Mrp systems and their examples. MRP II systems. Conditions and approaches

MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning) - a system for planning production resources.

The main goals of MRP systems are: meeting the need for materials, components and products for planning production and delivery to consumers, maintaining low inventory levels, planning production operations, delivery schedules, and purchasing operations.

MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning) systems are a further development of MRP systems and are focused on the effective planning of many resources manufacturing enterprise. MRP II, like MRP, is a production management methodology, i.e. MRP II is a system that allows you to coordinate activities various departments just an industrial enterprise.

The MRP II standard allowed the development of MRP planning technology, significantly expanding the range of management tasks industrial enterprise: from forecasting, planning and production control throughout life cycle products, from the purchase of raw materials and ending with the shipment of products to the consumer to reflect financial activities enterprises in general.

Essential Function MRP II is to provide all the necessary information to those who make decisions in the field of financial management. Unlike MRP, in the MRP II system, planning is carried out not only in material, but also in monetary terms. Designed detailed plans, subject to execution, receive a value expression by calculating the cost of production, accounting for sales, supply and production operations. The calculated actual costs are compared with the planned (or standard), and deviations serve as the basis for acceptance management decisions related to the next planning periods.

Business planning here is still not an integral part of the standard, but provides initial information for making planning decisions at a lower level, consistently refining the plan by expanding and detailing planning objects, approximating the planning horizon, reducing the planning interval, and also moving from cost units of measurement to natural. The systems provide full details on individual orders, types of resources, implementation of plans; carry out long-term and operational planning of the enterprise with the possibility of adjusting the planned data based on operational information; optimize production and material flows with a significant reduction in non-manufacturing costs and a real reduction in material resources in warehouses.

The MRP II class system is a joint inventory and production resource planning system characterized by:

§ business planning;

§ sales planning;

§ production planning;

§ planning of material needs;

§ planning of production capacities;

• resource allocation planning;
• warehouse management;
• financial management.

Darryl Landvater in 1989 defined the requirements for an MRP II class information system. A standard MRP II system should include features covering the following areas:

1. sales and operations planning (Sales & Operations Planning);
2. demand management (Demand Management);
3. master production schedule (Master Production Schedule);
4. Material Requirements Planning - it is the core of any MRP II system;
5. Subsystem for maintaining specifications (Bill of Material Subsystem);
6. subsystem for fixing inventory transactions (Inventory Transaction Subsystem);
7. subsystem for receiving open orders (Scheduled Receipts Subsystem);
8. operational management of the execution of production orders (Shop Floor Control, or Production Activity Control);
9. Capacity Requirements Planning;
10. management of input/output flows of production orders (Input/Output Control);
11. purchases (Purchasing);
12. resource planning in distribution (Distribution Resource Planning);
13. tooling (Tooling);
14. interfaces with financial planning (Financial Planning Interfaces);
15. modeling (Simulation);
16. assessment of the enterprise activity (Performance Measurement).

If the management information system does not cover the functions listed above, then it cannot be considered an MRP II system.

MRP II is a set of proven management principles and procedures used to improve the performance of an enterprise. The principles of MRP II are based on a hierarchy of plans. Plans of the lower levels are built on the basis of plans of a higher level, along with this, the results of the implementation of plans of a lower level affect the plans of a higher level.

Production resource planning consists of many processes, each of which is related to others: business planning, production planning (sales and operations planning), development of a master production schedule, material requirements planning, capacity requirements planning, and capacity and material performance control support systems. The output of such systems is integrated with financial reports such as the business plan, purchase agreement report, shipment budget, and inventory forecast in value terms (see Figure 17).

Rice. 17 Diagram of enterprise resource management system

The MRP II system is a detailed and accurate model of a manufacturing business. Therefore, it becomes possible to establish how changes in event parameters will affect the result of the enterprise. As a result of the calculation, the information system generates proposals "What", "To what extent" and "When" to produce. MRP II, Unlike MRP, also helps to answer questions like "what happens if ...".

Benefits of using MRP II class systems:

Obtaining detailed and accurate information about the predicted value of stocks and their cost, about spending Money(for the purchase of materials, for labor costs), for the receipt of funds, for the distribution of fixed overheads

・Inventory reduction

Improving customer service, sales growth

· Increasing the productivity of workers

Reduced purchasing costs

· Decrease overtime work

Reducing transport costs at an increased rate

Disadvantages of MRP II systems:

1. MRP II are made to order only.

2. MRP II provides the information necessary for the implementation of financial planning, however, the actual functions financial analysis and planning in MRP II are not included.

