that each division of the enterprise be assigned such types of activities for the creation and development of new products that correspond to the nature of the specialization of these divisions.

The principle of completeness of documentation and components of products requires the simultaneous implementation of a set of works to

the point in time when their further continuation is possible only if a complete set of documentation or component parts of the products is available.

The principle of proportionality can be viewed as a requirement for the production capacity (capacity) of all departments of an association or enterprise engaged in the preparation of production.

The principle of parallelism in the organization of work on the preparation of production is expressed in the combination in time of various phases, stages, works.

The creation of a rational organizational structure of the production preparation system is based on the use of scientific principles of its organization.

One of the main areas of work on the formation of the structure of the production preparation system is to determine the composition of the units that should function at the enterprise during the development and development of new products.

The structure, being the form of the system, is determined by its content, i.e. processes running in the system.

Equally important and complex is the problem of establishing relationships between departments. The main provisions of the rationalization of the system of relationships between departments involved in the pre-production processes are based on the following principles; the document should, if possible, be formed in one unit; the number of coordinating and approving authorities should be kept to a minimum; the route of the document must exclude returns, loops and movement in the direction opposite to its route.

A fairly complete picture of the throughput of departments can be obtained by determining their load factors, which are calculated by labor resources, equipment areas.

The structure of the training and production bodies largely depends on the existing system of training. There are three types of such systems in mechanical engineering enterprises:

Centralized, in which all work on design, technological and organizational design is carried out in factory services and other departments;

Decentralized, in which the main burden of work on technological and organizational preparation is transferred to the workshop bodies; mixed, when work on the preparation of production is distributed between the central and shop departments.

At mechanical engineering enterprises with mass and large-scale production, preparation for the production of new products is carried out, as a rule, centrally. At serial production plants, a mixed system of preparation prevails, and at enterprises of a single and small-scale type, a decentralized one.

The pre-production time is the length of stay of the means of production of developing organizations and enterprises in the preparatory stage of the production process. It consists of the working period and the time of breaks.

The working period is the time of creation of new types of products, during which labor processes are performed. In the course of these processes, scientific research, engineering development, development of new products in production and operation are carried out.

The time of breaks characterizes the calendar period of time during which one or another object does not experience labor efforts. The time of breaks is divided into breaks due to the mode of work of workers; arising between (times, stages, works; due to the design and technological features of products and shortcomings in the organization and planning of production.

Production preparation time is calculated in calendar days or hours. If the time of preparation and breaks is calculated in calendar time, then the working period is measured by working time, i.e. labor costs. The pre-production time, calculated in units of calendar time, is represented as a pre-production cycle, and in units of working time - as the labor intensity of the work.

The pre-production cycle of a specific product is a calendar period of time during which the entire range of work is carried out to develop and master the production of a new type of product. The cycle of preparation for the production of new products includes the duration of all stages of work and the time of breaks between them.

Processes of preparation of production in time can be organized by different methods: sequential execution of operations, works and phases without breaks between them; sequential execution and the presence of breaks between operations, works or phases; by organizing parallel-combined execution of operations, works and phases of pre-production. Depending on the chosen method of organizing the preparation of production, its duration will be different. Below are formulas for calculating the duration of pre-production cycles for different methods of organization:

When calculating the pre-production cycle, it is necessary to divide the phases into stages, stages - into works, works - into operations, as well as establish the duration of individual works and operations, the possibility of their parallel execution.

The duration of the pre-production cycle and mastering the release of new types of products, despite the downward trend, continues to be extremely high. At many machine-building enterprises, the period from the beginning of the development of a technical task to the release of products is on average 3-5 years, which is several times higher than the time spent on preparing production at similar foreign enterprises.

Concrete measures to reduce the time of preparation of production provide for a high level of its organization, based on the application of scientific principles.

Reducing the pre-production time is the main task of organizational activity when creating new types of products. The implementation of this task is designed to ensure the acceleration of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy.

The technical and economic indicators of the work of enterprises mastering new equipment significantly worsen with the lengthening of the preparation time for production. The negative results of long periods of creation and development of new technology are manifested in a slowdown in the turnover of working capital due to an increase in the volume of work in progress and an increase in stocks of special equipment and equipment; in a decrease in the achieved level of labor productivity, which is a consequence of the diversion of labor resources to the creation of new equipment without a corresponding increase in output; in a partial increase in the cost of production, which is a consequence of the deterioration in the use of equipment and space, increased costs in the field of research and development, an increase in the share of overhead costs, etc.

