Moscow State University of Printing Arts. Structure of information resources

Chapter 1. general characteristics electronic publications

In the first chapter, the features and place of electronic publications in the modern media industry will be considered in the most general form. constituent elements and formats of electronic publications. An attempt is made to classify electronic publications and ways and prospects for their further improvement and development are shown.

What is an "electronic publication"

Printing appeared in the 15th century thanks to the invention of Johannes Gutenberg. For several centuries, printed publications, i.e. books, newspapers and magazines, have been the main means of disseminating visual information. For most of this period, the basis of manufacturing printed matter the original metal set served, and the metal matrix (in the final part of the period - a stereotype) was the information basis for replication.

In the second half of the 20th century, a new concept appeared - "immaterial carrier", which meant any electronic means long-term storage of information on which the publication as a whole or part of it is recorded. Most often, information was stored on a magnetic medium: magnetic tape or magnetic disk. However, such media remained imperfect: the reliability of storage and the density of information entry were low. Therefore, such means in publishing practice were used quite rarely. In most domestic publishing houses, the process of preparing publications was based on the use of "paper" technologies. The author handed over the manuscript typed on a typewriter. At the publishing house, it was edited and also retyped in the final form by the publisher's typists, and this publisher's typewritten original was used as the basis for the typesetting.

The last decades of the 20th century are characterized by the rapid improvement and development of electronics and computer information technologies. It was during this period that almost all publishing houses switched to computer typing and layout of newspapers, magazines and books. The publication was stored in the computer's memory all the time of typing and layout, that is, it remained in electronic (intangible) form during the entire preparation process, up to the output of the so-called page-by-page layout to the printer. A fully designed and prepared for printing publication stored in computer memory (on a hard magnetic disk) or in a special long-term storage device can be called an "electronic publication".

However, in order for an e-book, magazine or newspaper to really compete with their printed counterparts, they need means of distribution, bringing them to the reader. At the end of the 20th century, these funds actually became massive, that is, they were most widely used. Periodical electronic publications began to be distributed mainly through networks, in particular, through the global Internet. CDs have become and remain the information medium for the distribution of books for the last fifteen years.

So, in the beginning, electronic publications existed as an analogue of printed ones, but on an intangible medium. Naturally, a personal computer was required to read electronic publications distributed over networks. If the electronic edition was prepared on a CD, then a CD-ROM drive was additionally required. Thus, a publication on an intangible medium or an electronic publication cannot be read directly - special additional equipment is needed to make such a publication visible to the human eye or to provide its visualization.

Classification of electronic publications can be carried out according to several criteria. The most significant of them seem to us to be the following:

frequency of publication;

circle of consumers of products;

type of publication;

distribution method;

publication format.

The foregoing is illustrated by the classification diagram shown in fig. 1.2
.

The circle of consumers of products or the circle of users of electronic publications is quite wide and varied. These include students using electronic textbooks, tourists and museum visitors who, with the help of electronic publications, can make virtual trips and visit cultural monuments, specialists using reference and other manuals in their specialty, children “visiting” multimedia virtual performances, etc. These publications are distributed mainly on CD and are designed for a multimedia computer.

Scientific and technical publications, mostly periodicals, are intended for a wide range of scientists, specialists and teachers and are becoming more and more popular, mainly due to the fact that they are more accessible than printed publications, as well as due to the greater simplicity and cheapness of obtaining information, the ease of its extraction and the possibility of contextual viewing of copyright links and related materials. Recently, the global Internet has become the main medium for the distribution of such publications.

Accompanying for all the varieties of electronic publications discussed above are promotional materials. Most electronic publications, as well as printed ones, interspersed with advertising in various forms. The simplest and most natural of these types is the advertising of the company that produces this electronic publication, which includes at least information about other electronic publications of this profile, released or being prepared for release by this company. In periodical electronic publications, advertising is automatically transferred from the laid-out pages of the original to the electronic publication. In publications distributed over global networks, the very design of sites, pages and interfaces already contains advertising elements, in particular, animation ones.