3. MRP II, being applicable mainly for manufacturing enterprises with complex production, is very demanding on the level of organization of the implementation process and the quality of the initial data.

4. MRP II modules allow you to predict possible problems, but do not try to solve the identified problems in time, leaving them at the discretion of the staff.

5. MRP II systems do not allow planning such enterprise resources as human resources.

The main factors of failure in the implementation of MRP class systems II­:

Lack of formalization of business processes in the company

Insufficient participation in the project of the highest level of management

Inadequate level of education in the field of MRP of those who will have to use the MRP system

Unrealistic main calendar plans production

Inaccurate data

The systems of classes MRP and MRP II do not make sense to be widely used where there is a uniform demand, large batch sizes of materials and manufactured nomenclature items. Traditional systems such as point-of-order inventory management systems do a good job with such tasks. MRP shows all its positive properties in systems with a high variability in order sizes and item requirements.

To implement the concepts of MRP and the more developed concept of MRPII, various foreign-made software products have been created. The emergence and development of programs of the ERP class, the reduction in their cost, has led to the fact that software products of the MRP, MRPII class can be found very rarely, as a rule, as part of obsolete information systems enterprises.

Examples of MRP II class systems: Galaxy 7.1; SunSystems; Concorde XAL; Platinum; Microsoft Dynamics; Scala.

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One of the most popular logistics concepts in the world, on the basis of which the a large number of micrologistics systems, is the concept of "requirements / resource planning" (requirements / resource planning, RP). The concept of RP is often opposed to the logistics concept of "just in time", meaning that it (unlike the JIT approach) is based on "push" type logistics concepts.

The basic micrologistics systems that are based on the concept of "requirements/resource planning" in production and supply are the "materials/resources planning" systems. production planning resource requirements” (materials / manufacturing requirements / resource planning, MRP I / MRP II), and in distribution (distribution) - systems of “product / resource distribution planning” (distribution requirements / resource planning, DRP I, DRP II).

MRP systems are practically used in the organization of production and technological processes along with the procurement of material resources. In accordance with the definition of the American researcher J. Orliska, one of the main developers of the MRP I system, the system of “material requirements planning (MRP system) in the narrow sense consists of a number of logically related procedures, key rules and requirements that translate the production schedule into a “chain requirements” that are synchronized in time, as well as the planned coverage of those requirements for each item of stock of components needed to meet the schedule ... The MRP system reschedules the sequence of requirements and coverage due to changes either in the production schedule, or in the inventory structure, or in product characteristics.

MRP systems handle materials, components, semi-finished products and their parts, the demand for which depends on the demand for specific finished products. Although the very logistics concept underlying the MRP I system was formed quite a long time ago (since the mid-1950s), it was possible to put it into practice only with the advent of high-speed computers. At the same time, the revolution in microprocessor and information technology stimulated rapid growth various applications MRP systems in business.

The main objectives of MRP systems are:

– meeting the need for materials, components and products for planning production and delivery to consumers;

- support for a low level of stocks of material resources, work in progress, finished products;

– planning of production operations, delivery schedules, purchasing operations.

In the process of realizing these goals, the MRP system ensures the flow of the planned quantity of material resources and stocks of products on the planning horizon. The MRP system first determines how much and in what time it is necessary to produce the final product. The system then determines the time and required amount of material resources to complete the production schedule. On fig. 1 is a block diagram of the MRP I system.

The input of the MRP I system is consumer orders, supported by forecasts of demand for the company's finished products, which are included in the production schedule (schedules for the release of finished products). Thus, as for micrologistics systems, which are based on the principles of the concept of "just in time", with MRP I, customer demand is a key factor.

The database on material resources contains all the necessary information about the range and main parameters (characteristics) of raw materials, materials, components, semi-finished products, etc., necessary for the production (assembly) of finished products or parts thereof. In addition, it contains the norms for the consumption of material resources per unit of output, as well as files of time points for the supply of the corresponding material resources to the production divisions of the company.

The database also identifies links between individual inputs of production units in terms of material resources used and in relation to final products. The inventory database informs the system and management staff about the availability and size of production, insurance and other necessary stocks of material resources in the warehouse of the company, as well as their proximity to a critical level and the need to replenish them. In addition, this database contains information about suppliers and parameters of the supply of material resources.

1. MRP (Material Requirements Planning)

MRP systems, the intensive development of the theory of which has been carried out since the beginning of the 60s, are currently present in almost all integrated enterprise management information systems.

