Russian conditions. Road transport is one of the most expensive in terms of cost of transportation. Its high cost is a consequence of the quality of our roads, the lack of cars with small and high carrying capacity. Road transport is one of the most expensive in terms of cost of transportation. Its high cost is a consequence of the quality of our roads, the lack of cars with small and high carrying capacity.
Advantages Road transport has great maneuverability and speed, the ability to deliver goods directly to consumers. Road transport has great maneuverability and speed, the ability to deliver goods directly to consumers.
Long-distance road transport is carried out in the northern and eastern, as well as mountainous regions of the country, where there are no other types of land transport. Long-distance road transport is carried out in the northern and eastern, as well as mountainous regions of the country, where there are no other types of land transport.
Roads of Russia The efficiency of road transport depends on the density and quality of roads. Their total length in Russia is about 900,000 km. About 40% of rural settlements Russia does not have access to paved roads. The efficiency of road transport depends on the density and quality of roads. Their total length in Russia is about 900,000 km. About 40% of rural settlements in Russia do not have access to paved roads.
Similarities with the geography of railways The largest highways (12 of them) radiate from Moscow. In the eastern regions, the number of roads is sharply reduced. Until now, there is no highway that crosses the whole of Russia from west to east. The largest highways (12 of them) radiate from Moscow. In the eastern regions, the number of roads is sharply reduced. Until now, there is no highway that crosses the whole of Russia from west to east.
Directions for the development of motor transport New highways are being laid. New highways are being laid. New roads are being built countryside. New roads are being built in rural areas. The share of road transport with diesel engines, which reduce fuel consumption, is increasing. The share of road transport with diesel engines, which reduce fuel consumption, is increasing.
Coordination in the development of road transport between Russia and border states is very important. A transport union has been created between Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Coordination in the development of road transport between Russia and border states is very important. A transport union has been created between Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
Disadvantages Road transport is an environmental pollutant. Valuable agricultural land is often torn away for the construction of roads. Air is polluted especially strongly by exhaust gases. Road transport is an environmental pollutant. Valuable agricultural land is often torn away for the construction of roads. Air is polluted especially strongly by exhaust gases.
Topic of the lesson: "Technical and operational characteristics of road transport"
Lesson plan
1. Automobile transport: advantages, disadvantages, scope of use.
2. Rolling stock of road transport.
3.Organization of traffic in road transport.
Automobile transport - This is a type of transport that transports goods and passengers on trackless tracks.
using wheel movement.
Flaws:
1) severe environmental pollution;
2) high cost of transportation;
3) low carrying capacity of vehicles;
4) high share of empty run
Advantages:
1) high maneuverability of rolling stock;
2) high speed delivery;
3) the autonomy of the movement of vehicles.
Sphere of use of road transport
1) cargo transportation
for short and medium distances;
2) transportation of passengers:
- international,
- intercity,
- suburban,
- intracity);
3) in-plant and agricultural
transportation.
Material and technical base
road transport
1 ) rolling stock;
2) motor roads;
3) production and technical base (ATP, bus stations, service stations, gas stations, etc.)
Fixing the material
1 . Which objects are transported and over what distances is road transport used?
2. Describe the ways of road transport communication.
3. Select the characteristic properties of road transport:
a) high maneuverability of rolling stock;
b) light vehicles
c) the autonomy of the movement of vehicles.
d) low cost of transportation
e) high proportion of empty mileage (without load)
f) slow delivery speed
g) severe environmental pollution.
rolling stock
road transport
1) trucks;
2) tractors, trailers and semi-trailers;
3) buses;
4) cars.
1. Transport- for the carriage of goods and passengers:
KAMAZ 43253
Mercedes-Benz Sprinter
GAZ-33023 "GAZelle-farmer"
KAMAZ 4208-413-18
Classification of cars by purpose
2.Special - to perform technical functions (truck cranes, aerial platforms, firefighters, etc.):
Truck crane KrAZ-65053 (KTA-32)
Aerial platform GAZ-53 AP-17
Tractor MTZ-1221
Fire truck GAZ 3308
Classification of cars by purpose
3.Sports- for sports competitions:
Lamborghini Huracan LP610-4
Aston Martin DB7 V12 Vantage
Kinsmart alpha 147
1 . Universal- for the transportation of all goods, except for liquid bulk
Onboard vehicle MAZ-6303A8-325
Onboard vehicle KAMAZ-43253
Onboard car Hyundai HD-120
Onboard vehicle KrAZ-65101
Classification of trucks by body type
2. Specialized - for the transportation of certain types of cargo (refrigerators, timber trucks, tankers, dump trucks, etc.).
