Voronezh farmers are abandoning their land - they are tired of working "in spite of". Meanwhile, they produce a total of half of the regional agricultural products and are capable of more.
Farmers without land
In our district, a quarter of farms collapsed in a few years, and the neighbors have the same picture. There is no strength to endure such a hassle: they gave you land for up to 11 months, so guess whether the contract will be extended or not. And if not, then all the work is in vain. Because of this, many people themselves leave the earth ... - Sergei Solovyov, an Upper Mamon farmer, says with pain.
He is echoed by Vladimir Brezhnev from the Ertilsky district:
In five years, less than 75 out of 127 farms have survived. And now the lease term for those who once took it for ten years is ending. Only a few received 25 or 49. The deadline will expire - the contract will be reissued for a year. What then is the point of investing in the land, applying fertilizers?
The decision to switch to such unfavorable terms of lease was taken several years ago by the Regional Duma.
They didn't even consult with the Department of Agricultural Policy! - the chairman of the regional association of peasant (farm) households and agricultural cooperatives "Niva" Anna Rozhdestvenskaya is indignant. - As a result, they prefer to give the land to large investors. Half of the district heads directly put pressure on farmers: they say you will work here for a long time, otherwise, maybe help them leave?
However, this year there is no special need for help: the rent in a number of districts has doubled, and in some places even five times. Some farmers pay 150 rubles per hectare, others - 500-600, and others in general - 907. They consider 300 rubles per hectare to be the maximum reasonable rate.
In the regional government, this issue was raised quite recently at the suggestion of farmers. According to the head of the department of property and land relations Maxim Uvaydov, the situation is being analyzed:
It is necessary to trace how rental rates are formed in different areas, where such a difference in prices comes from. Perhaps there are objective reasons. As for the lease terms for agricultural land, it is wrong to conclude contracts for 11 months. In order for farmers to have an interest in work, it is necessary to give land for 25 years. But for this, the regulatory framework will have to be changed. And not everything can be solved at the regional level.
Crisis of confidence
Short-term lease is also dangerous because it does not allow farmers to take loans and lease equipment. After all, when the terms of the loan and leasing exceed the term of the lease, the land cannot be mortgaged in a bank to receive money. Often all the property of the farm (livestock, more or less decent equipment) has already been mortgaged. And it is extremely difficult to develop on your own.
Leasing is available to 10-15 percent of farmers, credit - only five. Loan amount reduced by four timesSince January, Voronezh farmers have taken half as many loans as compared to last year. The amount of the loan was reduced by almost four times. According to Anna Rozhdestvenskaya, loans are available only to 5 percent of farmers, leasing - 10-15.
The leaders of strong farms are perplexed: why do banks not agree to issue loans to bona fide customers without collateral? As a rule, farmers do not need millions: two to three hundred thousand rubles are enough to buy livestock, fuels and lubricants or fertilizers. Yes, and with a credit history, as the Niva association assures, most households are all right. But banks are not seduced by this: there are high risks in the agro-industrial complex, there is a crisis in the economy ...
Crashed about sales
One way or another, farmers manage to get high yields, milk yields, weight gain ... And here another obstacle lies in wait for them: the products cannot be profitably sold.
For example, almost all sugar factories in the region belong to one company.
For large producers, she has one price, for small ones - others - farmer Alexander Kozlov does not understand how, under these conditions, to fulfill the governor's order to increase sugar beet production.
Vladimir Brezhnev also moved in a "priority" direction for the region - he raised pigs:
All transferred this year. There were two hundred heads, the largest farm in the area - and there was nowhere to put it. No matter where you call, they don't take it! Such a batch is not enough for resellers. They refused at the meat processing plant - there are no slaughterhouses! Like, score yourself and bring it. Can you imagine the sanitary conditions on the farm?! And there is no way out. Slaughtered pigs - all in the blood, fly ... Disgrace!
The farmer focused on the processing of cereals - but there are also barriers:
About seven years ago, cereals went with a bang. Now - forty tons are lying dead weight, mice are eating this stuff ... You can get a job in the market in the regional center, but there are small sales volumes. And my farm produces at least 400 tons per month! It remains only to hand over the goods to the base for next to nothing. Because chain stores import everything from other regions. It is impossible to attach Voronezh products there.
The regional government reported that they were ready to arrange a meeting with the management for farmers trading companies. Networkers will be offered to set a limit for local products.
However, most farmers do not process. This means that they strive to participate in state interventions. It is not easy for small farms to do this directly, they have to resort to the services of resellers.
All collective farm
Many problems of agrarians can be removed by cooperation. Together, everything is easier - and buy fertilizers or seeds in bulk, and form a lot for public procurement, and organize processing. The cooperative can take loans, including those that are subsidized under the national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex". Or maybe he will issue to shareholders cash loans. The interest rate is slightly higher than in banks. But the procedure is simpler: you do not need to draw up a business plan, collect a pile of documents, confirm your solvency. You can't hide in the village - everyone knows who is worth what.
Governor Aleksey Gordeev instructed the heads of districts to support agricultural cooperatives (ACs). But - he only mentioned that farmers' associations should be provided with points of sale. And this is not the main thing. The cooperatives are asking the authorities for something else - a collateral base for lending. So that municipal property or budgetary funds allocated to a special fund would be a money-back guarantee for banks. Cooperatives cannot develop only at their own expense: there are few shareholders, they have small amounts.
That is why agricultural cooperation in the region has been "stalling" for many years now. In 2005, there were 31 cooperatives - in each district. Today there are fewer of them, and there are only 5-6 working ones. One of them is led by Natalya Komova:
We were the first to start working in the region, and for the first time a bank became an associate member of our SEC. There were many hopes... Now we issue loans to shareholders at our own expense - this is only 3.5 million rubles. We do not lend - the district administration does not provide a collateral base. There is a cooperative in Voronezh, which includes the best farmers of the region: they collected a decent mutual fund, won a bank tranche of 10 million. The money seemed to have been transferred, but it did not work out to use it - also due to the lack of a collateral base.
The law on agricultural cooperation says that SECs are created with the support of the state. Farmers often point this out to officials. But the position of the latter is clear: it is scary to give a guarantee for a cooperative before a bank, what if they don’t return the loan? The agrarians, however, consider these fears largely far-fetched and only shrug their shoulders: on sheer enthusiasm, without borrowed funds, the farms will not last long. One cannot expect that the children of today's farmers, looking at the hardships of their fathers, will willingly stand up to replace them.
Natalya Komova, head of the peasant economy:
In most districts, farmers face misunderstandings from officials. And we always got the worst lands, and the idea of a cooperative was ruined in the bud. And we are all very concerned pricing policy. We do not know the prices for grain, so we cannot plan our farm properly.
Alexey Gordeev, Governor of the Voronezh Region:
Support Agriculture not reduced in 2009. We are developing a number of new programs (on meat and milk), we are raising the issue of creating family dairy farms. There are agreements with two banks to continue lending to agricultural producers. I note that farmers, as representatives of small businesses, can count on the support of the Department of Entrepreneurship. Yes, product prices are the main problem. We have not yet learned how to regulate the market. In the EU countries, agricultural production is subject to quotas so that prices are fair. And then - their farmers rally against low prices. And we are still far from that.
Help "RG"
There are 3,900 farms in the Voronezh region. Considering personal subsidiary farms farmers themselves, it turns out that they cultivate almost a third of the arable land in the region. If, in general, in all sectors of the economy, small and medium business produces less than 40 percent of products, then in agriculture for farmers - 45.7. According to the regional association of farmers, their share in the production of vegetables reaches 95 percent, meat - up to 65, milk - up to 56.
