Planned-ek calculation in intra-factory planning of tr-wok is carried out on the basis of the largest daily freight turnover, and taking into account the uneven receipt of cargo shipments according to the formulas

Where is the annual turnover

D is the number of working days in a year

Kn- coefficient. Irregularities in transportation (= 1.1 to 3)

Freight flows are drawn up in the form of diagrams and diagrams

Diagrams characterize the general movement of cargo in the pre-tion, the intensity of cargo flows and their tension, they help to identify irrational oncoming traffic

The construction of the diagram begins with the cargo flow of the next to the most distant point, in our case, the amount of cargo of the next from A to G is postponed, then from B to D.

Calculation of the need for the number of tr-sr-in at the enterprise

Number of three means determined by f-le

Where qh is the productivity of the tr-th medium per hour, t h

Тт - operating time of the tr-th means during planning period

Productivity tr-va is recognized by the formula:

Where - namin carrying capacity of the tr-th means, t

Kgr-coefficient of use of the carrying capacity of the tr-th medium-va

Ttr- transport cycle, characterizing the time spent on loading and unloading, the mileage of the vehicle along the route, min

The concept of warehousing. Place and role of the warehouse in logistics system

Warehouse-buildings and construction, equipped. specialist. technological equipment for the implementation of the entire complex of operations for the acceptance, storage, distribution of incoming goods.

The main purpose of the warehouse is the concentration of stocks, their storage and ensuring the uninterrupted and rhythmic supply of consumer orders.

Warehouse economy - in - a warehouse or a cos-t of warehouses, together with service. infrastructure. Main warehouse tasks at an industrial enterprise: - organization of production standards, - security and maximum reduction in storage costs.

Warehouses form one of the subsystems of the logistics chain. The logistics system forms the organizational and technical and economic requirements of the warehouse, sets goals and criteria for the optimal functioning of the warehouse system. sections of the supply chain.

Non-native warehouse side: increase the cost of goods due to costs in the warehouse.

The creation of warehouse stocks leads to the immobilization (freezing) of financial resources that can be used for other purposes. Warehousing is justified in the following cases: 1) if it reduces costs, 2) improves the quality of logistics. service, 3) allows you to achieve a faster response to demand, 4) allows you to save money on preventive purchases

The positive side of the warehouse: 1) ensuring the alignment of production, 2) creating the necessary technical and organizational conditions for cargo picking.

Warehouse classification

Depending on the place in the logistics chain and the role in the process of the goods movement of the warehouse, there are: 1) warehouses of manufacturing enterprises (in the field of supply - storage of raw materials, materials, components, and other industrial products) 2) consumer warehouses products in the field of production are intended to ensure the continuity of the flow of technological processes. Stocks of work in progress are stored at these warehouses.

In the head of the role in the production process and the subordination of the warehouse, industrial orgs are divided into:

Supply, which are subordinate to the department of material and technical supply;

Production, which are subject to planned production. or planning and dispatching department and intended for storage of semi-finished products own production;

Sales, which are subordinate to the sales department and which store the material values ​​to be sold.

In the head of the service sector, warehouses are divided into:

General factory (central), - workshop (branches of workshop warehouses)

Workshops (subordinate to the heads of the workshop)

3) warehouses of marketing organizations (in the field of distribution). They serve to maintain the continuity of the movement of goods from the sphere of production to the sphere of consumption. Their purpose is the transformation of the production assortment into a commercial one and in the uninterrupted supply of various consumers, incl. retail network.

4) warehouses of intermediary organizations (transp.org-th) intended. for temporary warehouses associated with the expedition of material values. These include: - warehouses of railway stations;

By the nature of the performance of cargo handling operations, they are classified as transport and transshipment.

By function. the purpose of all warehouses is divided into 5 varieties:

1. Warehouses for cargo transshipment in transport hubs when performing mixed, combined and other transportations

2.Storage warehouses the concentration of the necessary materials and their storage for the corresponding functioning of production.

3.commissioning warehouses intended for the formation of orders acc. with specific customer requirements

4.Storage warehouses ensure the safety and protection of stored products

5.special warehouses (customs warehouses, warehouses for temporary storage of materials, containers, returnable waste)

By design characteristics warehouses subdivided into: - closed, - semi-closed, - open areas.