The types of publications, the diversity of which is already mentioned in the classification according to the previous feature, are closely related to the range of users. Here we can limit ourselves to signs of periodicity and the thematic area to which the publication belongs. Daily and weekly publications are distributed almost exclusively in online environments, and they can, in particular, be distributed by mailing, that is, the complete edition, and more often, its individual subject headings, are forcibly sent to those users who have subscribed to them. In the subject area, the range of electronic publications is quite wide. So, on intangible media are distributed:

In network environments, for example, on the Internet, electronic publications are distributed mainly periodicals, in particular:

not only individual textbooks, but also entire training cycles for distance learning and self-study;

an exceptionally wide range of scientific, popular science and technical journals, from computer (Computer World, Computer Week / Moscow, CompuLog, etc.) and network (Internet Journal, CrazyWeb, LANMagazine) to music and gaming;

social and political magazines, such as the well-known Ogonyok;

literary and artistic publications, including magazines (“New World”, “Foreign Literature”, “October”, “Art-Petersburg”, the latter being a cultural almanac that exists only on the Internet), “Literary Gazette”, etc. ;

bibliographic indexes and abstracts of the Book Review type and the electronic library of the INFOMAG service;

newspapers (for example, "Arguments and Facts", "Anomaly", "Vesti", "Vecherny Minsk", "Natalie", "Izvestia", "Teacher's Newspaper");

entertainment publications (“Dating”, “Evening Club”, “The Fifth Wheel”, “Faith, Hope, Love”);

According to the method of distribution, all electronic publications can be divided into two categories. large groups, namely:

distributed on physical media, mainly CDs;

distributed in network environments as local (for example, network e-library educational institute), and global ones.

Just like print media, electronic media can be classified by format. However, if in printed edition format characterizes the physical dimensions of the publication, then in the electronic edition, the format describes how the information contained in this publication is presented in the file. Since the 80s. electronic editions were distributed in text format, first under DOS (txt), and then under Windows and other platforms. Currently, as noted above, two main hypertext formats are used, namely HTML and PDF, the latter storing all information in graphic form. If the publication contains digital animation, and even more so digital audio and video fragments, then such electronic publications are called multimedia. Although not the name of a format, it is an important characteristic of what digital formats a publication may contain.

The current state and prospects of electronic book publishing

Electronic editions belong to a dynamically developing class of products. Their number is increasing rapidly, and the quality is constantly improving.

The integration of printing products with electronic documents brings purely practical benefits. Thus, the transition to digital form allows to ensure the safety of many unique types of products, such as ancient manuscripts. Even ordinary photographs and paintings lose their quality over time. Storing their electronic copies makes it possible to convey unique cultural masterpieces to future generations. Finally, the storage of documents and publications in electronic form allows you to organize electronic databases, a clear structure and advanced search and navigation tools in which facilitate the process of finding the right materials and their fragments. As an example, we can refer to the American specialized publishing house of medical literature Mosby-Year Book, in which the appearance of a digital graphic library made it possible to find the necessary illustrations in a matter of seconds and place them in books, resulting in significant savings in time and material resources.

To answer the question about the relative value of electronic publications and the prospects for expanding their production, it is necessary to conduct research in the following main areas (otherwise, get answers to the questions listed):

whether the value of the book in the electronic version increases, and if so, in what cases and what is the reason for this;

what factors influence the qualitative characteristics of an electronic publication from the point of view of the reader;

whether the level of development of technical and software tools for creating an e-book is sufficient;

how widespread are individual and group means for reading electronic publications;

How mature is the distribution market? e-books;

what changes are needed in the traditional publishing business for successful marketing and management of e-books.

There is no doubt a higher consumer value of children's and educational electronic publications, as interest in the material being studied increases and it is possible to use new, more effective technologies not only for teaching, but also for gradually involving children in the learning process in a playful way. These techniques have already been tested in many countries and have proved their effectiveness in practice.