On November 10 and 11, Moscow hosted the IVAll-Russian Congress of Agricultural Cooperatives, which discussed state of the art, problems and prospects in this movement. The forum was attended by farmers, heads of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, regional agricultural departments, State Duma deputies and members of the Federation Council, and scientists.
The large assembly hall of the Ministry of Agriculture buzzed with polyphony 500 delegates and guests from 73 regions . First Deputy Minister of Agriculture of the Russian Federation Dzhambulat Khatuov read out to the participants a greeting from the head of department A. Tkachev (he was on a business trip): “The development of agricultural cooperation is a strategic direction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia ... Agricultural cooperation organizations should become reliable partners for small forms of farming, ensuring guaranteed sales of products produced by farmers products and strengthening the food security of the country”.
Dzhambulat Khatuov: a tool for ensuring food security
Many problems have accumulated in the system of cooperation, including the imperfection of the legislative framework, as well as the lack of financial and credit resources. The author of the lines remembers the first congress in St. Petersburg under Minister Fedorov. Since then, there have been no major changes. Have the leaders of the department changed dramatically?
Energetic First Deputy Minister Dzhambulat Khatuov recalled the truth that for the systemic development of cooperation, it is necessary to establish close interaction between regional authorities and the cooperative community. A special working group has been set up to improve legislation in the field of cooperation.
At the end of 2015-2016 238 cooperatives received grants for construction, reconstruction of production facilities, purchase of machinery and equipment, payment of part of the contribution under leasing agreements, 1.3 billion rubles were sent to the regions. In 2017-2020, it is planned to increase support for agricultural cooperatives to 1.5 billion rubles annually. Plans and tasks have been brought to the regions to create at least 1,500 agricultural cooperatives in 2016-2017, taking into account regional specifics.
Dzhambulat Khatuov called educational, informational and ideological support another important condition for the development of cooperation: “It is necessary to tell the population about the benefits and opportunities of cooperatives, about support measures, to replicate best practics". He called for the need to conduct training seminars and create a positive image of cooperation in the countryside.
The delegates emphasized that a promising direction for the development of agricultural cooperatives is to combine them with processing enterprises, build an agro-logistic chain and involve cooperatives in working with wholesale distribution centers (WDCs), the creation and development of export-oriented cooperatives.
According to preliminary data from the 2016 agricultural census, there are about 36,000 agricultural organizations in Russia, 175,000 peasant farms, and 18.2 million household plots. These commodity producers today form the basis of the agro-industrial complex and are the potential for the development of cooperation.
Vladimir Svezhenets, Director of the Rural Development Department, said: from 2017, the maximum amount of a grant for peasant farms will be increased to 3 million rubles for the production of meat and dairy cattle. Grant support is planned to be provided in 60 regions of Russia.
The plenary session was chaired by AKKOR President Vladimir Plotnikov. The delegates were greeted live by the First Deputy Chairman of the Agrarian Committee of the Federation Council Sergei Lisovsky.
Vyacheslav Telegin: cooperation is focal
Chairman of the ACCOR Council Vyacheslav Telegin immediately took the bull by the horns and honestly revealed the pain points:
– What is hindering the unification of peasants into cooperatives today? First of all, participation in a cooperative does not reduce, but only increases the number of problems, which are already over the roof. This includes double taxation and additional administrative barriers, in particular, double certification of products. This is also a problem with loans. We have examples when the founders of the SHPK are denied loans precisely because they are the founders.
There are problems and financial plan. The average farm last year received an income of about 3 million rubles. Of this money, a farmer can allocate, at best, several hundred thousand for a cooperative. This is confirmed by the actual practice of obtaining a grant for the development of a cooperative.
According to the requirements, at least 10 farms can unite in the SHPK. The average grant for SKhPK is 8 million rubles. The approximate share of own funds is 40% or 3-4 million rubles. That is about 300 thousand rubles per farm. This is an unbearable investment for most farmers.
We consider it extremely important to provide agricultural cooperatives with grant support. But, despite the fact that its volumes are increasing and the number of regions participating in the program is growing, cooperation in the countryside is still of a focal nature.
The government and the Ministry of Agriculture should increase their direct participation in this process. State support for agricultural cooperation needs to be strengthened, because most of the cooperatives, entire areas still do not have it. For example, today those who are engaged in part-time work, processing, storage, packaging and sale of grain and leguminous crops, sunflower, fodder and industrial crops, sugar beet, machinery sharing cooperatives, etc.
Why do we consider it necessary to support all types of cooperation? First of all, because they complement each other, help each other develop. For example, our priorities are dairy and meat cooperation. But without a reliable fodder base, there will be no growth in production - "milk is on the tongue of a cow." And cooperatives that produce feed do not receive state support. At the same time, a target indicator of 10% annual growth in sales and milk processing has been set for dairy cooperation.
Life itself requires changing the rules for allocating state support to cooperatives: first, changing the ratio of grant funds. Today, the funds of the federal and regional budgets in it account for 60%, and the peasants' own funds 40%. The situation requires moving to the formula 80 by 20%; secondly, to increase the terms of development of the grant up to 24 months, as there are high-tech workshops that require a significant amount of time for construction and launch; thirdly, to allow the grant funds to be used to connect cooperative facilities to engineering infrastructure, pay an initial fee under leasing agreements, to build, reconstruct or upgrade access roads to cooperative facilities, etc.
We also propose to develop additional measures state support, stimulating the development of cooperation, in the form of subsidies based on 1 ton of meat and milk purchased from members of the cooperative - peasant farms and private household plots for processing in cooperative workshops, industries.
Given the low level of awareness and knowledge of rural entrepreneurs and peasants about cooperation and its benefits, there is a high demand for information and consultation centers. Unfortunately, this important area also does not have state support. And this is a miscalculation.
AT last years our turnover includes the concept of "support farmer". Small farmsteads gravitate towards him. They receive assistance from the support farmer with equipment, transport, hay, and grain. He gives work to fellow villagers, expands production. Spontaneous, shadow, initial cooperation solves current problems, helps the peasantry to survive. And the key task is to support these sprouts of cooperation at the start, to ensure their development, the transition to a new quality.
Special mention should be made of agricultural consumer credit cooperatives. Because for any cooperative, including those who received a grant, for all MFHs main question- where to get money for current needs, for development. The situation is supercritical. If in 2011 the MFH - and these are peasant farms, private household plots, SKhPK - issued subsidized loans of 63.4 billion rubles, then in 2015 - 4.7 billion, 13 times less. Accordingly, the share of MFH in the total volume over this period decreased from 13.5% to 0.6% - by 22.5 times.
In 2015, it was planned to allocate 4.8 billion rubles in the State Program for compensation of interest rates, but 130 million subsidies were actually paid, including only 56 million for cooperatives. For what purposes and to whom did the rest of the funds go?! Let's add to this that banks are winding down their branch network. Only in the last three years it has decreased from 42 to 35 thousand.
The situation for the IFC is getting worse. And the main hope for its salvation is connected with the development of agricultural consumer credit cooperation. We demand that credit cooperation be included in the State Program and provide it with a worthy financial resource. Otherwise, the peasant will be left with no means at all to maintain and develop his farms and cooperatives.
First of all, we propose to provide the Fund for the Development of Agricultural Credit Cooperation with a long-term targeted interest-free state loan for the development of credit cooperatives in the amount of 2 billion rubles for a period of 20 years with repayment in equal installments after five years of development.