At present, the use of modern integrated systems in Russian enterprises has not yet become widespread, especially the functionality of material resource planning (MRP)

In what cases is the use of MRP systems appropriate?

First of all, it should be noted that MRP systems were developed for use in manufacturing enterprises. If the plant has a discrete type of production (Assembly to order - ATO, Make to order - MTO, Make to stock - MTS, Serial - RPT, ...), i.e. when there is a bill of materials and a composition of the product for manufactured products, then the use of the MRP system is logical and expedient. If the enterprise has process production (Process Industry, Continuous-Batch Processing), then the use of MRP functionality is justified in the case of a long production cycle.

MRP systems are rarely used for material requirements planning in service, transport, trade and other non-manufacturing organizations, although the ideas of MRP systems can potentially be applied with some assumptions to non-manufacturing enterprises whose activities require material planning in a relatively long time interval.

MRP systems are based on the planning of materials for the optimal organization of production and include directly the functionality of MRP, the functionality for describing and planning the loading of production capacities CRP (Capacity Resources Planning) and are aimed at creating optimal conditions for the implementation of the production plan for output.

The main idea of ​​the MRP system

The basic idea of ​​MRP systems is that any accounting unit of materials or components required for the production of a product must be available at the right time and in the right quantity.

The main advantage of MRP systems is the formation of a sequence of production operations with materials and components, which ensures the timely manufacture of units (semi-finished products) for the implementation of the main production plan for the production of finished products.

Main elements of MRP

The main elements of the MRP system can be divided into elements that provide information, software implementation of the algorithmic basis of MRP and elements that represent the result of the operation of the software implementation of MRP.

In a simplified form, the following elements represent the initial information for the MRP system:

Elements of an MRP

Master Production Schedule (MPS) - Master Production Schedule (MPS)

The main production plan, as a rule, is formed to replenish the stock of finished products or satisfy customer orders.

In practice, the development of an RPF appears to be a planning loop. Initially, a draft version is formed to assess the possibility of ensuring implementation in terms of material resources and capacities.

The MRP system performs the detailing of the PPP in the context of material components. If the required item and its quantitative composition is not present in the free or previously ordered stock, or in the case of unsatisfactory planned deliveries of materials and components in terms of time, the RFP must be adjusted accordingly.

After carrying out the necessary iterations, the PPP is approved as valid, and production orders are launched on its basis.

Bill of materials and composition of the product

A bill of materials (BM) is a nomenclature list of materials and their quantities for the production of a certain assembly or end product. Together with the composition of the product, the VM provides the formation of a complete list of finished products, the quantity of materials and components for each product and a description of the product structure (assemblies, parts, components, materials and their relationships).

The bill of materials and the composition of the product are database tables, the information of which correctly reflects the relevant data, when the physical composition of the product or CM changes, the state of the tables must be corrected in a timely manner.

Stock status

The current state of stocks is reflected in the relevant database tables indicating all the necessary characteristics of accounting units. Each accounting unit, regardless of its use in one product or many finished products, should have only one identifying record with a unique code. As a rule, an account identification record contains a large number of parameters and characteristics used by the MRP system, which can be classified as follows:

• common data
• description, type, size, weight, etc.
• stock data
• stock item, storage unit, free stock, optimal stock, planned to order stock, ordered stock, allocated stock, lot/batch attribute, etc.
• purchase and sales data
• purchase/sale unit, main supplier, price,
• data on production and production orders, etc.

Account records are updated each time inventory transactions are performed, such as scheduled for purchase, ordered for delivery, capitalized, scrap, and so on.

Based on the MRP input data, the system performs the following main operations:

• on the basis of the OPP, the quantitative composition of the final products is determined for each planning time period,
• spare parts not included in the GPP are added to the composition of the final products,
• for OPP and spare parts, the total need for material resources is determined in accordance with the BM and the composition of the product with the distribution by planning time periods,
• the total material requirements are adjusted to the stock status for each planning time period,
• formation of orders for replenishment of stocks is carried out taking into account the necessary lead times.
• The results of the MRP system are:
• schedule for the supply of material resources for production - the quantity of each accounting unit of materials and components for each period of time to ensure the OPP.

To implement the supply schedule, the system generates an order schedule in relation to time periods, which is used to place orders with suppliers of materials and components or to plan self-manufacturing.

• changes in the supply schedule plan - making adjustments to the previously generated production supply schedule,
• a number of reports necessary to manage the production supply process.