Depending on the specifics and nomenclature of stored materials: -universal, -specialized warehouses.

According to the degree of mechanization of warehouse operations: - non-mechanized; - mechanized; - automated; - automatic warehouses.

33 Warehouse functions

1) Creation of the required assortment in acc. with the consumer's order (in procurement and production logistics, this function is aimed at providing the necessary material and technical resources). In distribution logistics, this function is of greater importance; trade warehouses carry out the conversion of production. assortment to the consumer in accordance with the customer's order. Creating the necessary assortment in the warehouse contributes to the effective fulfillment of consumer orders and the implementation of more frequent deliveries in the volume required by the client.

2) Warehousing and storage. The implementation of this function allows you to equalize the time difference between output and consumption, makes it possible to ensure a continuous production process on the basis of the created stocks. Storage of goods in the distribution system is necessary due to the seasonality of consumption of some goods .

3) Unitization of shipment lots and transportation of cargo. Many consumers order lots from warehouses (less than a wagon or less than a trailer), which means, but increases communication costs. with the delivery of such goods. To reduce the cost of goods, the warehouse can perform the function of combining small consignments of goods for several customers to fully load the goods.

4) Provision of services. In order to provide a higher level of customer service, warehouses can provide services: - preparation of goods for sale; - checking the functioning of devices; - giving products a presentation; .

Warehousing process

The complex of warehouse operations is carried out in the sequence:

1) Unloading and acceptance of cargo is carried out in accordance with the terms of the concluded contract. The technology for performing specified work in the warehouse depends on the nature of the cargo, on the type of transport, etc. In the process of acceptance, the actual parameters of the arrived cargo are verified with the data of the goods - accompanying documents.

2) The storage of cargo includes the provision of appropriate conditions and control over the availability of stock in the warehouse. For the orderly storage of cargo and its economic placement, an address storage system is used based on the principle of a fixed or free choice of storage location.

3) Completion of goods in accordance with consumer stocks incl. selection of goods according to the customer's order, preparation of goods for shipment, combining individual orders into a shipment, loading cargo, etc.

4) Intra-warehouse transportation (m / y by different zones of the warehouse). From the unloading site, the acceptance zone is the storage area, picking and loading frame. Transportation of goods inside the warehouse should be carried out along through direct-flow routes. 1 type of equipment to another should be minimal.

The operational and production activities of the warehouse at the enterprise include unloading, sorting and acceptance of materials received at the warehouse, their placement and storage, release and delivery to consumers. Delivery of goods to the warehouse in accordance with the plan factory, materials and products in stock are accepted in accordance with the requirements set out in the technical documentation. Most often and in a large number of consumed materials are placed closer to the release sites.

In order to reduce the laboriousness of picking materials, before issuing them into production and to facilitate control over the comprehensive supply of materials, a group method of arranging stored materials is adopted, with which the materials, the input to the kit are stored in close proximity to each other. Cells are numbered and supplied with plates with the name and index of materials.

Operations, communication with goods issue incl. selection, picking and corresponding preparation of the material. Preparation of the material - cleaning, cutting into blanks, etc.

The study of the movement of material stocks in the warehouse is carried out using a special file cabinet or with the help of software. The regulation of the stock level is carried out according to a system with a fixed size or order frequency.

The staff of the warehouse staff is determined depending on the complexity of the warehouse operations performed, the use of transport facilities and the degree of mechanization and automation of loading and unloading. And other warehouse operations.

Calculation of warehouse space

Total S warehouse subdiv. next composition:

Cargo or useful, occupied directly by mat and valuables or devices for their storage.

Operational, occupied by industrial, sorting, kits and vacations. platforms, as well as stacks of racks.

Constructive, occupied by partitions, columns, stairs.

Service, occupied by offices and household premises.

Determining the size of the cargo. S warehouse m. produced by 2 methods:

1. By specific loadings

where is the useful S of the warehouse,

Max size of reserves to be stored, t

General S sweetness:

Where is the utilization factor of the total warehouse S

2. Determination of S warehouse using volume meters

Where is the area occupied by one rack,

To determine the effectiveness of any enterprise, economic sector, it will be necessary to calculate many indicators. One of them is freight traffic.