It is unfair and risky to dissolve the MFA sector, including agricultural cooperation, into a “single subsidy”. We suggest that the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and the State Duma provide for in the draft law "On the federal budget for 2017 and the planning period of 2018 and 2019" the allocation of a separate line of measures to support the MFH in the countryside, including cooperatives, in accordance with the State Program.
Article 123.1. The Civil Code needs to exclude agricultural consumer cooperatives from organizations that do not distribute the profits received among the participants, and fix the procedure for distributing income between members of the agricultural cooperatives, which is provided for by the law “On Agricultural Cooperation ...
Dmitry Zubov: we are not competitors - we are partners
Dmitry Zubov, the new chairman of the Council of the Centrosoyuz, spoke at the plenary session:
- Colleagues! I greet you on behalf of all Russian cooperators! Why did I say colleagues, because I think that the cooperative movement is universal. Having become the chairman of the Centrosoyuz, I realized that we do not need to build a Ministry of Cooperation. There is the Ministry of Industry and Trade and other departments. But it is necessary to help the cooperators and create conditions under which the cooperative movement will begin to develop.
We are not competitors, we are partners. We organically complement each other - an ideal situation. Agricultural cooperatives - must produce as much as possible. Consumer - to buy, process, sell and, even better: to tell you in advance how much raw materials would be bought from you and at what price. We need an Information and Methodological Center that can summarize innovate experience. What is our joint activity - all sorts of cooperatives are needed, all sorts of cooperatives are important.
Our program includes the following main areas of development. First. Development regulatory framework. It should be simple and convenient for the cooperator. Chairman of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko supported us, a working group is being created to improve the legislation on consumer cooperation. Second. Our goal is the financial sustainability of cooperatives. We signed an Agreement with Sberbank at the forum in Sochi. It has a lot of prescribed programs. We must teach our people how to properly draw up documents and take money.
A paradoxical situation today: we all lack money, but there is a banking system that is increasing deposits more and more - this is when banks have nowhere to place money, and they give it to the Central Bank at a low interest rate. So, we are not preparing projects. What is our strong difference: consumer cooperation today is about 40 thousand stores, it is a huge commodity and sales network. But to our shame, many trading establishments rent premises or are small shops. We are currently working on merging stores into single network in order to securely take products from local manufacturers, build partnerships with them.
Historically, it so happened that consumer cooperation today has an infrastructure in every regional, district center. I suggest that you interact more actively with our departments of consumer cooperation - we have nothing to share, we are all in the same system. The Ministry of Agriculture came up with an initiative to the Government so that we would legally consolidate this form of cooperative movement, have clarity and responsibility. We are open to cooperation and work.
Natalya Chernetsova:the new structure of the State Program will help the IFC
Speeches by the director of the Department of Economics and State Support of the AIC of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation Natalia Chernetsova were expected like manna from heaven. And this is understandable. Behind the dry figures of the report, the delegates lined up their later life, relations with banks, with officials. She told:
– The federal budget for 2016 provides for 10.2 billion rubles for the development of the MFC. Agricultural producers were transferred to the accounts of federal treasuries in the subjects of 9.8 billion, including: to subsidize interest rates on loans - 1.7 billion, novice farmers - 3.8 billion, family livestock farms - 3.4 billion and for the development of material the technical base of agricultural cooperatives - 845 million (meagerly, of course, but the regions squeezed this money too - Auth.). The use of federal money is 99.8%, and the regional part is lame. This mainly concerns the reimbursement of part of the interest rate on borrowed resources attracted by the MFH. From the regional part, only ... 58% were brought to agricultural cooperatives, peasant farms and private household plots.
This is one of the reasons that led to the need to revise the State Program, the structure of which was criticized at all levels. First of all, for the impossibility of a prompt response to the changes that took place at the regional level during the year. The current budget legislation limited the redistribution of funds between areas of state support, as life required, the speaker emphasized. In order to improve the quality of money management, decisions were made that formed the basis of the new structure of the State Program. Today, the structure of the State Program includes five subprograms and two federal programs. We managed to defend targeted programs for the sustainable development of rural areas and land reclamation.
The much talked about single subsidy included 27 support measures. In order not to be tempted to offend the MFH, the director noted, the rules for granting subsidies have been developed, the draft of which is in the government. We have provided for an increase in the grant for beginning farmers from 1.5 to 3 million rubles, for family livestock farms - from 21.6 to 30 million rubles.
There is another innovation. From 2017, it is planned to introduce a mechanism for concessional lending. The commodity producer's expenses for servicing credits will be halved. Now he, getting a loan from a bank, comes to the agro-industrial complex. They may not accept him there, referring to the lack of money, and he is in a constant waiting mode: they will accept an application for reimbursement of the interest rate from him or not. And the preferential lending mechanism assumes that the borrower comes to the bank, takes a loan at 5%. Further, the relationship between the federal executive body and the bank comes into force, to which subsidies in the amount of 10% are transferred (the key rate of the Central Bank on this moment). The innovation allows to reduce the time of paperwork.
And most importantly, in order to ensure the access of the MFH to borrowed resources, we have provided in the rules for the need to provide 20% subsidies for loans received by the MFH, N. Chernetsova emphasized. This will facilitate equal access to borrowed resources for both large and small borrowers. 10 systemically important banks have been identified for work, then there will be more of them.
Congress delegates speak
Chairman of the Association of Farmers and Farmsteads of Tatarstan Kamiyar Baitemirov: 11 cooperatives have been created in the Republic. For example, the agricultural supply and marketing processing consumer cooperative "Indeyka" works with farms and personal subsidiary plots, has a full cycle - from hatching chicks to selling turkey meat. The number of birds is from 90 to 100 thousand. It is planned that in 2017 the volume of sales of turkey meat will be 3,600 tons, and by 2010 it will increase to 7,200 tons. According to calculations, the annual revenue will be 630 million rubles or more. High quality products are sold in Tatarstan, Belarus, Novosibirsk.
One of the most acute is the unresolved land issue. It is necessary to create a commission to work with the State Duma on changing the legislation. It is necessary to adjust the scheme of co-financing of agricultural cooperatives: 60% should be funds federal budget, 20% - regional, 20% - agricultural consumer cooperative.
Varvara Baisheva, chairwoman of the Sakha Credit agricultural consumer credit cooperative of the second level: 78 cooperatives operate in the Republic, of which 56 are united in a regional two-tier system headed by the Sakha Credit agricultural consumer credit cooperative. The Sakha Credit system, through the first level ACCC, provides Financial services more than 16 thousand shareholders in 26 uluses of the republic. Thanks to state support, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) now ranks third in the country in terms of the number of operating cooperatives.
Chairman of the supply and marketing cooperative "Kolos" of the Nikolaevsky district of the Volgograd region Aigul Rushanova: for the development of agricultural cooperation, it is necessary to resolve the land issue. After all, without land there is no development, and you can get it only through a competition. It is necessary to set the rent in the amount of the land tax level or using the minimum coefficients for calculating the rent, while fixing it at the time of the conclusion of the contract for the entire lease period.
- The speeches were to the point, sharp and specific. It is necessary to choose a rational way of movement, consumer cooperatives and agricultural cooperatives to consolidate. We are links in the same chain, there should be no competition between us. It is very important to work together on a single legislation on cooperation, allowing people to unite in cooperatives and work for the countryside, to ensure Russia's food security. Working in their field, they should become partners. Then things will work out. Producers - produce, and should not puzzle over how to sell what they have done. Consumer cooperation will store, process and sell products. Let this steam locomotive go. We are blood brothers!
Finally. According to Dzhambulat Khatuov, three deputy ministers of agriculture of the Russian Federation will be curators of the cooperation, and the development of cooperation will be transferred to the level of the National Priority Project.