Refrigerator Hyundai HD78
Timber carrier based on KrAZ-255B
Tank truck 5693-10 (chassis KAMAZ-53215)
Dump truck KAMAZ
Classification of trucks by carrying capacity
1) extra small - up to 0.5 tons (UAZ-39094 Farmer);
2) small - from 0.5 to 2 tons (GAZ-3202);
3) medium - from 2 to 8 tons (GAZ-3307);
4) large - 8–16 tons (KamAZ-5308);
5) especially large - over 16 tons (BelAZ-75).
Classification of buses by capacity
1) especially small - up to 10 pass. (GAZ-22171);
2) small - up to 30 pass. (PAZ-32054);
3) medium - up to 60 pass. (LAZ-695N);
4) large - up to 100 pass. (Ikarus 260);
5) especially large - up to 150 pass. (LiAZ-6213)
Fixing the material
- What kind of classification by appointment
b) flatbed car
KAMAZ 53215
a) fire truck
b) Mounting auto-hydraulic lift MGP-28.03
AC 2.5 - 40
2. What kind of classification by body type include the following vehicles?
c) Tank truck ATs-66052 (chassis KAMAZ-53229)
a) flatbed car KAMAZ4308
b) Scania P 250 refrigerated van
Fixing the material
by load capacity include the following vehicles?
c) RENAULT MAGNUM (20 tons)
a) MAZ 631219 (14.6 tons)
b) MERCEDES SPRINTER (2.5 t)
3.What kind of classification by capacity include the following buses?
c) BAZ A08123-30 (56 passengers)
b) Mercedes Sprinter
(18 pass.)
a) LiAZ6213 (pass. 145)
Driving route - this is the route of the rolling stock during transportation.
The main elements of the route:
- Route length Lm- the path traveled by the car from the initial to the final point of the route (from point A to point B);
- ride– cycle of the transport process: includes the delivery of the car to the place of loading (A), loading, moving and unloading at the destination (B).
- turnover - movement from the starting point to the final point and back (A-B-A).
Fig.1 - The main elements of the route:
Legend:
lн", lн” - zero mileage - the mileage that the rolling stock makes to arrive from the ATP at the first loading point and return after the last unloading to the ATP.
Fixing the material
Condition: The car left the ATP to the loading point (Gorlovka), then left with the cargo to the unloading point (Makeevka), returned from Makiivka without cargo to Gorlovka and then to the ATP.
Task: Indicate in column 3 of table 4 the corresponding element
routes and zero runs: Table 4
Movement from ATP to Horlivka
Delivery of the car to the place of loading (Gorlovka), loading, moving and unloading at the destination (Makeevka)
Delivery of the car to the place of loading (Gorlovka), loading, moving, unloading at the destination (Makeevka) and return to Gorlovka
Movement from Horlivka to ATP
Distance from Gorlovka to Makeyevka
Topic 1 TRANSPORT ECONOMY
1. Features of the transport economy
2. Technical and economic characteristics certain types transport
3. Structure of the motor transport industry
q 6 s 21 v 0 m 0
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1. Features of the transport economy
The main task of the economy is the implementation production process.
The main task of transport is the movement of goods from the sphere of production to the sphere of consumption.
As a result of the production process, i.e. transportation process, no new product is created. Unlike other branches of material production, transport products do not exist independently outside the production process.
Transport products are the movement of people and natural products in time and space without changing the physical and chemical properties of the products.
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Features of transport products:
Creation of stocks of transport products is impossible;
The cost of producing the finished product does not contain the element "raw materials";
Three steps in the process of moving goods or passengers:
Loading cargo or boarding passengers;
moving;
Unloading cargo or disembarking passengers.
Enumerate Meters of transport products. * 1.1_1-6
For freight traffic - the volume of traffic (Q) in tons and cargo turnover (P) in ton-kilometers;
For passenger traffic - the number of passengers carried and passenger turnover.
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2. Technical and economic characteristics of individual modes of transport
Economic feasibility of application specific type transport is determined by economic and specific transport factors.
The main economic factors that determine the economic feasibility of using a particular type of transport
Location and size of production and consumption, which determine the volume and direction of transportation and cargo flows;
The range of manufactured products that affects the structure of the rolling stock, the rhythm of work;
The state of stocks of inventory items, which determines the requirements for transport in terms of the urgency of delivery of goods
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The main specific transport factors that determine the economic feasibility of using a particular type of transport. ** 1.2_2-6
Placement of a network of communication lines;
Operating conditions, including:
Seasonality and rhythm of work;
Availability of throughput and carrying capacity;
Technical equipment;
Transportation process organization system.