One of the components of the integrated enterprise management information systems of the MRP class is the production capacity planning (CRP) system.

The main task of the CRP system is to check the feasibility of MPS in terms of equipment utilization along production technological routes, taking into account changeover times, forced downtime, subcontracting, etc. The input information for CRP is the schedule of production orders and purchase orders for materials and components, which is converted in accordance with technological routes in the loading of equipment and workers.

Typical functionality of MRP systems:

• description of plan items and planning levels
• description of planning specifications
• formation of the main production plan of the schedule
• product management (description of materials, components and units of finished products)
• Inventory Management
• product configuration management (product composition)
• maintaining a bill of materials
• calculation of the need for materials
• formation of MRP purchase orders
• generation of MRP transfer orders
• work centers (description of the structure of production work centers with capacity definition)
• machines and mechanisms (description production equipment with the definition of standard power)
• production operations performed in relation to work centers and equipment
• technological routes representing a sequence of operations performed over a period of time on a particular piece of equipment in a particular work center
• calculation of capacity requirements to determine the critical load and make a decision.

2. MRP II (Manufacturing Resources Planning)

MRP II systems are a further development of MRP systems and are focused on the effective planning of all resources of a manufacturing enterprise. In general, the following directions can be distinguished:

• business planning
• production planning
• formation of the main production schedule

MRP II systems involve the involvement of the financial component (business planning) in information integration. MRP II systems assume special tools for generating financial plan and budgeting, forecasting and cash flow management, which determine the feasibility of the production plan in terms of cash and estimated cash.

3. ERP systems s

ERP systems (Enterprise Resources Planning), as a further development of integrated enterprise management information systems, in addition to the above functionality, as a rule, include distribution resource planning (DRP - I, DRP - II), and resources for conducting technological service and performing repairs.

DRP systems provide the optimal solution (planning, accounting and management) transport tasks on the movement of material and technical resources and finished products.

In addition, MRPII and ERP systems are characterized by the presence of a special subsystem for managing the implementation of long-term projects ( project management), involving full-functional planning of material resources, labor resources, equipment, formation of network work schedules, management of the progress of implementation and invoicing of ongoing projects.

One of the most popular logistics concepts in the world, on the basis of which a large number of micrologistics systems have been developed and operate, is concepts of "requirements/resource planning"(requirements/resource planning , RP). The RP concept is often opposed to the just-in-time logistics concept, meaning that (unlike the JIT approach) logistics systems of the “push” type are based on it.

Push (push) system is a production organization system in which parts, components and semi-finished products are fed from the previous technological operation for the next one in accordance with a predetermined rigid production schedule.

Material resources and semi-finished products are "pushed" from one link of the production logistics system to another. Similarly, finished products are "pushed" into the distribution network. A common drawback of the "push" system is insufficient tracking of demand with the mandatory creation of safety stocks. It is the presence of safety stocks that allows you to take into account changes in demand and prevent disruptions in production. As a result of inventory holding, turnover slows down working capital enterprises, which increases the cost of production of finished products. Proponents of this concept, comparing it with the concept of "Just in time", note the greater stability of the "push" system in the face of sharp fluctuations in demand and the unreliability of resource suppliers.

Based on the established production schedule, MRP I systems implement a time-phase approach to setting the amount and controlling the level of stocks. Since this, in turn, generates the volume of required material resources for the production or assembly of a given volume of finished products, then MRP I is a typical "push" type system, an enlarged diagram of which is shown in Fig. 4.

The basic micrologistics systems based on the concept of “requirements / resources planning” in production and supply are the systems of “materials / manufacturing requirements / resource planning” (materials / manufacturing requirements / resource planning, MRP I / MRP II), and in distribution (distribution) - systems, "product / resource distribution planning" (distribution requirements / resource planning, DRP I / DRP II).

material flow

Order

Order fulfillment

Fig.4. MRP I as a "push" type system;

MR - material resources; NP - work in progress; GP - finished products

The MRP I system was developed in the USA in the mid-1950s, but it became widespread both in the USA and in Europe only in the 1970s, which, as already noted, was associated with the development of computer technology. Micrologistics systems like MRP I were developed around the same time period in the USSR and were initially widely used in the military-industrial complex. The usual practice of using MRP I systems in business is related to the planning and control of procedures for ordering and supplying (purchases) of material resources, as a rule, a wide range for industrial enterprises manufacturing engineering products. The problems that arise during the implementation of the MRP I system relate to the development of information, software and mathematical support for calculations and the choice of a complex of computer and office equipment, i.e., to those problems that are typical for automated control systems for production and technological processes. The purpose of implementing MRP I is to improve the efficiency and quality of resource planning, reduce the level of stocks of material resources and finished products, improve inventory control procedures and reduce the costs associated with these logistics functions.