The greeting of the head of the agrarian department of the Russian Federation A. Tkachev to the congress says: “Today it is time to move on to discussing specific measures aimed at resolving the issues facing agricultural cooperatives.” It would be more correct: to proceed not to discussion, but to deeds.
Our reference: According to Rosstat, as of January 1, 2016, there are 8313 agricultural production cooperatives (SPC) in Russia, 6293 agricultural consumer cooperatives (SPOC), of which 3491 (55%) are working. In the structure of cooperatives the largest share are occupied by supply and marketing, credit and processing cooperatives.
In the pictures: during the congress
INTRODUCTION The term "agricultural cooperation" is increasingly found in the agrarian sector, in agricultural literature, and on the pages of newspapers. This phenomenon is almost unfamiliar modern man which had a negative impact on the development of all agriculture. This happened against the backdrop of a large-scale development of agricultural cooperation in the leading countries of the world with intensive highly developed agricultural technologies.
During the years of market reforms, peasant (farm) farms, personal subsidiary farms, which nevertheless constitute the individual family sector of agriculture, as well as small agricultural organizations have become an integral part of a multi-structural rural economy and National economy generally.
There are 261.4 thousand peasant (farm) farms in the country (the total land area is 19200.4 thousand ha, the average per farm is 73 ha); 16.0 million personal subsidiary farms (7014 thousand ha; 0.44 ha); 14.5 million families are engaged in gardening (1259 thousand hectares, 0.09 hectares), 4.3 million families are engaged in gardening (408 thousand hectares, 0.10 hectares), 19.3 thousand small agricultural organizations (in which 203 thousand workers are employed).
In the future, the socio-economic role of the individual family sector (primarily peasant (farm) households and high-value personal subsidiary plots) is increasing, especially in filling local and regional agri-food markets, in the production of "ecological agriculture", the provision of public goods (preservation of rural settlement, rural lifestyle and culture; satisfaction of recreational needs; ensuring social control over the territory).
As a result of the reform of large and medium-sized insolvent agricultural enterprises, a significant part of their land, material and technical and labor resources will move to small enterprises, to peasant (farm) and high-value personal subsidiary plots.
Currently, the production and social potential of farms and other small forms of management is not used effectively enough. Farm owners and rural entrepreneurs are experiencing a number of significant legal, economic and social problems. As world and domestic experience shows, the most acceptable way to solve the problems of servicing individual family farms and small agricultural enterprises is the creation of consumer cooperatives by agricultural producers.
In this work, I would like to consider:
1. What is a "consumer cooperative"
2. Determine the problems hindering the development of agricultural consumer cooperation.
3. And the role of the state in supporting consumer cooperatives.
1 .Basic concepts of agricultural consumer cooperation
This paper uses the definitions of concepts given in the current Federal Law "On Agricultural Cooperation" . Here are a few concepts necessary for this work:
Agricultural cooperation- a system of agricultural production and agricultural consumer cooperatives and their unions;
Agricultural cooperative- an organization created by agricultural producers and (or) citizens leading personal subsidiary farms on the basis of voluntary membership for joint production or other economic activity based on the pooling of their property share contributions in order to meet the material and other needs of members of the cooperative. An agricultural cooperative (hereinafter also referred to as a cooperative) may be established in the form of an agricultural production cooperative (hereinafter also referred to as a production cooperative) or an agricultural consumer cooperative (hereinafter also referred to as a consumer cooperative);
Member of the cooperative- accepting personal labor participation in the activities of a production cooperative, an individual or an individual or legal entity participating in the economic activities of a consumer cooperative that meets the requirements of this federal law and the charter of the cooperative, who have made a share contribution in the amount and procedure established by the charter of the cooperative, accepted into the cooperative with the right to vote and bearing subsidiary liability for the obligations of the cooperative;
Associate member of the cooperative- an individual or legal entity that has made a share contribution, on which it receives dividends, bears the risk of losses associated with the activities of the cooperative, within the value of its share contribution, and has the right to vote in the cooperative, subject to the restrictions established by this Federal Law and the charter of the cooperative;
Share contribution of a cooperative member - property contribution of a member of a cooperative or an associate member of a cooperative to the unit fund of the cooperative in cash, land plots, land and property shares or other property or property rights having a monetary value. The share contribution of a member of the cooperative may be mandatory and additional;
Mandatory share contribution- a share contribution of a member of the cooperative, made on a mandatory basis and giving the right to vote and the right to participate in the activities of the cooperative, to use its services and benefits provided for by the charter of the cooperative, and to receive the due cooperative payments;
Additional share- share contribution of a member of the cooperative, made by him at his own request in excess of the mandatory share contribution, on which he receives dividends in the amount and in the manner provided for by this Federal Law and the charter of the cooperative;
Share- a part of the property of the cooperative, reflecting the size of the participation of a member of the cooperative or an associated member of the cooperative in the formation of the property of the cooperative and taken into account in value terms. The share of a member of the cooperative consists of his share contribution and the increment share. The share of the associate member of the cooperative is equal to his share contribution;
Indivisible fund of the cooperative- a part of the property of the cooperative that is not subject to division during the period of existence of the cooperative into shares of members of the cooperative and associated members of the cooperative or payment upon termination of their membership in the cooperative and used for the purposes determined by the charter of the cooperative;
In world practice, two types of agricultural cooperatives have developed: consumer cooperatives and production cooperatives.
consumer cooperative a voluntary association of citizens and legal entities on the basis of membership is recognized in order to meet the material and other needs of participants, carried out by combining property shares by its members. Agricultural consumer cooperatives - non-profit organizations of citizens- owners of peasant (farm) farms, personal subsidiary plots, legal entities - producers of agricultural products to reduce costs or receive additional income by transferring to the cooperative the functions of selling, supplying, processing products and other activities to service participants.
To implement the functions transferred to the cooperative, its members form a mutual fund at the expense of monetary and other contributions. The property of the cooperative is its property. Members of the cooperative conduct independent activities for the production of agricultural products within their farms, using the services of the cooperative. The activities of the cooperative are carried out in the interests of its members, the income from the activities of the cooperative is distributed among its members. In order to maintain the staff of hired workers, strengthen its material and technical base, members of the cooperative contribute annual membership fee. A consumer cooperative may also serve any households whose owners are not members of the cooperative. The profit received from this type of activity is the property of the cooperative and is subject to taxation in accordance with the law Russian Federation.
The characteristic features (principles) of cooperative forms of activity are:
Voluntary membership based on economic interest, awareness by economic entities of the need and profitability of the association;
Self-management, economic and administrative independence of the enterprise, which involves functioning at your own peril and risk in the interests of its members (shareholders);
Equality of rights among the members of the cooperative according to the principle "one member - one vote";
Control of the elected bodies of the cooperative to its members and building organizational system cooperation on the principle of "bottom-up";
Association by members of the cooperative on a voluntary basis of financial and material resources necessary for the functioning of the joint venture through participation in the formation of share capital, the creation of common funds, self-financing, liability;
The direct participation of members of the cooperative in its operations, the distribution of income received is proportional to this participation, and not to the size of share capital.
the main objective activities cooperative enterprise or organization - not maximizing profits, but serving the economic interests of the united producers, achieving certain benefits for their members (including increasing the profitability of farms).
The main differences between agricultural production and consumer cooperatives, fixed in Russian legislation, are presented in Table. one.