What is cargo turnover? And this is the amount of cargo transported separate form transport or at a particular enterprise. The indicator can be calculated within the framework of one industry or state.

unit of measurement

The basic unit of measurement for freight traffic is ton-kilometers. The total tonnage of the transportations performed can be determined simply in tons. Both units are used to determine freight traffic within a country or a particular area. This indicator reflects the development of the country or a separate industry, administrative unit.

If the indicator is determined for a separate transport unit or node, then only the total weight in tons or kilograms is calculated for smaller lots.

The mass of transported gas is determined in cubic meters with subsequent conversion to tons.

The volume of cargo is determined by the formula - the amount of cargo for a certain period of time. This indicator reflects the efficiency of a single transport or checkpoint.

Kinds

What is cargo turnover and its types? Let's consider this moment. Types of cargo turnover are divided by types of transport. The indicator “reveals” the possibilities of a certain transport industry.

Rail freight turnover. The most accessible and common mode of transport in most countries is rail. Despite the economic downturn, even in our country, the laying of railway tracks. It is rail transport that accounts for 4/5 of all transportation in our country.

Water freight traffic. Water transport is the cheapest in any country, but transportation by this transport is possible only if there are rivers and seas. River navigation in most countries is possible only in summer period especially when it comes to our country. Therefore, only 15% of all cargo is transported in Russia, and about 7% by river.

Types of freight turnover include road transport. Despite the high cost, it is these transportations that provide communication between enterprises within the country, and make it possible to ensure delivery to hard-to-reach regions. Compared to railway, cargo by car is much faster.

Air freight. Perhaps this is the most expensive mode of transport, so it is used only when absolutely necessary. allows you to deliver cargo to places where there are no railway and motor transport branches. For the Russian Federation, air cargo turnover is significant, since the country's territory is huge, with the presence of hard-to-reach regions.

Pipeline cargo turnover. This mode of transport is applicable exclusively for gaseous and liquid cargoes. Traditionally, this is gas and oil; chemicals and ammonia can also be transported through pipes. The increase in freight turnover by this type of transport is determined solely by the installation of new branches.

Port cargo turnover

What is the cargo turnover for a port? This indicator displays the amount of cargo passing through a particular port in a certain period of time.

Cargo turnover is the main indicator that reflects the technical and economic significance of the port infrastructure. The obtained data is used for analysis and further planning of production activities.

The structure of cargo turnover is characterized by:

• by type of cargo;
• by direction (import and export operations);
• by type of navigation (small and large cabotage, foreign transportation);
• seasonal indicators;
• uniformity of receipt and shipment of goods for a certain period of time.

Unlike cargo handling, cargo turnover is always expressed in tons. When is taken into account only once, upon completion production process in the port. Cargo handling includes the entire volume of handling operations and can be expressed not only in tons, but also in ton operations. Absolutely all transshipment operations are taken into account, even those not related to maritime cargo turnover, for example, storage and reloading of goods from the port by non-marine transport. Therefore, this indicator reflects the complete picture of the production process in the port.

What is turnover and what is not included in it? When determining the indicator, the cargoes subject to further shipment by road or other transport, and those that arrived at the port by rail or road, are not taken into account.

Latest seaport statistics

In general, for the period from January to July 2017, the cargo turnover of Russia in seaports increased by 10.5% when compared with the same period in the previous year.

Situation by region:

The port's cargo turnover is mainly formed by cargo, the delivery of which is not limited in time. Depending on the distance to the final destination, delivery by water takes an average of 30-40 days, provided that there are no hurricanes and storms during this time. At the same time, maritime transport is an opportunity to transport almost any goods, and 120 countries have access to the sea. In addition, in the field of international maritime transport, there are uniform standards and a single legal field.

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Cargo turnover

Cargo turnover- an indicator of the volume of work performed by freight transport. It is measured in ton-kilometers (tkm) (the work of transport to transport 1 ton of cargo over a distance of 1 km).

To determine the turnover, the weight of the transported cargo in tons (separately for each consignment) is multiplied by the transportation distance and the resulting products are summed up.