To select the optimal solutions, technical and economic calculations are required.
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Key Comparisons economic efficiency transportation by various modes of transport. *** 1.2_3-6 EKZ
1. the level of operating costs (cost of transportation);
2. investments;
3. speed of movement and terms of delivery of goods;
4. availability of carrying and throughput capacity;
5. maneuverability in providing transportation in various conditions;
6. reliability and uninterrupted transportation, the possibility of their regular implementation in bulk quantities;
7. guarantee of the safety of transported goods;
8. conditions for highly efficient use of rolling stock and technical means, the possibility of using new means of transportation (pallets, containers, etc.), mechanization of loading and unloading operations.
The value of these indicators for each type of transport is different and largely depends on the capacity and structure of the cargo flow, the distance of transportation, the type of cargo, the amount of dispatch, the type of rolling stock, the material and technical base, the type of transport and other factors.
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2.1. Railway transport
one . Inextricable relationship with industrial enterprises and Agriculture, construction sites, trading depots, warehouses, etc.;
2. The possibility of building railways on any land territory of the country (+ ferries), ensuring stable links between regions;
3 . High carrying and throughput capacity of railways;
four . Possibility of inexpensive mass transportation of goods;
5 . "All-weather";
6 . High speed movement (delivery of goods);
7. Short way of cargo transportation;
eight . High economic indicators and advanced transportation technology.
Advantages:
Great carrying capacity
Low cost of transportation,
High level of labor productivity.
Flaw:
the construction of railways requires large investments, especially in the difficult topographical conditions of the regions of the Far North, the East of the country, in marshy, mountainous and desert regions.
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2.2. Automobile transport
Main technical and economic features:
one . Great maneuverability and mobility (transportation of goods from the point (place) of production (loading) to the warehouse of the consumer (recipient) without transshipment operations, i.e. "from door to door");
2. High speed of movement (delivery of goods);
3 . Short way of cargo transportation;
Flaws:
High cost of transportation (higher than in water and rail transport). Reserves for reducing the cost of transportation: reducing the empty mileage of vehicles and increasing commercial speeds;
The high cost of the material and technical base of car maintenance (garages, service stations);
Lack of paved roads.
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The tasks of increasing the efficiency of road transport. ** 1.2_4-6 EKZ
Improving the structure of the car park (bringing it in line with the structure of freight turnover);
Increase in time in the outfit;
Improving the organization of maintenance and repair of substation;
Improving the mechanization of loading and unloading operations;
Widespread adoption automated systems management.
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2.3. Sea transport
Main technical and economic features:
one . Possibility of mass intercontinental transportation of goods of foreign trade turnover;
2. Relatively small capital investments (sea routes do not require costs for their construction or maintenance, except for canals);
3 . Unlimited bandwidth;
four . Low fuel consumption and energy costs, (no terrain);
5 . Over long distances, the cost of transportation is lower than that of other transport.
Flaws:
Dependence on natural geographical and navigational conditions (winds, currents, precipitation, fog, air temperature);
The need to create a complex port economy on the sea coasts;
Limited use of maritime transport in direct maritime communications.
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2.4. River transport
Main technical and economic features:
one . Large carrying capacity on deep water rivers;
2. Low cost of transportation (the average cost of freight transportation is close to that of railway transportation, and passenger transportation is approximately 1.5-2 times higher);
3 . Smaller capital investments (costs for organizing navigation along natural main waterways with a capacity of 80-100 million tons per year are several times less than for the construction of a broad gauge railway (with rolling stock), 3-4 times less than for the construction of a paved road).
Flaws:
Tortuosity of the path, uneven depths along its entire length;
Seasonal restrictions (ice) ;
Extension of cargo routes;
Slow shipping speed.
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2.5. Air Transport
The main advantages in passenger transportation:
1. High speed of delivery of passengers, comfort of travel;
2. Maneuverability in the organization of passenger traffic;
3. Long non-stop flight range;
4. The shortest distances of air routes;
5. Saving time for passengers;
6. High culture of passenger service;
7. A small need for capital investments for the construction of complexes of technical structures at airports.
Based on 1 km of overhead line served by jet aircraft, capital investments are approximately 35-45 times less than in rail and road transport.