Preparation of production is a system of organization that covers all stages of development, development of production and introduction of new types of products and ensures the flow of all processes of the preparatory stage in interconnection, conditionality and sequence. Thus, the built organization of pre-production implements the principle of completeness and is called integrated pre-production.

The requirement to ensure scientific, technical and industrial integration within the enterprise necessitates the creation of new types of products on the basis of unified schedules covering all stages of work, as well as all performers of these works within a given enterprise or association.

The next element of the introduction of integrated training is the proper organizational support, the creation of an appropriate organizational structure. An integrated approach to the organization of pre-production should be implemented by specific services and performers. Hence the need arises for the allocation of independent production preparation services, divisions and groups within functional services, assigning individual performers to all work on the preparation of production. An obligatory element of the organizational structure of the integrated preparation of production is the presence of a coordination center, the main functions of which would be the organization and management of work on the creation of new technology.

In the conditions of complex preparation of production, it becomes necessary to apply the following methods of work planning and management:

Network methods that allow you to most fully cover the relationship of the entire complex of work on the preparation of production;

Methods for managing the progress of work: assigning deadlines for work to be performed, resource planning, determining the technical and economic parameters of the equipment being created;

Methods of material and moral incentives for workers involved in the creation of new products, taking into account their contribution to reducing time and costs, achieving high technical and economic parameters of new technology.

The organization of the production of new products involves the restructuring of the existing production process and all its constituent elements. The development of new types of products requires not only the development of new technological processes and the use of new technological means, but also changes in the forms and methods of organizing production and labor, the acquisition of new knowledge and skills by the personnel of the team, the restructuring of logistics, etc.

Under these conditions, it is necessary to carry out organizational preparation of production, i.e. to carry out a number of measures to restructure production processes for the production of new products. The complex of works included in the organizational preparation of production is associated with the solution of problems of an internal and external nature. The level of organization of labor and production, the material support of new production, the general technical and economic indicators of the enterprise's work largely depend on the quality of these works.

Organizational preparation of production is a complex of processes and works aimed at developing and implementing a project for organizing the production process of manufacturing a new product, a system for organizing and remunerating labor, logistical support for production, regulatory framework intra-factory planning in order to create the necessary conditions for high-performance and accelerated development and production of new products of the required quality.

The main task of the complex of works on the formation of the structure of the production preparation system is to determine the composition of the units that should function at the enterprise during the development and development of new products. Like any organizational structure, the production preparation system must be derived from the functions that it must perform. The main functions for the preparation and development of the production of new products and the corresponding structural divisions of the enterprise are presented in Table.

Like any production process, preparation for the transition of an enterprise to the manufacture of new products must be rationally organized in space and time.

The structure of the system for preparing and mastering the production of a new
products

	Structural divisions of the enterprise
Research	Department for the study of needs, research thematic departments, department (bureau) of feasibility studies, department for the implementation of the results of the design of survey work
Engineering	Design thematic departments, technological service, department of standardization and normalization, central factory laboratory, department of organization of production, labor and management
Production	Model workshops, experimental production, small series workshops, production workshops
Providing	Scientific and Technical Information Service, Human Resources and Training Department, Logistics Department, Tool Facilities, Chief Mechanic and Power Engineering Departments, Non-Standard Equipment Department and Workshop, Quality Management Service
Serving	Bureau of technical documentation, warehousing, transport
managerial	Computing center, development and production management departments, economic planning, production, labor and wages, rationalization bureau

The organization of the preparation of production in space must first of all ensure strict observance of the principles of flow and direct flow of the spatial arrangement of the structural units of the system, rational relationships between the divisions of the enterprise. The main provisions of the rationalization of the system of relationships between departments involved in the pre-production processes are based on the following principles: the document should, if possible, be formed in one department; the number of coordinating and approving authorities should be kept to a minimum; the route of the document must exclude returns, loops and movement in the direction opposite to its route.

The structure of production preparation bodies largely depends on the existing system of this preparation. There are three types of such systems at mechanical engineering enterprises: centralized, in which all work on design, technological and organizational design is carried out in factory services and other departments; decentralized, in which the main burden of work on technological and organizational preparation is transferred to shop bodies; mixed, when work on the preparation of production is distributed between the central and shop departments.

The organization of preparation of production in time implies, first of all, the observance of the principle of proportionality, i.e. ensuring equality of production capabilities (capacity, capacity) of all departments involved in the creation of new products. In this case, three types of resources should be taken into account: human (workers, engineering and technical and scientific workers), fixed assets (space, production and scientific equipment) and material resources (materials, special literature, standards, etc.).