The freight turnover indicator is used in planning and statistics to measure labor productivity in transport (the number of ton-kilometers per worker), the cost of transportation is also determined per 1 tkm, since transportation costs depend on its distance and the mass of cargo.

To assess the activities of transport enterprises, the indicator of freight turnover is not used, since the society is interested in the best satisfaction of transportation needs while minimizing transportation costs; for these purposes, the indicator of transportation (dispatch) of goods in tons, revenue from transportation, etc.

Spreading excellence, including railway workers of Belarus, allows you to increase the amount of useful work of transport without increasing the number of employees.

The volume of services of all types of special equipment and transport is calculated in machine hours, and the volume of transport services at a piece rate, in addition, in tons of transported goods. The fourth method also provides for the possibility of calculating freight turnover in ton-kilometers. Examples of calculating the volume of services are given in the methods.

The results of the calculation of cargo turnover are recorded in table. eleven.

When calculating the cargo turnover for individual pipelines, the volume of oil products pumped is multiplied by the distance of their pumping through each pipeline and the direction of pumping, taking into account the discharge and receipt of oil products at intermediate points (Fig. 8).

Calculation of freight turnover, the need for vehicles and their downtime rates. The main indicator characterizing the volume of transport work at the enterprise is the freight turnover (Table 7.10).

CALCULATION OF CARGO TURNOVER, VEHICLE REQUIREMENTS AND RATES OF THEIR Idle Time

Results of cargo turnover calculations

If another type of transport is used to transfer the material from the warehouse to the workshop and subsequent processing, then such transportation is additionally taken into account in the inter-shop cargo turnover. When calculating the turnover, it is necessary to check the compliance of the arrival and departure of goods between workshops, the volume of transportation of raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products according to the balance tables developed by the economic and relevant technological departments and the department of mechanization. Loads of the same name are grouped by positions. In the statement of interdepartmental cargo turnover in special rolling stock, technological transportation is given in a certain sequence, depending on the industry.

The calculation of cargo turnover and cargo flows begins with the definition of the range of goods to be transported. The classification of goods by category is made taking into account the possibility of using a certain type of transport vehicle for each group of materials. For example, metals are divided into the following groups for this: bar material, sheet material, forgings of small dimensions, forgings of large dimensions, etc.

Next, the length of transportation is determined and their volume per day is calculated for each cargo separately. In this case, freight turnover is determined in tons, and freight flows in ton-kilometers. The calculation of cargo turnover is drawn up in the form of a chess sheet, which indicates both the senders and recipients of goods. Such statements are compiled first for individual workshops, warehouses, and then for the enterprise as a whole (Table 5.6).

The calculation of cargo turnover is drawn up in the form of a chess sheet. It is a table in which all senders of goods are indicated vertically, and their recipients are indicated horizontally. The basis of the chess sheet is the balance of arrival and departure of goods. The freight turnover for departure should be equal to the freight turnover for receipt, adjusted for the amount of irretrievable losses (waste of metal, splashing, etc.), without which it would be impossible to balance the results in the columns and lines of the statement. Such statements are first compiled for individual workshops and warehouses, and then for the company as a whole. Chess sheets are taken as a basis for developing schemes of cargo flows for shops and the enterprise as a whole.

Calculations of cargo turnover and cargo flows are made on the basis of the largest daily cargo turnover, taking into account the uneven receipt and departure of goods

Freight flows in directions (back and forth) and sections are needed not only to calculate the freight turnover and the required throughput, but also to determine the empty runs of wagons and single runs of locomotives (see Chapter 20).

In the future, the volume of work of mobile and stationary power plants using petroleum products will increase significantly. According to the calculations of the Institute of Complex Transport Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, all types of freight turnover will increase several times by the end of the century (by 1970), and passenger turnover will increase significantly. At the same time, as expected, the freight and passenger traffic of road transport will grow at a very rapid pace, its share in the total volume of cargo transportation and in the transportation of passengers will also increase several times.

The given costs per 1 ton of cargo turnover, rub.

To calculate the cargo flows and cargo turnover of the enterprise, it is necessary to first establish the types of transported goods, their points of departure and delivery, travel distances, volume, frequency and regularity of transportation.