© Obedkova L.V., 2011
MANAGEMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
UDC 338.436 LBC 65.321.8
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION IN MODERN RUSSIA
L.V. Obedkova
The role of agricultural consumer cooperation in the implementation of the agrarian policy of the region as part of the agro-industrial complex of Russia is considered. The practice of managing cooperative forms of organizing agricultural production in the Volgograd region is shown. It is noted that the impetus for the revival of agricultural consumer cooperation - supply and marketing, processing and credit - was given by the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex" and the State Program "Development of agriculture and regulation of agricultural products, raw materials and food markets for 2008-2012".
Keywords Keywords: organizational forms, cooperative forms, national project, agro-industrial complex, agricultural consumer cooperation, agricultural consumer cooperative.
The transition from administrative-planned management to a market economy for Russian cooperation was difficult and contradictory. We have to admit the fact that the potential of the cooperative sector in Russia in recent years can hardly be called fully or even to a large extent unleashed. “If in the rest of the world cooperation is one of the components of the economic system, where it fills the niche prepared for it, serving certain segments of the population who have a need to enter the market, but who are unable to do so.
work without interaction with other carriers of the same needs, then in our country cooperation either disappears from socio-economic life, or is declared a panacea for all ills. However, despite this circumstance, cooperation continues to act as a unifying force in Russian society, primarily in the agricultural sector.
In recent years, in the agro-industrial complex (AIC) of Russia, there have been significant changes related both to the reform of property relations and the reorganization of agricultural, processing and service enterprises. This brought to life not only a number of new economic processes and phenomena, but also made us perceive the traditional for the economy of the Soviet economy in a different way.
Rioda economic forms. One of these traditional forms of management in the agricultural sector remains agricultural cooperation. Currently, theorists and practitioners of the cooperative movement continue to discuss the process of modeling organizational forms. modern system agricultural cooperation. In general, this process proceeds from the following methodological principles: the adequacy of cooperative activity to the nature and basic values of cooperation, the adaptation of cooperation to external environment, exploiting cooperative advantages and applying an innovative approach.
The essence of the principle of the adequacy of cooperative activity to nature and the basic values of cooperation means for agricultural cooperation, first of all, an orientation towards its own capabilities, based on its traditional values. We are talking not only about economic or material values, but also about moral and spiritual values. It is they who play a significant role in the life of the cooperative and show a special ideological connection with its economic mechanism. The documents of the International Cooperative Alliance indicate that the main values of cooperation in the third millennium are: cooperative ethics and business competence; democracy in governance; flexibility and competitiveness; putting people and their needs first, not benefits. The history of our country in the early 90s. 20th century showed that the rejection of "one's own spiritual roots" led to the elimination of various forms of cooperation.
The second principle is the principle of adaptation. For agricultural cooperation, it involves adaptation to various conditions. economic activity. If we turn to the origins of the emergence of cooperation abroad and in Russia, then historical experience shows that it owes its appearance precisely to the unfavorable socio-economic situation in society and the state. A feature of cooperation is that neither the form of ownership nor the ideals of cooperation are created once and for all, therefore the uniqueness of the cooperative
new form of management lies in its constant adaptation to the dominant forms of ownership and cooperation with them. The question of choosing the organizational form of an agricultural cooperative in our country arises whenever the economic and socio-political environment in which they exist changes. For example, in the period of the command-administrative economy, these are collective farms and state farms. AT modern conditions is an agricultural production cooperative. In addition, the principle of adapting cooperative structures to the modern socio-economic environment is a kind of "protective process" that is able, while maintaining its values, to assimilate the rational elements of other organizational forms of the market economy, for example, agricultural firms, agricultural holdings and other integrated formations.
The third methodological principle is based on the use of cooperative advantages. Traditionally to competitive advantage agricultural cooperation include: implementation communication role in countryside, the presence of its own socio-economic base, the diversified nature of activities that contribute to the creation of an integrated economy, the presence of its own infrastructure that has been preserved since Soviet times at the local and regional levels.
The content of the principle of applying the innovative approach is that agricultural cooperation is characterized by a constant search for new solutions and options for applying this form of management to the needs of the rural population. This approach is primarily associated with the creation of an effective system of professional management in its lowest level - an agricultural cooperative. In the world theory and practice of managing cooperative production, the main methods for solving this problem have already been formulated in the concept of “agency relations”. The responsible person (employer) hires an agent and uses his abilities and knowledge to obtain the desired results for himself. So, in an agricultural consumer cooperative, shareholders act as
employers, and executive managers, members of the board - as agents. Therefore, the main difficulty faced by a modern agricultural cooperative is the delimitation of the functions of public and professional management. Behind the organs public administration predominantly legislative and control functions are assigned, and entrepreneurial functions are assigned to professional management bodies. In our opinion, efficient system management of an agricultural cooperative, in addition to separating the functions of public and professional management, should include organizational, economic, technological and social areas in the work of the cooperative. The organizational and economic direction means determining the optimal structure of production, choosing an organizational structure, introducing business planning techniques, etc. The technological direction is associated with an increase in the efficiency of land use, as well as basic and working capital, with the introduction of resource-saving technologies, ensuring the competitiveness of products, etc. The social direction, among other tasks, improves the social infrastructure of the village, for example, solves the problem of unemployment.
The focus of modern agricultural cooperation is not only the principles of building organizational forms of the cooperative, but also the formation of an effective mechanism for the distribution of agricultural products. This is due to the fact that the Russian market reforms in the agricultural sector have caused significant and profound structural changes in the system of production and bringing agricultural products to the consumer. The most viable were large agro-industrial enterprises (associations) that are engaged in the production, storage, processing, transportation and sale of finished products. In addition, there has been a change in the marketing channels for agricultural products. If in the pre-reform period the main buyers of agricultural products were state structures
tours - processing, procurement and trade enterprises and organizations, there are now new distribution channels. This is primarily the sale of products on the market, through its own trading network, including through dealers in agricultural products. This kind of restructuring of the economic mechanism has led to a change in the system of relations between producers and consumers of agricultural products. The undoubted fact is that such agro-industrial enterprises as agricultural firms will remain the leader in the agricultural sector. However, the functioning of agricultural enterprises based on personal interest and private property does not negate them. joint activities,
on the contrary, it presupposes its necessity and expediency. In this regard, it is legitimate to say that one of the most effective ways for agricultural producers to “survive” is cooperation in various forms of its manifestation - agricultural, consumer, marketing, credit, etc.
Therefore, in modern conditions, the goal of agricultural cooperatives as socially oriented forms of management is to optimally combine the economic interests of all its participants with an increase in the efficiency of production and sale of agricultural products. The achievement of this goal is ensured by solving such problems as the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools, mineral fertilizers and seeds; repair, maintenance of equipment, performance of a certain type of work requiring special equipment; organization of nurseries, research and demonstration fields, breeding farms and entire farms; organization of cheap credit for production purposes; providing advisory and information services, etc. The main result of solving these problems is linking into a single technical and economic chain of production, processing and sale of agricultural products.
However, a paradoxical situation is emerging - there is experience, motivation and material and technical base for the development of agricultural cooperatives, but models, structures
tours, directions and procedures for their creation have not been sufficiently worked out. The vast majority of the population does not perceive cooperative organizations as more attractive and alternative to other organizational and legal forms of business. Such views on cooperative economic structures were formed under the influence of such Soviet forms of cooperation as the former collective farms and state farms. The formal privatization processes carried out in most of them do not facilitate their participation in the development of cooperation. It is the resulting differentiation that strengthens the desire of agricultural producers to protect their living conditions, promotes their self-organization and creates the basis for the formation of such an organizational structure that would not allow exclusion and exclusion of this group of people from participation in the socio-economic life of society. Therefore, speaking about the problems of adapting an agricultural producer to market conditions, it should again be emphasized that the development of agricultural cooperation in the current conditions is an effective direction both for the development of production and marketing of agricultural products, and for the development of the agricultural sector as a whole. Currently, of all forms of agricultural cooperatives, trade and procurement, supply and marketing and processing cooperatives have the most significant impact on the growth of production and sale of agricultural products and, as a result, on the organization and stable functioning of the domestic food market.