Practical applications typical of MRP I systems are in the organization of industrial processes along with the procurement of material resources. According to the definition of the American researcher J. Orliski, one of the main developers of the MRP I system, the system of “material requirements planning (MRP system) in the narrow sense consists of a number of logically related procedures, decisive rules and requirements, which translate the production schedule into a “chain of requirements”, that are synchronized in time, as well as the planned coverage of these requirements for each item of stock of components needed to complete the schedule. The MRP system reschedules the sequence of requirements and coverages as a result of changes in either the production schedule, inventory structure, or product characteristics.”

MRP systems handle materials, components, semi-finished products and their parts, the demand for which depends on the demand for specific finished products. Although the very logistics concept underlying the MRPI system , It was formed quite a long time ago (since the mid-1950s), but only with the advent of high-speed computers it was possible to put it into practice. At the same time, the revolution in microprocessor and information technology has stimulated the explosive growth of various applications of MRP systems in business. The main objectives of MRP systems are:

Improving the efficiency of the quality of resource requirements planning;

Planning the production process, delivery schedule, purchases;

Reducing the level of stocks of material resources, work in progress and finished products;

Improving inventory control;

Reducing logistics costs;

Satisfying the need for materials, components and products.

MRP I allowed to coordinate the plans and actions of the units logistics system in supply, production and distribution throughout the enterprise, taking into account constant changes in real time (“on line”). It became possible to coordinate medium- and long-term plans for supply, production and marketing in MRP, as well as to carry out current regulation and control of the use of inventories.

In the process of realizing these goals, the MRP system ensures the flow of planned quantities of material resources and product stocks on the planning horizon. System

MRP first determines how much and in what time it is necessary to produce the final product. The system then determines the time and required quantities of material resources to complete the production schedule. In Fig.5. shows a block diagram of the MRP I system.

Rice. 5. Block diagram of the MRP I system

It includes the following information:

1. Consumer orders, demand forecast for finished products, production schedule - MRP input I.

2. Database of material resources - nomenclature and parameters of raw materials, semi-finished products, etc.; consumption rates of material resources per unit of output; the time of their delivery for production operations.

3. Reserve database - the volume of production, insurance and other stocks of material resources in warehouses; compliance of available stocks with the required quantity; suppliers; delivery options.

4.Software package MRP I - the required total amount of initial material resources depending on demand; a chain of requirements (needs) for material resources, taking into account the levels of stocks; orders for volumes of input material resources for production.

5. Output machinograms - a set of output documents: an order for material resources from suppliers, adjustments to the production schedule, schemes for the delivery of material resources, the state of the MRP I system, etc.

The input of the MRP I system is consumer orders, supported by demand forecasts for the firm's finished products, which are included in the production schedule (finished product release schedules). Thus, as with just-in-time micrologistics systems, customer demand is a key factor in MRP I.

Information support of MRP I includes the following data:

Production plan according to the specified nomenclature for a certain date;

Material data containing the specified names of the required parts, raw materials, assembly units with an indication of their quantity per unit of finished product;

Data on the stocks of material resources required for production, the timing of orders, etc.

The database on material resources contains all the required information about the range and main parameters (characteristics) of raw materials, materials, components, semi-finished products, etc., necessary for the production (assembly) of finished products or parts thereof. In addition, it contains the norms of consumption of material resources per unit of output, as well as files of time points for the supply of the corresponding material resources to the production divisions of the company. The database also identifies links between individual inputs of production units in terms of consumed material resources and in relation to final products. The inventory database informs the system and management personnel about the availability and size of production, insurance and other required stocks of material resources in the company's warehouse, as well as about their proximity to a critical level and the need to replenish them. In addition, this database contains information about suppliers and delivery parameters of material resources.

The MRP I software package is based on systematized production schedules (final product release schedules) depending on consumer demand and complex information obtained from databases on material resources and their stocks. Algorithms embedded in the program modules of the system initially translate the demand for finished products into the required total amount of initial material resources. The software then calculates a chain of requirements for input materials, semi-finished products, work-in-progress, based on information about the corresponding inventory level, and places orders for input material resources for production (assembly) of finished products. Orders depend on the requirements specified in the nomenclature, volumes in material resources and the time of their delivery to the corresponding workplaces and warehouses.