When planning external cargo turnover, the basis for the calculation is the logistics plans, as well as reporting data for last years on the removal from the enterprise of production waste (for example, scrap metal).

Obviously, in our case, use value is the supply to the objects of specific means of production of the required batches (volumes) of materials, sets of drilling rigs, etc. Justified on the basis of the production of use value, production relations provide that payment should be made not for a partially performed service, and even more so not for the operation of vehicles for the removal of goods, but for a service performed in full. This means, for example, that an order for the delivery of a drilling rig, submitted simultaneously to suppliers and transport workers, will be paid by the customer only after the entire set of the drilling rig has been delivered to the installation site. Accordingly, incentives in these units should be carried out for the performance of specific ordered services. Indicators that characterize abstract labor (commodity turnover, freight turnover) are derived from the conditions and indicators of bonuses. These indicators play the role of initial data for calculating production capacities, the number of personnel in the subsystems of production, technical and transport services, i.e. they should not take part in the exchange relations between the subsystems for combining and distributing consumer products.

The analysis of the cargo turnover of transshipment points should be carried out in parallel with the analysis of transport and economic relations and the calculation of the cost of delivering oil products by means of transport docking at the transshipment point.

As initial data for calculating the turnover ratio, they usually take the turnover of a distribution or transshipment tank farm and the volume of its tank capacity, and the value of this coefficient (rev) is determined by dividing the first by the second, i.e.

Settlements with suppliers and contractors. The synthetic account Settlements with suppliers and contractors is designed to account for these calculations. The credit of this account reflects accepted accounts - payment requests and uninvoiced deliveries, and the debit - their payment. Account Settlements with suppliers and contractors corresponds to many accounts. The main ones are in debit - accounts Settlement account, Other accounts in banks (sub-account Letters of credit and special accounts for cargo turnover), Settlements in the order of offsetting mutual claims, Short-term loans from banks, etc. (depending on the accepted form of settlements and for payment) by credit - accounts of material assets and production costs. The balance of the account in question can only be a credit and it shows the company's debt to its suppliers and contractors.

The cost of storage, distribution and sale of petroleum products at oil depots and gas stations is calculated similarly. Here, the calculation is based on operating costs for a certain period and the cargo turnover of the tank farm or the amount of products sold through

33. This section is filled in by micro-enterprises carrying out economic activity who had at their disposal cargo vehicles and carried out transportation of goods by road on public roads in the reporting year (excluding technological transportation).

34. Line 28 shall indicate data on the actual number of cargo vehicles<1>(having license plates of the traffic police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia), which were at the disposal of the micro-enterprise as of the end of the reporting year (own, issued under a leasing agreement and rented), regardless of their technical condition(in good condition, under repair, waiting for repair, etc.).

35. To cargo carriers<1>include trucks, pickup trucks and light vans on chassis cars(in total) intended for the carriage of goods. Vehicles that are not designed for the transport of goods (special) are not included, for example: truck cranes, aerial platforms, car repair shops of all types, gas tankers, fire trucks, sanitary trucks, garbage trucks, sweepers, car shops, tonars, etc. Passenger cars and buses are also not included.

36. On line 29 "Cargo transported by road on a commercial basis" and line 30 "Freight turnover road transport on a commercial basis" (transported goods - in tons, cargo turnover - in ton-kilometers) shows the total volume of transportation of goods<1>and cargo turnover<1>performed on public roads by cargo vehicles: trucks (including cargo taxis), pickups and light vans on the chassis of cars and trailers on a commercial basis (for a fee for the customer) for the reporting year.

Transportation of passengers in trucks are not transportation of goods and are not included in the report.

The report does not include transportation of goods:

Non-commodity nature (cleaning the territory from household waste, snow, etc.);

Mail and periodicals;

The total freight turnover is defined as the total freight turnover for each freight transport vehicle, depending on the indicators used to account for transport work.<1>

If the accounting of the amount of cargo transported by the corresponding cargo transport vehicle was carried out in kind, then the cargo turnover is determined by summing the products of the cargo actually transported for individual trips (arrivals) (including cargo transported on trailers) by the transportation distance in kilometers. In this case, the volume of traffic and the distance of transportation should be reflected in the transport documentation of the reporting organization.

Calculation example