Disadvantage: - high cost of transportation.
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2.6. Pipeline transport
A complex of facilities for the transportation of oil and oil products from the place of extraction or production to points of consumption or transshipment to other modes of transport.
Types of pipelines - main, field, supply.
Trunk lines are designed to transport oil from production areas to oil refineries, transshipment bases located in railway, river and sea loading points, or to head pumping stations on the territory of an oil producing field.
Field, factory and oil depot pipelines are designed for internal pumping.
The supply pipelines are designed to transport oil from the fields to the main facilities of the main oil pipelines and oil products from refineries to the main oil product pipelines
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Advantages of pipeline transport
Possibility of ubiquitous laying of pipes and pumping of oil cargoes in mass sizes;
Long distance oil cargo transfer;
Low cost of transportation (2 times less than by waterways, and 3 times lower than by rail);
Preservation of petroleum products (complete sealing of the transportation process);
Full automation of loading, pumping and unloading of oil and oil products;
Capital investments and metal consumption are less than in other modes of transport;
Continuity of the pumping process;
Little dependence on climatic conditions;
Small number of service personnel;
Absence, with appropriate insulation, negative impact on the environment.
Flaws:
Narrow specialization;
Rational use requires a steady flow of oil.
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2.7. Transport costs
Transport costs of the national economy as a whole - all costs associated with the transportation of raw materials, fuel, industrial and agricultural products from supplier enterprises to consumers, as well as the costs of transporting goods of supply and marketing and trade organizations.
The comprehensive development of all types of transport and the rational distribution of transportation between them can significantly increase the efficiency of investments in transport and reduce the national economic costs of transporting goods.
largest specific gravity transport costs are accounted for by road transport. The reasons:
A large number of small shipments of goods,
Relatively small load capacity of vehicles,
Non-24 hour work
short haul distances,
Loading and unloading costs, etc.
Transport cost savings - important factor improve efficiency social production.
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The main factors in reducing transport costs. * 1.2_5-6
Increasing labor productivity;
Reducing the cost of transportation;
Increasing return on assets.
A 1% reduction in transport costs can result in savings in national economy 650-700 million rubles, which can be used to build 2000 km of railways, or 2600 main electric locomotives, or more than 200 thousand cars.
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3. Structure of the road transport industry
The sectoral structure of road transport characterizes the type of production and their quantitative ratio in terms of production volume.
Factors on which the development of the sectoral structure of road transport depends. ** 1.3_6-6
Forms of ownership and nature of industrial relations,
Technical progressive pace of development of other industries,
The pace and scale of mechanization of manual and labor-intensive work and processes,
level of specialization,
The level of development of productive forces,
The place of the country in the system of the international division of labor
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2. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation
3 . Departments
four . Services and agencies
5 . Separate institutions (divisions) that are not part of the Ministry of Transport
6. Regional authorities
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The state branches of economic management and industry management are built according to the production-sectoral principle, taking into account territorial and local interests:
one . Government (Chairman)
2. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation
Main goals:
Formation and implementation of the state transport policy in the assigned field of activity, aimed at meeting the state needs, the needs of the population and the economy in transportation and other types of transport services;
Development, together with the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, of a strategy for the development of transport in the Russian Federation as a whole and its implementation on the basis of general transport and sectoral federal target programs;
General management and coordination of the activities of federal services included in the system of economic, investment, tariff, scientific, technical and social policy.
3 . Departments:
Departments by modes of transport, incl. Department of State Policy in the Field of Automobile and Urban Passenger Transport;
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four . Services and agencies:
Federal agencies for modes of transport, incl. Federal Highway Agency and federal Service on supervision in the field of transport:
Main goals:
Carry out on the territory of the Russian Federation state control for compliance by concerns, unions, associations, associations, enterprises, institutions, organizations and entrepreneurs with legislative and by-laws, standards and norms that determine the procedure for the functioning of the transport and road complex of the Russian Federation;
When issuing licenses, ensure the creation of conditions for the normal functioning of the market for transport and other services related to the operation of transport, as well as the protection of the interests of consumers using transport and means of communication.
5 . Separate institutions (divisions) that are not part of the Ministry of Transport, incl. NIIAT - OJSC "Research Institute of Automobile Transport".
6. Regional authorities, including: Department of Transport and Road Facilities of the Ministry of Industry and Transport of the Ulyanovsk Region.