Reference and scientific publications allow by simpler means and in a shorter time to obtain the necessary information (or brief information that allows the user to assess its need and order it, including in printed form). Naturally, the value of such publications in comparison with printed ones increases significantly. The extent to which the value of such publications increases and the role of certain factors can be established in the process of conducting appropriate studies.

From the point of view of factors affecting the quality characteristics electronic documents, the greatest interest, in our opinion, is the optimization of user interfaces, and not only graphical ones in the broadest sense, including animation and digital video, but also digital audio. All this also requires research and the collection of statistical data.

Gradually, but steadily, the onset of electronic publications in the educational field continues, starting with schooling, and further, in the field of secondary and higher education. In many cases, a partial or complete transition to electronic textbooks and computer educational technologies is justified. The efficiency of such a replacement is higher, the greater the variety teaching aids and below their circulations. The answer to the question about the changes in the traditional publishing and printing business necessary to adapt to new information technologies also requires a fairly broad and in-depth scientific research.

So, our northern neighbor Finland from 1996 to 2000. a five-year research program on electronic publishing and printing processes was carried out with funding of about 60 million Finnish marks. In the United States, through a government-supported program for interactive electronic journals For about ten years, a special OCLC service has been operating, which economically supports university publishing houses and itself acts as a publisher of scientific publications - electronic and printed.

5th chapter of the textbook, where they analyze modern facilities, the possibility of their further improvement and development and the prospects for their distribution in our country. It should be noted that already at the end of 2000 in St. Petersburg there were about 500 thousand registered personal computers, more than 40% of which are equipped with a CD drive and a sound card, i.e., they can be used to work with multimedia publications. In fact, the number of computers even slightly exceeds this figure, since the secondary computer market has now become more active, and the process of assembling them has become so simplified that it has become quite accessible to non-specialists.

To what extent the market for the distribution of electronic publications has formed and what changes are needed in the traditional publishing business for successful marketing and management of electronic books, is explored in the last, 9th chapter of the textbook. Here we will only point out that domestic publishing houses, for the most part, have successfully adapted to modern media technologies. The most advanced of them are those that are engaged in the production of literature on computer and network technologies. Almost all of them use global network for marketing and distribution of literature. Along with printed editions, CD-ROM editions are released, and integrated editions are not uncommon; an accompanying CD containing program and illustrative material is included in the printed book, supplementing and developing those provisions that are contained in the part replicated in printed form.

In the future, the widespread use of multimedia technologies and the unstoppable development ecommerce will impose severe restrictions on the competitiveness and even survival of enterprises in the printing industry that are oriented to the general demand. Advantages in the sale of even the highest quality products will be received by those who have mastered it faster and more efficiently. electronic ways commerce and service. Firms that do not have their own multimedia technology hardware and software base will have difficulty getting orders, and their products will be in danger of becoming obsolete before they reach the consumer. Moreover, this cannot be compensated within the framework of the actual process of preparation and release of products. Thus, online electronic publications have undoubted advantages in terms of distribution over any printed publications.

The production of both electronic publications and printed products is increasingly being integrated into a single space of the media industry. At the same time, within the same media industry, there is a process of integration of print and electronic publications. The composition of the commercial media industry and the approximate distribution of income between them is presented in Table. 1.1. The same table shows forecast data for 2005 and 2010. equity participation of various means of the media industry. The forecast provides for two extreme development options: conservative and progressive, which determine the range of scatter of values ​​under different scenarios for the development of world production.

Table 1.1.

Forecast of the development of the media industry in the world

Media Industry Tools	year 2000	2005 year		2010
		Conservative	Progressive	Conservative	Progressive
printed	65	62	54	54	37
TV and radio	15	16	18	18	22
Film, video, music	10	10	10	10	11
Electronic editions (on disks)	6	7	9	9	14
Electronic publications (network)	4	5	9	9	16

The progressive scenario reflects in table. 1.1 the results corresponding to the rates of development of the components of the media industry existing in developed countries. The conservative scenario assumes a slow development of promising means of the media industry, which is typical for underdeveloped and developing countries. In general, one should expect an accelerated pace of development in the production of electronic publications, especially multimedia and those for which network distribution technologies are used. By the way, a noticeable decrease in the contribution of printed media does not mean an absolute decrease in the production of printed materials. Most likely, the growth in production will continue (especially in the production of labels and packaging), but the pace of this growth will gradually decrease.