The next rise in agricultural cooperatives became especially noticeable after the entry into force of the Federal Law of December 29, 2006 N ° 264-FZ "On the Development of Agriculture", as well as in the course of the implementation of the priority national project "Development of the AIC" and the State Program "Development of Agriculture and regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food for 2008-2012”. Despite the presence of such negative phenomena as the active promotion of industrial and commercial capital in the agricultural sector, a decrease in the number of industrial cooperatives
tives, including in land use, the first achievements in this area convincingly testify to the preservation of the Russian agricultural cooperative movement. Thus, according to Rosstat data, as of January 1, 2008, there were 5.6 thousand agricultural consumer cooperatives in the country, including: credit - 1,634, processing - 880, procurement and supply and marketing - 1,974. In recent years, financial support for agricultural consumer cooperatives has also increased significantly. Thus, Rosselkhozbank OJSC, which is the main creditor of these associations, allocated 6 billion rubles to help them, including: credit cooperatives - 1,352 million rubles, processing, purchasing and marketing and servicing - 3,977 million rubles. A significant contribution to the financial support of agricultural cooperatives was made by the Rural Credit Cooperation Development Fund, which provided loans to cooperatives in the amount of more than 8 billion rubles. . Among others, the republics of Mordovia and Chuvashia, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Volgograd, Belgorod, Kaluga, and Penza regions continue to occupy leading positions in the creation of agricultural cooperatives. This is evidenced at least by the fact that personal subsidiary and peasant (farm) enterprises have begun to be involved in the sphere of agricultural consumer cooperation, and in a number of regions an attempt is being made to create agricultural consumer cooperatives on the basis of privatized processing enterprises.
As the practice of developing cooperative forms of management in the Volgograd region has shown, as of January 1, 2010, 216 agricultural consumer cooperatives have been created in the region. Thus, 18 agricultural cooperatives have been created in the Mikhailovsky municipal district of the Volgograd region. In addition, within the framework of the project for the intensive development of small-scale production of the municipality in the Mikhailovsky district, it is planned to create in 2011 in the Bezymyansky rural settlement as a pilot project 8 family dairy farms with 100 cows and one milk processing cooperative.
It is here that the commercial production of milk in personal subsidiary farms is most developed and conditions have been created for the implementation of the federal program "Family Dairy Farms", in particular, there is an unemployed population ready to create family farms, there is the necessary pasture land and farms ready to produce grain fodder and other feed. Also, this project involves the organization of a business incubator on the basis of the Troitsky agricultural consumer service cooperative (SPOK) to train cooperators in supplying, procurement and processing activities.
In the Chernyshkovsky district of the Volgograd region, in the course of the implementation of the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex", a service consumer agricultural cooperative "Victoria-Agro" was created. It included 11 farms, 11 private household plots and 3 legal entities. For them, the cooperative has become the "main assistant" in the implementation of technical and technological modernization. In the Surovikinsky district of the Volgograd region, 37 farms have created an agricultural marketing cooperative "AKKOR". As a result, the members of the cooperative have the opportunity not only to share machinery and equipment, but also to introduce intensive technologies for growing agricultural products.
In the Bykovsky district of the Volgograd region, agricultural cooperation is represented by agricultural service consumer cooperatives Prostor and Zarya, which are actually the only "city-forming enterprises" in the countryside. They are engaged in providing personal family farms with fuel, fertilizers, seeds, feed, etc., and also provide production services. Thus, the Prostor cooperative included 25 personal family subsidiary farms, each member of the cooperative contributed its property share, which they got when they left the Krasnoselsky state farm in the process of its reform. SPOK "Zarya" is organized on the basis of four pigsties, carries out not only the organization of services to provide shareholders
pedigree piglets for rearing and fattening, followed by harvesting and selling pigs through various channels, but also buys grain from farmers-shareholders and makes mixed fodder from it.
The importance of the development of agricultural cooperatives for the agricultural sector is also evidenced by overseas experience many developed market economies. They function most effectively in Sweden, Italy, France, Denmark, Germany, etc. At the same time, the specificity of the cooperative form is so great that, for example, in the French legal system, in which societies are divided into civil and commercial, agricultural cooperatives do not belong to those , nor to others. The main goal that unites marketing consumer cooperatives abroad is to ensure the protection of the interests of farmers in national production and sale of agricultural products, especially those that cannot withstand price competition with imported similar products. The practice of the cooperative movement in Russia only partly uses the accumulated cooperative experience of developed countries. One of the promising areas for the development of agricultural cooperation in rural areas is service cooperatives to assist participants in cooperation in the purchase of fuel, seeds, fertilizers, chemicals, machinery, and obtaining loans. It is also necessary to note the integrated development of pilot rural settlements, and the increase in the territorial availability of goods to rural residents by stimulating development through the system of consumer cooperation and the private sector in rural areas. settlements, small retail trade enterprises, and the creation of a system of state information support, an information and advisory service, and measures to promote the marketing of agricultural products through the creation of trade and logistics system on a cooperative basis.
The synergy effect arising in cooperative structures provides not only an increase in labor productivity, a reduction in production costs, an increase in the financial stability of an enterprise, but also contributes to the development of rural areas, an increase in the employment of rural labor resources, the preservation and
updating the material and technical base of the agro-industrial complex. Thus, according to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the share of agricultural cooperatives among all agricultural producers is more than 45% in 2009. Consequently, modern world practice and the accumulated Russian experience of recent history indicate that the further development of agriculture will largely be determined by the use of the advantages of cooperation, and the most acceptable way to solve the problems of servicing family farms and small agricultural enterprises is the creation of agricultural cooperatives.
The resurgent Russian agricultural cooperation in modern conditions is not just a type of production or a form of management, but an economically justified ideology of the survival of an agricultural producer in the harsh conditions of a market economy and the globalization of the economic space.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION DEVELOPMENT IN MODERN RUSSIA
The author discusses the role of agricultural consumers’ cooperative society as part of the agroindustrial complex in Russia and shows its implementation in the agrarian policy of Volgograd region in terms of managing co-operative organizational forms of agrarian production. It is marked that a revival of agricultural consumers' cooperation - purchase-sale, processing and crediting ones - has been given by implementing the priority national project "The development of the AIC" and the State program "The 2008-2012 development of agriculture and regulation of markets of agricultural produce, raw stuffs and food”.
Key words: organizational form, co-operative forms, national project, agro-industrial complex, agricultural consumers’ cooperation, agricultural consumers’ cooperative.
According to official data from ACKOR, as of January 1, 2017, about 6,000 agricultural and consumer cooperatives were registered in Russia. Only 60% of them are active, as they show real revenue and production volumes. On the same date, the cooperative movement involved about 1% of household plots and about 5% - peasant farms.
Let's take a brief digression on how agricultural cooperation in the Russian Federation developed until 2017.
Most experts characterize the current state of consumer cooperation in Russia as unstable. They note that the National Project breathed life into agricultural cooperation, but as soon as the state reduced its attention and support, the created cooperatives began to disappear as quickly as they were created. At the same time, the number of SPOKs varies quite a lot in different regions of Russia.