7. Motor transport enterprises
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test questions
Enumerate Meters of transport products. * 1.1_1-6
The main specific transport factors that determine the economic feasibility of using a particular type of transport. ** 1.2_2-6
The main comparative indicators of the economic efficiency of transportation by various modes of transport. *** 1.2_3-6 EKZ
Tasks of improving the efficiency of road transport . ** 1.2_4-6 EKZ
The main factors in reducing transport costs. * 1.2_5-6
Factors on which the development of the sectoral structure of road transport depends. ** 1.3_6-6
Literature
Serbinovsky B.Yu. etc. Economics of road transport enterprises: Tutorial. -M.: Publishing center "March", 2006.
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Slides captions:
Geography of transport
Transport is the third leading branch of material production. Transport is the basis of the geographical division of labor. All means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles together form the world transport system. Transport actively influences the location, contributing to the specialization and cooperation of enterprises and industries.
All types of transport are grouped not only according to their significance and level of development, but also according to their geographical areas of application. In this case, land (ground), water and air transport are distinguished.
Road transport can rightfully be called the transport of the 20th century. Length highways is growing all the time and has already exceeded 28 million km; about half of it is in five countries - the United States, India, Brazil, China, Japan, followed by Russia, Canada and France. In the world passenger turnover, the share of road transport - primarily due to personal cars - reaches 4/5.
Railways are available in 140 countries, more than ½ of their total length falls on the "top ten" countries: the USA, Russia, Canada, India, China, Germany, Argentina, Australia, France, and Mexico. Along with this, there are vast areas where the railway network is rare or non-existent.
Pipeline transport has developed primarily due to the rapid growth of oil and natural gas production and the territorial gap that exists between the main areas of their production and consumption. Worldwide network length main pipelines about 2 million km. The longest of them are 4-5 thousand km, built in the CIS countries, Canada, the USA, the countries of the Middle East
Maritime transport is a very important component of the global transport system. Thanks to the development of maritime transport, the World Ocean no longer separates, but rather connects countries and continents. It serves about 4/5 of the entire international trade. The total length of sea routes is measured in millions of kilometers. Sea vessels transport mainly bulk cargoes - bulk (oil, oil products), bulk and bulk (coal, ore, grain, etc.) at a distance of 8-10 thousand km.
Air (air) transport is the youngest and most dynamic mode of transport. The network of scheduled airlines now encircles the entire globe, stretching for 10.5 million km. In terms of air travel, North America ranks first in the world, Europe ranks second, and the United States stands out from individual countries, followed by Japan, Great Britain, China, and France. Geography air transport determined by a network of airports, the number of which is in the many thousands.
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slide 2
Road transport is now the most common mode of transport. Road transport is younger than rail and water transport, the first cars appeared at the very end of the 19th century. After the Second World War, road transport began to compete railway. The advantages of road transport are maneuverability, flexibility, speed. Trucks now they transport almost all types of cargo, but even over long distances (up to 5 or more thousand km), road trains (truck-tractor and trailer or semi-trailer) successfully compete with the railway when transporting valuable goods, for which the speed of delivery is critical, for example, perishable products.
slide 3
The vast majority of existing cars are private cars (passenger cars). They are used, as a rule, for trips over distances of up to two hundred kilometers. According to the Committee on Ecology of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, by the beginning of 2000 the car park in Russia amounted to 27.06 million vehicles.
slide 4
Advantages and disadvantages Advantages: Fast movement from one point of the neighborhood to another. Disadvantages: Road transport has many disadvantages. Cars- the most wasteful transport compared to other modes of transport in terms of the costs required to move one passenger. The main share (63%) of environmental damage to the planet is associated with vehicles. Significant environmental damage is inflicted environment and society at all stages of production, operation and disposal of cars, fuel, oils, tires, road construction and other automotive infrastructure. In particular, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur released into the atmosphere when gasoline is burned cause acid rain. The value of the annual environmental damage from the functioning of the transport complex of the Russian Federation is 3.4 billion US dollars, or approximately 1.5% of the gross national product. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from vehicles amounted to 12,190.7 thousand tons. Road transport requires good roads. Now in developed countries there is a network of highways - multi-lane roads without intersections, allowing speeds of over one hundred kilometers per hour.
slide 5
In the structure of the volume of commercial transportation of goods, the share of road transport prevails - this is about 53%.
slide 6
Highways - the main transport routes as part of the transport network of any territory. are of great importance in the system of production-territorial relations. Highways are divided into: international highways: Pan-American Highway. National Highways: Trans-Amazon Highway. inter-district highways: Moscow - St. Petersburg.
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