The working period is the time of creation of new types of products, during which labor processes are performed. In the course of these processes, scientific research, engineering developments are carried out, new products are mastered in production and operation.

The time of breaks characterizes the calendar period of time during which one or another object does not experience labor efforts. The time of breaks is divided into breaks due to the mode of work of workers; arising between phases, stages, works; due to the design and technological features of products and shortcomings in the organization and planning of production.

Production preparation time is calculated in calendar days or hours. If the time of preparation and breaks is calculated in calendar time, then the working period is measured by working time, i.e. labor costs. The pre-production time, calculated in units of calendar time, is represented as a pre-production cycle, and in units of working time - as the labor intensity of the work.

The duration of the cycle of pre-production and mastering the release of new types of products, despite the downward trend, continues to be high. At many machine-building enterprises, the period from the beginning of the development of technical specifications to the release of products is on average 3–5 years, which is several times higher than the time spent on preparing production at similar foreign enterprises.

Reducing the pre-production time is the main task of organizational activity when creating new types of products. The main directions of this work can be: reducing the time of the working period by taking measures to reduce labor costs; reduction of time of breaks in the process of preparation of production; introduction of a parallel-combined method of organizing work.

The time factor in the creation of new technology is of great economic importance. The lengthening of the terms of preparation for production and mastering the release of new types of products negatively affects the pace of scientific and technological progress and production efficiency. Long periods of mastering the production of new efficient machines slow down the flow of equipment into the relevant industries, lead to a decrease in the rate of their technical re-equipment, a deterioration in labor productivity and production profitability. In addition, it is not uncommon for new equipment to become obsolete even before production begins.

The technical and economic indicators of the work of enterprises mastering new equipment deteriorate significantly with the lengthening of the preparation time, which manifests itself in a slowdown in the turnover of working capital due to an increase in the volume of work in progress and an increase in stocks of special equipment and equipment, as well as in a decrease in the achieved level of labor productivity, which is a consequence of the diversion of labor resources to the creation of new technology without a corresponding increase in output, an increase in the cost of production, which is a consequence of the deterioration in the use of equipment and space, increased costs in research and development, an increase in the share of overhead costs, etc.

The creation of a rational organizational structure of the production preparation system is based on the use of scientific principles of its organization. One of the main areas of work on the formation of the structure of the production preparation system is to determine the composition of the units that should function at the enterprise during the development and development of new products.

The structure, being the form of the system, is determined by its content, i.e. processes running in the system. It follows that the development of the structure of production preparation bodies should be based on the study of the processes of creating and mastering new products. The main classification groups of the processes of creating new products must correspond to the structural units in which these processes will be carried out.

The main groups of production preparation processes and their corresponding structural units of a large enterprise.

Production preparation processes.

Research.

Needs Study Department, Research Thematic Departments, Feasibility Study Department (Bureau), Results Implementation Department.

Engineering.

Design thematic departments, technological service, standardization and normalization department, normal factory laboratory, labor organization and management department

Production.

Model workshops, experimental production, small series workshops, production workshops

Providing.

Scientific and Technical Information Service, Human Resources and Training Department, Logistics Department, Tool Facilities, Chief Mechanic and Power Engineering Departments, Non-Standard Equipment Department and Workshop, Quality Management Service

Serving.

Bureau of technical documentation, warehousing, transport.

Managerial.

Computing Center, Development and Production Management Department, Economic Planning and Production Departments, Labor and Wage Department, Rationalization and Invention Bureau

Equally important and complex is the problem of establishing relationships between departments. The main provisions of the rationalization of the system of relationships between departments involved in the pre-production processes are based on the following principles; the document should, if possible, be formed in one unit; the number of coordinating and approving authorities should be kept to a minimum; the route of the document must exclude returns, loops and movement in the direction opposite to its route.

A fairly complete picture of the throughput of departments can be obtained by determining their load factors, which are calculated by labor resources, equipment areas.

The structure of the training and production bodies largely depends on the existing system of training. There are three types of such systems at mechanical engineering enterprises: centralized, in which all work on design, technological and organizational design is carried out in factory services and other departments; decentralized, in which the main burden of work on technological and organizational preparation is transferred to shop bodies; mixed, when work on the preparation of production is distributed between the central and shop departments.

At mechanical engineering enterprises with mass and large-scale production, preparation for the production of new products is carried out, as a rule, centrally. At serial production plants, a mixed preparation system prevails, while at enterprises of a single and small-scale type, a decentralized one.