LIPETSK EXPERIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATION
At the beginning of 2018, the Lipetsk region has been the clear leader over the past two years. In August and September 2016, the experience of the development of the Lipetsk region in the development of agricultural cooperation was considered respectively at the All-Russian meeting and at a meeting of the Presidential Council for Strategic Development and priority projects, according to the results of which V.V. Putin noted that it is necessary to take a significant step forward in developing entrepreneurship in the countryside and, above all, to help farmers and owners of subsidiary plots to market their products, form a system of guarantee and credit support, and assist in organizing production.
How did the region achieve such results?
The development of the cooperative movement in the Lipetsk region was initiated more than ten years ago by the head of the region, Oleg Korolev. Thanks to his interest and political will, cooperation in the region received a new birth.
The region analyzed the work of the agricultural sector and made reasonable conclusions. For this period, in the total volume of gross agricultural output, the share of household plots accounted for 25%. 35% of household plots (out of 195,000) were engaged in commodity production. Vegetables (80%), potatoes (78%), fruits and berries (45%), milk (26%) and meat (9%) accounted for the largest volumes of production in private household plots. The main task that the region's administrators have formed - the development of cooperatives and people's enterprises - will become a priority, as this is the only way to ensure social peace, achieve profits for all, eradicate poverty, and preserve the rural way of life.
For these purposes, the region developed and adopted the State Program "Development of cooperation and collective forms of ownership in the Lipetsk region", the implementation of which laid the foundation for the formation complete system agricultural consumer cooperation, and its development is defined as one of the strategic priorities of the regional and municipal policy.
Responsible coordinators have been identified in each rural settlement, coordination centers have been organized at the level of municipal districts, and at the regional level each cooperative direction (supply and marketing, processing, credit cooperation, cooperative trading network) is under the patronage of the executive bodies of state power, which provide organizational and consulting assistance.
With the interaction of all levels of government, an integrated approach to its development has been implemented, which includes not only financial, but also organizational mechanisms. The regional Government program"Development of cooperation and collective forms of ownership in the Lipetsk region", calculated until 2020.
Today, the region has a three-level management system: "settlement - district - region", which includes both organizational and financial instruments. In particular, at the regional level, the regional administration and executive authorities ensure the coordination of the work of all levels of the system, state support for the development of cooperatives in 20 areas (subsidies, grants) and tax incentives, and create an infrastructure for marketing cooperative products. At the district level are functioning focal points who work with the coordinators in the settlements, offer guidelines for further development and provide information support. At the settlement level, the coordinators are the heads municipalities; they carry out work with the population, search for initiative people, and inform about the advantages of developing cooperation.
Within the framework of the cooperation development system operating in the region, not only financial mechanisms have been created, but also development institutions: the Cooperative Support Fund, the Cooperative Development Center and the Auditing Union of the Lipetsk Federal District, etc.
For information : Cooperative Development Center created in organizational structure NMFO "Lipetsk Regional Fund for Support of Small and Medium Enterprises" in November 2013. It promotes the sustainable development of cooperatives by providing information, consulting and methodological assistance to focal points, heads of rural settlements and cooperatives at all stages of activity, starting from the first steps of creation (including legal, financial, economic, production issues and business processes) . Summarizes best practices, systematizes and disseminates knowledge, methodological products to improve the skills of specialists and managers in the field of cooperation. The center consists of two groups: for information and consulting, methodological support and for information support and investment design.
For all types of cooperatives at all stages - from registration to organization of sales of products, support is provided through the Non-Profit Microfinance Organization "Lipetsk Regional Fund for Support of Small and Medium Enterprises". The practice of participation of this Fund in the activities of cooperatives as an associated member has been formed and a mechanism for financing agricultural credit consumer cooperatives of the 1st and 2nd levels through microfinance organizations has been developed.
A cooperative trade network has been created and is successfully operating in the region: support is being provided retail, work is underway with chain stores, cooperative markets are being built and agricultural markets are expanding, and Internet commerce is being practiced.
In order to help local agricultural producers and meet consumer demand for local products, new form sales - "shop within a store". This Lipetsk "know-how" in the interaction of commodity producers and retail chains has already taken root. Currently there are more than 15 outlets shop-in-shop format, including Pyaterochka (12 meat sales outlets), Buypayka stores (meat sales), Magnit stores and Auchan hypermarket selling honey and other bee products.
Successfully developing cooperatives were able to reach a higher level of trade by organizing the sale of products grown by members of cooperatives or purchased from personal subsidiary plots and farms at their own retail outlets: 80 shops and 4 pavilions.
A full-fledged system is being created in the region - from the purchase to the sale of agricultural products, the authorities help people with high-quality vegetable seeds, young livestock, - explained the head of the region Oleg Korolev. - So we will provide citizens with environmentally friendly local products and help the villagers become richer.
As a result joint work- in 2016, over 850 agricultural consumer cooperatives united 46,000 household plots (almost a quarter of their total number). 13.8 thousand private household plots began to participate in supply and marketing and processing cooperation, 32.3 thousand - in credit. By the beginning of 2018, there were already 893 SPOKs operating in the region, of which 564 were supply and marketing and processing and 329 were credit.
Income growth in local budgets(MB) at the end of 2017 amounted to 5.2 billion rubles, the income of private household plots amounted to 4.3 billion rubles (table 1)
One of the best cooperatives in the area- processing, marketing agricultural consumer cooperative "Polyana" in the village of Nikolskoye, which has been operating for eight years. The main principles are fresh meat, reasonable prices, a rich assortment. The cooperative supplies its products to kindergartens, schools, hospitals of the district. From a small butcher's shop, the enterprise has turned into a huge cooperative with a modern store, a workshop for the production of semi-finished products. The number of shareholders is impressive - more than a thousand people. The proceeds from the sale of products in 2015 amounted to 8.98 million rubles, for 7 months of 2016 - 11.6 million rubles. Net profit 2015 - 1.6 million rubles, in 2016 received 3.7 million rubles.
According to experts, the lack of a logistics center in the region remains a weak link in the development of marketing of agricultural products. It should free producers from the worries of sorting, cutting, packing, bar-coding and other operations to prepare agricultural raw materials for a marketable form presented by retailers. A cooperative or a farmer alone cannot afford such equipment. Besides, the logistics center will solve such problems as long-term storage of agricultural products, ensuring uninterrupted year-round supplies to trade enterprises, the ability to form large consignments of goods for shipment outside the region.
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BEST REGIONS
Table
|
Number of SPOK |
Incl. |
Growth of incomes to local budgets (MB) and private household plots |
Current management system |
The volume of state support in 2018 |
||||
|
2010 |
2017 |
|||||||
|
Supply and marketing |
Credit processors |
|||||||
|
Lipetsk region (there is a regional state program "Development of cooperation and collective forms of ownership in the Lipetsk region", calculated until 2020) |
115 893 |
Purchased agricultural products - 6.6 billion rubles; Produced by food products -5.4 billion rubles |
Issued loans to household plots - 657 million rubles; Contracts signed for 307 million rubles |
MB income - 5.2 billion rubles; Income of household plots - 4.3 billion rubles |
3-level: Settlement; Area; Region |
>220 million rubles. |
||
|
Bashkortostan (the Concept for the development of agricultural consumer cooperation in the Republic of Belarus for 2018-2020 and the "road map", as well as the program "Development of agricultural consumer cooperation in the Republic of Belarus for the period 2018-2020" were approved) |
61 48 (At the beginning of May 2018 there were 116) |
3-level: Settlement; Area; Republic |
600 million rubles |
|||||
|
Krasnodar region |
180 136 |
47 (and 13 production) 11 formed in 2018 |
312 million rubles |
|||||
THE EXPERIENCE OF BASHKIRIA: A MECHANISM FOR CREATING INCOME-GENERATING FACILITIES AS PART OF THE PROGRAM OF LOCAL INITIATIVES IS LAUNCHED
“We are proposing the idea of creating income-generating facilities as part of a program of local initiatives. We are talking about uniting local agricultural producers into cooperatives based on a system that has already become popular. We are creating a mechanism for bringing people together in the countryside for their common good,” said Ilshat Fazrakhmanov, Minister of Agriculture of Bashkiria in September 2017 in Ufa at the "round table" of the international forum of the BRICS countries " Involvement of citizens in the development of public infrastructure". Senior Agricultural Economist of the World Bank A. Hakobyan then said that the bank was working on methodological foundations creation of cooperatives in the countryside, and suggested using the "pilot" experience of Bashkiria for this.