After completion of all the necessary calculations in the information and computer center of the company, the output set of machinograms of the MRPI system is formed , which is transferred in documentary form to production and logistics managers to make decisions on organizing the provision of production sites and warehouses of the company with the necessary material resources. A typical set of output documents of the MRP I system contains:

Requirements specified by nomenclature, volume and time for material resources ordered from suppliers;

Changes to be made to the production schedule;

Schemes for the delivery of material resources, the volume of supplies, etc.;

Canceled requirements for finished products, material resources;

Status of the MRP system.

However, the preparation of primary data requires significant costs and accuracy. MRP I, as a rule, is used in planning procedures for ordering and supplying a large range of materials, for example, for machine-building enterprises. The following disadvantages of micrologistics systems based on the MRP approach can be distinguished:

Significant amount of computation, preparation and pre-treatment a large amount of initial information, which increases the duration of the production period and the logistics cycle;

An increase in logistics costs for processing orders and transportation when the company seeks to reduce the level of stocks or switch to the production of finished products in small volumes with high frequency;

Insensitivity to short-term changes in demand, as they are based on the control and replenishment of stock levels at fixed points of the order;

A significant number of failures in the system due to its large dimension and congestion.

These disadvantages are superimposed on a general disadvantage inherent in all micrologistics systems of the “push” type, which include the MRP1 systems. , namely: insufficiently strict tracking of demand with the obligatory availability of safety stocks.

MRP I systems are mainly used when the demand for input material resources is highly dependent on consumer demand for final products. The MRP I system can work with a wide range of material resources (multi-assortment initial material flows). Although just-in-time proponents argue, and with good reason, that pull micrologistics systems based on JIT principles respond faster and more efficiently to changes in customer demand, there are times when MRP I systems are more efficient. This is true for firms with sufficiently long production cycles in the face of uncertain demand. At the same time, the use of MRP I systems allows firms to achieve the same goals as when using JIT technology, in particular, to achieve a reduction in the duration of the full logistics cycle and the elimination of excess stocks, if the decision-making time for managing production operations and purchasing material resources is comparable to frequency of changes in demand.

MRP class system (Material Requirements Planning) is a system that works according to the algorithm regulated by the MRP methodology, which allows you to optimally regulate the supply of components in manufacturing process, controlling stocks in the warehouse and the production technology itself.

MRP class system Based on the planning of the material needs of the department of the enterprise, the organization as a whole.

The main task of the MRP is to ensure the availability of required amount the required materials-components at any time within the planning period, along with the possible reduction of permanent stocks, and, consequently, the unloading of the warehouse.

Purposes of using the MPR standard:

planning the supply of all components to eliminate production downtime and minimize stocks in the warehouse;

reduction of stocks of materials-components, except for the obvious unloading of warehouses;

reducing storage costs provides a number of undeniable advantages, the main of which is the minimization of frozen funds invested in the purchase of materials.

MRP II is a set of proven sound management and control principles, models and procedures to improve performance economic activity enterprises. The idea of ​​MRP II is based on several simple principles, for example, the division of demand into dependent and independent.

The task of information systems of the MRP II class is the optimal formation of the flow of materials (raw materials), semi-finished products (including those in production) and finished products. The MRP II class system - aims to integrate all the main processes implemented by the enterprise, such as supply, stocks, production, sales and distribution, planning, control over the implementation of the plan, costs, finances, fixed assets, etc.

The MRP II standard divides the scope of individual functions (procedures) into two levels: required and optional. To software was assigned to the MRP II class, it must perform a certain amount of necessary (basic) functions (procedures). Some software vendors have adopted a different range of implementations of the optional part of the procedures in this standard.

The results of using integrated systems of the MRP II standard:

obtaining operational information about the current results of the enterprise's activities, both in general and with full details on individual orders, types of resources, implementation of plans;

long-term, operational and detailed planning of the enterprise with the possibility of adjusting the planned data based on operational information;

solution of problems of optimization of production and material flows;

real reduction of material resources in warehouses;

planning and control over the entire production cycle with the possibility of influencing it in order to achieve optimal efficiency in the use of production capacities, all types of resources and customer satisfaction;

automating the work of the contract department with full control over payments, shipment of products and deadlines for fulfilling contractual obligations;

financial reflection of the enterprise as a whole;

significant reduction of non-production costs;

protection of investments made in information technology;

the possibility of phased implementation of the system, taking into account the investment policy of a particular enterprise.