Electronic publishing Electronic publishing is a way of publishing verbal, graphic and illustrated materials, in which they are viewed on the screen. Electronic Publications Electronic publications are stored on a computer or on removable media. In addition, while browsing, an electronic publication may be delivered to a computer over a network. Network A network is a connection of computers that allows the transfer of information from one computer to another. The largest computer network - the Internet - connects a huge number of computers located in many countries.

Information Information is any data presented in the form of text, pictures, graphs, as well as audio and video files. Publication Publication is the act of making information public. Multimedia Multimedia - technologies allow creating electronic publications in the form of virtual reality in an interactive mode of user interaction with the software and information environment

A presentation is both the presentation of something new to the public, and an electronic publication that is used in a speech. Usually, the presentation that accompanies the speech consists of successive pages, which are called slides. Internet pages are electronic publications hosted on remote computers and accessible on the Internet. Other names for these publications are sites. To view them, your computer must be connected to the Internet.

Basic operations when creating electronic publications Creation and design of texts; Creation of tables and schemes; Inclusion of images in the publication; Saving and Opening a Previously Saved Publication As a rule, performing these operations is similar to performing them when creating printed publications. Therefore, here we will consider operations that are peculiar only to electronic publications. Organization of the transition to other pages (using hyperlinks); Inclusion of sounds, music, animations and video images in the publication.

Electronic publications Electronic publications - may contain sounds and music, animation and video images, as well as special means for moving from one page to another - hyperlinks Help system Help system is an electronic publication designed to obtain information about any computer program. You can usually access the help system from within the program it talks about.

The traditional cycle of information exchange that has existed for centuries (see Fig. 1) consists in a sequence of processes of concentration and dispersion. The main stream goes along the chain author - publisher - library - reader.

The creation of a database 10 and online services added participants to the number of information providers. Publishing houses, libraries, and organizations were added to the authors. The dissemination of information, in addition to the traditional method, has become possible through information networks. This is how the level of electronic publications appeared (70s of the XX century). Information networks were part of the publishing houses or distributors of the database.

The Internet appeared in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Reducing the cost and widespread introduction of information equipment, communication services, as well as high degree standardization of formats, data transfer protocols and software - all this led to the integration of information networks of different physical organization and bandwidth into a homogeneous environment. In this environment, all the "characters" listed above interact, and over time, the "transparency" of the environment is growing rapidly.

Thus, a three-layer infrastructure of IR 11 is currently observed, in which

each subsequent level absorbs (encapsulates) the previous one as a consumer-source of information and adds new communication participants;

the nature of communication varies: from structured, but slow (level 1), to "stormy flow" (level 3);

over time there is a gradual transition of the main activity from the lower layers to the upper 12 .

This picture is shown in fig. 2.

Rice. 2 Level interaction

Library network of the Russian Federation within the framework of this interaction, it acts as the next structural formation.

(see Appendix 1). Here the interaction is based on the work of the interlibrary loan (IBA).

Projects of electronic interaction between libraries have also been implemented (see Appendix 2 and Appendix 3). The creation of telecommunication networks linking electronic catalogs of libraries is based on corporate technologies (what is used in Internet&Extranet). The Yaroslavl corporate library network, which includes the leading libraries of the Yaroslavl region, Ivanovo region, and Kostroma region, can also serve as an example of such a network.

Under electronic libraries understand a) a collection of electronic books; b) electronic library system with a user-friendly interface for librarians and readers.

The library network of the Russian Federation allows information exchange between three levels (see Fig. 2).

European Library Network - (europeano.net).

Portal of public libraries of St. Petersburg.

The SPbSPU Electronic Library (EL SPbSPU) has 12,000 items.