Reference. . PThe Local Initiatives Support Project (LISP) is today the most widespread practice of initiative budgeting in Russia. Its main goal is to involve citizens in resolving issues of local importance, in the development of the public infrastructure of their small homeland. By participating in this project, residents directly determine the directions for spending budget funds, co-finance selected facilities, and have the right to control the implementation of work.
Support for new micro-enterprises will be supported by the Federal Corporation for the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises. Together with them, we created a Regional Leasing Company, which will assist in the purchase of equipment. There are two such companies in the country - in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, - said President of the Republic of Belarus Rustem Khamitov. - Given the prevailing small-scale agricultural production in the territories of the republic, one of the promising areas for the development of agriculture will be the creation and support of agricultural consumer cooperatives.
For these purposes, on March 30, 2018, the Republic approved the Concept for the Development of Agricultural Consumer Cooperation in the Republic of Belarus for 2018-2020. Its main goal is to provide state support to income-generating projects (hereinafter referred to as CGP) based on civil initiatives to unite in cooperatives. CSD is an object of collective use and includes movable and immovable property: specialized agricultural machinery and equipment (harvesters, tractors, vehicles for transporting agricultural products, specialized equipment for loading and unloading, conveyors), high-tech specialized equipment for processing and processing agricultural products ( washing, calibration and packaging lines, cooling and storage equipment), as well as laboratory equipment for research.
The mechanism for implementing the project of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Belarus implies the following. Members of the cooperative, with the participation of the authorities on the territory of the municipality, create an income-generating facility (for example, a module for cooling milk, or for processing and packaging berries, vegetables). Members of the cooperative receive this object for use. "The state (represented by the municipality) acts as an investor financing the public property complex. The municipality establishes a lease relationship with the cooperative that uses this complex. The rental price includes depreciation, utility payments and a number of overhead tax expenses. Further work is carried out on registration of the object and putting it on the balance sheet of the administration of the rural settlement. The creation of such a complex allows increasing the profitability of rural labor by at least 25%", – explained the deputy director of the State Budgetary Institution " Agricultural Consulting Center of the Republic of Belarus Rinat Mamaev.
development business activity rural areas of the republic and cooperative forms of interaction in agricultural production Bashkiria is promoted by an authorized operator - GBU "Center for Agricultural Consulting". In 2017, the formation of a network of accredited consulting centers began. The latter consist of both municipal institutions (MBU Information and Consulting Centers) and district entrepreneurs engaged in business cooperation (mainly accounting and tax deductions). During the winter period of 2017 and from the beginning of 2018, specialists from the State Budgetary Institution "Center for Agricultural Consulting of the Republic of Belarus" visited all rural settlements, determined the resource potential and specialization of their development, logistics cooperation zones, found initiative citizens, assigned managers for the development of cooperation in logistics zones (routes) , studied the experience of developing ties in test areas and where there is an economically active population, created (registered) cooperatives, which will develop mini-processing. Subsequently, the centers organized training events, provided support to registered SCOs, and provided explanatory information support in the mass media.
GBU CSK RB, as a regional operator for the development of cooperation, helped create 20 cooperatives and group 10 informal communities for registration this year.
We believe that an agricultural cooperative is the most efficient form of farming. Any enterprise entering into cooperation remains independent and bears subsidiary responsibility on an equal basis with everyone else. However, the cooperative remains non-profit organization and in the countryside can unite personal subsidiary plots. A lot of support is provided by the federal and republican authorities, there is a lot of grant support,” summed up the director of the State Budgetary Institution of the Central Committee of the Republic of Belarus.
It should be noted that the unification of agricultural producers in cooperatives in the republic is a complex and inactive process. "People in the countryside have a distrust of cooperatives, have a negative experience of participating in collective farms, do not want to bear financial risks, do not believe in the profitability of a common cause and require guarantees for the preservation of invested funds. Moreover, it is difficult to find borrowed funds, are very expensive loans," the Republican Minister of Agriculture stated. At the same time, he noted that "the process of cooperation in the republic has recently intensified" and and 20 such cooperatives have been created in the last 4 months. The task for today is to increase their number to 50 in 2018.
The Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Belarus in its activities provides specific practical assistance to small businesses. In particular, it provides land, helps with communications and concessional lending. “This is assistance to both investors and small businesses through cooperation, we have the balance that contributes to further development, but the output should be food products that would have a geographical identification and thus be attractive to the buyer,” Ilshat Fazrakhmanov believes. .
Reference: Bashkortostan is in the TOP-5 leaders of regions in terms of the place of delivery of agricultural products (according to the plans of the SME Corporation for 2018). The volume of deliveries of the Republic of Belarus is 1.2 billion rubles. Ahead, respectively, are the Sverdlovsk Region - 5 billion rubles, the Krasnodar Territory - 3.1 billion rubles, Tatarstan - 1.9 billion rubles and the Voronezh Region - 1.4 billion rubles.
Far beyond the borders of the republic, the products of Tuimazy vegetable growers are in demand. “We suffered the idea of creating a cooperative,” said M. Galimov, chairman of the agricultural marketing consumer cooperative “Tuymazinsky vegetable grower”, in his interview. The idea of uniting the "greenhouses" in the western part of the republic was prompted by resellers, who at some point sharply lowered prices for cucumbers and tomatoes. To get out in retail chains a marketing cooperative was established. The idea later fully justified itself. Today, the products of the Tuymazinsky vegetable grower can be found outside the region, in million-plus cities.
What is the secret of the success of Tuimazy vegetable growers? According to experts, flexibility of thinking and sociability helped. Working with networks has taught that not only the taste of the product, but also its presentation plays a big role. Joint decision general issues marketing, supply and processing in rural areas is the only option efficient operation for both large and small farms.
The republic has accumulated successful experience in the field of cooperation. One of them was told by the head of the marketing consumer cooperative "Agroproduct" Lyudmila Baikova. Within the framework of the cooperative, a group of initiative people connected distribution networks; Now the cooperative has five stores through which products are sold. The solution to the issue of logistics is positive. We work with little ones farms, each of which works with its own product group. If everyone supplies their own product, it will be too expensive. We concentrate everything in one logistics center and then deliver to the shops. Baykova added that a feature of cooperation is that local retail is a member of the cooperative. On its platform, participants sell their products. Now the cooperator eliminates unnecessary links and opens new project Farmer's Cooperative Market.
What other problems exist in the development of cooperation in the republic? Participants highlighted the unsystematic nature of funding as an important problem. The ministry is currently one-time support; no permanent funding. Ordinary banks are not ready to lend to cooperatives and there are more declarations in banks today than the real availability of collateral for loans.
V.A. Mikhailenko, Head of the Information and Analytical Department of the State Institution "Stavropol SICC"
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