[Brief concept of ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning (Enterprise Resource Planning) ERP is based on the principle of creating a single data warehouse (repository) containing all business information accumulated by the organization in the course of business operations, including financial information, data related to production, personnel management, or any other information. This eliminates the need to transfer data from system to system. In addition, any part of the information held by this organization, becomes simultaneously available to all employees with the appropriate authority. The concept of ERP has become very famous in manufacturing sector, because resource planning has reduced lead times, reduced inventory levels, and improved feedback with the consumer while reducing the administrative apparatus. The ERP standard allowed the integration of all enterprise resources, thus adding order management, finance, etc.]

The main functions of the ERP system:

Most modern ERP systems are built on a modular basis, which gives the customer the opportunity to select and implement only those modules that he really needs. Modules of different ERP-systems may differ both in name and content. However, there is a certain set of functions that can be considered typical for software products ERP class. These typical functions are:

maintenance of design and technological specifications. Such specifications define the composition of the final product, as well as the material resources and operations necessary for its manufacture (including routing);

demand management and formation of sales and production plans. These functions are intended for demand forecasting and production planning;

material requirements planning. Allows you to determine the volume various kinds material resources (raw materials, materials, components) necessary to fulfill the production plan, as well as delivery times, batch sizes, etc.;

inventory and purchasing management>. They allow organizing the maintenance of contracts, implementing a scheme of centralized purchases, ensuring accounting and optimization of warehouse stocks, etc.;

production capacity planning. This function allows you to control the availability of available capacities and plan their loading. Includes advanced capacity planning (to assess the feasibility production plans) and more detailed planning, down to individual work centers;

financial functions. This group includes the functions of financial accounting, management accounting, as well as operational financial management;

project management functions. Provide planning for project tasks and the resources needed to implement them.

51 Lease Technology information resources(IT outsourcing)

IT outsourcing IT outsourcing) - partial or complete transfer of support, maintenance and modernization of IT infrastructure into the hands of companies specializing in customer service organizations and having a staff of specialists of various qualifications. For them, the implementation of such work is a core activity.

IT outsourcing involves the delegation of an external specialized company to resolve issues related to the development, implementation and maintenance of information systems, both entirely at the level of the enterprise infrastructure (maintenance of equipment or software), and the amount of work associated with the development and / or support of the functioning of individual sections of the system (programming, hosting, testing, etc.)

The most widely used in practice is the subscription service of computers. So, the customer is offered a full package of services, which allows him not to hire a system administrator.

The complex usually includes the following types of services:

setting up and upgrading the hardware of the equipment;

setting up and updating software;

protection of the network from unauthorized access from the outside;

anti-virus protection;

timely repair and replacement of accompanying equipment;

information backup (backup);

consulting and training of personnel.

Modern CRM - solutions and indications for their use

To designate CRM systems, integrated with external Internet services (Facebook, Vkontakte, portals, mobile applications and live-chat systems), a new term has recently become widespread - eCRM (electronic Customer relationship management).

eCRM is not a specific technology, but rather a concept for using CRM in conjunction with the wide range of marketing tools provided by the Internet.

In general, eCRM can be defined as customer relationship management using the Internet, web browsers and mobile applications. Compared to the classic customer interaction functionality (visits, calls, mass mailing lists and sms), their capabilities are much wider and can be more effective.

As the Internet becomes more and more important to business development, many companies are considering using it to reduce service costs, strengthen customer relationships and personalize advertising messages. Therefore, the goal of implementing eCRM in companies is usually to retain customers, increase their loyalty and satisfaction. For companies that provide their services and products via the Internet, customer loyalty is one of the most important factors, because retaining an existing customer is cheaper than acquiring a new one, and with eCRM even cheaper.

The eCRM implementation process includes 3 main steps:

Gathering data on preferred communication channels for clients. It can be done actively - through direct customer surveys, and passively - by analyzing the history of visiting the website of a company that is part of Email, use of mobile applications, etc.;

Data processing: filtering and analyzing the requirements necessary to satisfy the company's customers;

Interaction with customers in accordance with their preferences, providing the necessary information

When using new customer interaction opportunities, companies need to remember not to bother the customer again without a good reason. Otherwise, there is a risk of losing a client who decides that your marketing campaigns too intrusive and more like spam than useful information.

Therefore, for the most effective implementation of eCRM, it is necessary to take into account the following factors:

The culture of the company should be customer-oriented;

The evaluation of the work of account managers should include an indicator of customer satisfaction;

End-to-end customer service processes should be developed;

Scripts should be developed to help the client solve his problems;

Processes must be developed to accompany the client at all stages of sales.