As for electronic libraries on management, the following links are of interest here:

national electronic library ( http:// www. nns. en);

electronic library for executives, managers ( http:// www. up. en);

http://www. grebennikov. en(scientific and practical articles);

GSOM SPbSU electronic library http://www. gsom. spbu. en;

electronic library on management http://www.menegerbook. en;

electronic library of the Samara Institute of Management http://www.samiu. en;

Chapter 1 Electronic Publishing and Multimedia Technology

1. Electronic publications: definition, classification.

Electronic publications are gaining more and more space in the field of providing information about cultural heritage. An electronic publication is a publication presented as a set of data (text, static and moving images, sound) recorded in digital form on a computer medium or in computer memory and intended for human perception using special hardware and software.

Depending on the dissemination technology, electronic publications can be divided into the following categories 1:

local electronic edition: an electronic publication intended for local use and issued in the form of a certain amount identical copies (circulation) on portable machine-readable media. In the museum field, this category includes ES recorded on hard media (for example, on CD-ROM, DVD, etc.); the disk is installed in the computer and the user gets access to the information. EP of this kind can also be called static , because their content remains unchanged. Naturally, this is a conditional concept - subsequent editions are possible.

online electronic edition: an electronic publication available to a potentially unlimited range of users via telecommunications networks. This category includes museum ES, in which data can be promptly corrected, modified and supplemented after the initial publication (a typical example is publications on the INTERNET) 2 . Conventionally, an EP of this kind can be called dynamic.

combined distribution electronic edition: an electronic edition that can be used both as a local and as a network; - by the nature of the interaction between the user and the electronic publication. For example, a CD-ROM can be used not only for individual work, but for group lessons, organizing collective access to data from several computers through local network. This category of ES includes electronic expositions and exhibitions, which will be discussed in a special section.

Thus, in museum practice one can meet all categories of electronic publications.

Static ES are subject to state registration. There is an organization NTCenter INFORMREGISR under the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Telecommunications ( ), which is entrusted with the functions of registration, state accounting, storage and acquisition of a mandatory copy of the ES. For INTERNET ES, the registration procedure has not yet been determined.

The creation and use of electronic publications is based on multimedia Technology, which will be discussed below.

2. Multimedia technology

The term MULTIMEDIA came into our lexicon from English-language sources, and the further it goes, the more vague its content becomes. These are technology, approaches, implementation methods, and numerous applications; and this is natural, since, at its core, multimedia is complex system, which, as is well known, cannot be described "from the standpoint of one observer". I would not like to delve into the terminological jungle of the definition of multimedia, as this will take us far from the subject of discussion and we will get bogged down in discussions about definitions; it suffices to recall many years of discussions in the 60s about what "computer science" is. Here is a definition that was proposed back in the early 1990s by one of the pioneers of this technology in our country, Sergey Novoseltsev:

"MULTIMEDIA"MULTIMEDIAfrom lat.multum- a lot andmedia- environment, tools) is a complex of hardware and software that allows the user to work in an interactive mode with heterogeneous data (graphics, text, sound, video) organized in the form of a single information environment.

Let's highlight the most significant features of multimedia:

data is stored and processed in digitalform, usingcomputer;

data may contain text, sound, graphics, video and animation components;

multimedia actively uses hypertext- a technology for working with data that establishes links between individual terms, fragments of text, articles, figures, etc. This means that the information is presented in the form of documents that may contain links to other documents (for example, by highlighting a piece of text with color). The user is therefore able to "jump" from document to document, each of which can be stored on different servers on the network; For those who want to learn more about the history of the “hypertext” phenomenon, we recommend that you refer to the publication by D.L. Krechman and AI..Pushkov 3 ;

property interactivity(which means active interaction between the program and the person who works with this program) is inherent in multimedia to a very high degree.

An interesting interpretation of the concept of “multimedia” is given in the above-mentioned publication by D.L. Krechman and A.I. Pushkov:

“... As we can see, multimedia combines four heterogeneous data (graphics, text, sound and video) into a single whole. These are four elements, four informational elements.