Technologies and tools for warehouse operations automation

Using SAP Warehouse Management Solutions (SAP WMS) you can optimize warehouse activities, including inbound and outbound documentation processing, facility management and storage, physical inventory, and planned and conditional cross-docking. You can take advantage of data collection technologies such as barcoding, radio frequency identification (RFID), voice identification, new workload optimization tools.

Implementation goals

active warehouse management;

increase in the speed of collection of goods;

obtaining accurate information about the location of the goods in the warehouse;

effective management of goods with limited shelf life;

obtaining a tool to improve efficiency and develop processes for processing goods in a warehouse;

optimization of the use of warehouse space.

Tasks to be solved

View of the facilities of a Belgian industrial group. Coordination and speed of warehouse work is an important component of effective logistics

Acceptance of goods and materials

Acceptance of goods in real time using radio terminals or paper media;

Barcode printing;

Flexible identification with or without a purchase order or pre-shipment notices from a supplier;

Acceptance for safekeeping;

Compliance check and data correction.

Warehousing

Automatic warehousing or warehousing under the control of personnel;

Customizable warehouse rules to maximize storage space utilization and/or warehouse performance;

All-encompassing criteria for building storage cells;

Customizable creation of warehousing tasks;

Preparation of bulk goods from various suppliers for warehousing.

Automation of one-time acceptance and shipment of goods

Reloading the received goods for shipment to customers;

Transit shipment of products through the warehouse.

Flexible management of orders and groups of orders

Complex grouping of orders.

Processing and release of orders by groups with optimization of processes and resources;

Consolidation and separation of consignments of goods;

Customizable product identification function by packaging during shipment and return.

Restocking

Customizable parameters for the need for replenishment;

Replenishment with incomplete pallets;

Joint replenishment of a group of goods on one pallet;

Automatic generation and sending of replenishment tasks;

Customizable replenishment strategies;

Various replenishment options (piece, box, pallet).

Order picking

Automatic generation and sending of tasks to employees for order picking;

Complete set directly into the pallet, taking into account the requirements of ergonomics, as well as the dimensions, weight and other parameters of the goods;

Complete set on a conveyor belt;

Completion of consignments of goods;

Support for sampling by pieces, boxes, full pallets;

Completion using radio terminals or labels;

Package;

Various assembly options (discrete, group, combined);

Personalization of orders during assembly;

Generation of identification numbers of shipped containers and their tracking;

Loading

Scheduling the shipment of goods, taking into account priorities;

Arranging and combining goods during loading, depending on the sequence of delivery;

Loading, checking and closing operations controlled by radio terminals;

Checking and closing the send operation;

Determination (selection) of a carrier;

Compliance marking;

Creation of supporting documents.

Inventory Management

Container tracking;

Full functionality for working with weight goods;

Flexibility in moving and adjusting inventory;

Interim partial inventory;

Full physical inventory with fixation of weight at the entrance and exit;

Monitoring the status and obtaining information about stocks in real time;

Consolidation of stocks for all distribution centers;

Localization of stocks and configuration of areas and zoning of the warehouse;

Tracking property attributes (batch, code, serial number);

Accounting for the date and tracking the timing of the sale of goods;

Tracking the owners of stored property;

Flexible system of reshipping, splitting into batches, moving stocks.

Flexible dispensing methods LIFO, FIFO, FPFO, FEFO, BBD

Personnel task management

Automatic generation and sending of tasks for:

Accommodations;

stock movements;

turnover calculation;

Replenishment of stocks;

order picking;

Loading;

Dispatch.

Distribution center planning

Drawing up a schedule for completing tasks with their rearrangement in accordance with priorities;

Dispatching and interleaving of tasks;

Mass movements.

Container management

Application of license/patent information;

Bookmark in the container of several different goods;

Identification of goods by packaging during shipment and return;

Determination of restrictions on the joint storage of goods.

Storage and production capacity management

Determination of the exact location of the storage cell;

Progressive storage optimization;

Automatic replenishment and transfer to auxiliary warehouses;

Movements within the organization;

Management and optimization of storage by expiration dates;

Control and handling of hazardous materials;

Warehouse equipment inspection and refueling planning.

Warehouse workers are the key to the effective functioning of the enterprise.

Human resource management

Accounting for working time;

Tracking tasks for staff;

Human resources reporting;

Designing workforce standards;

Determination of planned labor productivity.