… And that's where The Fifth Element comes to mind. Yes, this is the name of the famous film by the French director Luc Besson, which is successfully shown on the screens of the world. The name "The Fifth Element" comes from the traditional elements of alchemy: earth, air, fire and water. The four elements put together create the fifth: life."

“Firstly, multimedia is an idea, that is, new approach storage of various types of information in a single digital form. Secondly, multimedia is like equipment for processing and storing information; it is impossible to realize a multimedia idea without it. And thirdly, this software, allowing you to combine four elements of information into a complete multimedia application.

In 1991-1992, a series of articles by Sergey Novoseltsev 4 was published in the Computer Press magazine, in which the author very thoroughly acquainted readers with the phenomenon of the emergence of multimedia abroad and in our country, with the technology for creating and using multimedia products, with technical and software tools that are necessary for its implementation.

Since its inception, multimedia technology has begun to conquer its area in such areas as education, culture, art multimedia program Domesday, reflecting the portrait of the United Kingdom according to the authors' intention. This program was distributed to schools in the UK.

One of the first Russian programs, which with some stretch can be called multimedia - created in 1990 is an electronic version of the painting by the artist A. Ivanov "The Appearance of Christ to the People". The program written on a diskette was very primitive: it did not contain any hypertext or sound, but it allowed the user to interactively receive a color image of a picture or its enlarged fragments on the monitor screen, controlling the process with the mouse.

In 1990-1991 A group of enthusiasts from Armenia created the program "Hyperguide to Armenia", which contains elements of hypertext, several dozen images, sound and works in interactive mode. Another example from the same period is the multimedia program "Trinity-Sergius Lavra", created by INTERSOFT specialists. this program first appeared animation elements - the "fluctuating" flame of a candle.

In 1990, the State Russian Museum released an interactive video disc "Masterpieces of the Russian Museum", which contained about 1,000 images of outstanding works from the museum's collection. However, this development was experimental in nature and did not receive further development.

In 1991-1993 electronic publications were created " Journey through the Moscow Kremlin" (COMINFO company together with specialists from the Moscow Kremlin Museums), "Walks around the State Hermitage" (INTERSOFT company). These electronic publications already at that time had all the basic properties of multimedia: they worked in an interactive mode With text (including - in several languages), with images, sound, they used hypertext, video clips. A significant limitation imposed on these electronic publications is the amount of memory, determined by the type of media - floppy disks with a capacity of 1.2 or 1.4 MB. Therefore, to record the full program, a package of 6-10 diskettes was used, which had to be pre-installed on a computer.

"Multimedia Explosion" fell in Russia in 1994. Several reasons contributed to this. Firstly, multimedia computers are no longer exotic, multimedia technology rushed in a wide stream Russian market and a mass of CD-ROM discs appeared on sale. Secondly, teams of specialists were formed with the knowledge and skills necessary to create serious software products, and a number of Russian enterprises quickly mastered the technology of producing and replicating such programs on CD-ROM disks. Last but not least, many museums are “ripe” to be included in the process of creating multimedia art publications.

Due to a number of objective and subjective reasons, it is CD-ROM technology (and not CD-I or Photo-CD) that has become a monopoly in Russia. Several dozens of CD-ROMs on art, on museums and their collections were created and went on sale in the second half of the 1990s. On the other hand, as the INTERNET penetrates into Russia, many electronic representations (websites) of museums around the world have become available to any INTERNET user; Currently, the number of EPs on museum topics (on disks or in the form of sites on the INTERET) has exceeded several thousand. We will begin our consideration with the local ES presented on the CD-ROM.

Zero L. Ya. Information Technology in the activities of the museum.

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1 GOST 7.83-2001 “Electronic publications. Basic types and output information. This document is advisory in nature.

2 Static ES can also be placed on the Internet, i.e. immutable publications, although there is a fundamental possibility to make changes; on the other hand, non-network technologies are emerging that allow additional recording and rewriting of a disc by the user - like reader notes in the margins of an e-book.

3 D.L.Krechman, AI..Pushkov DIY multimedia. - SPb: BHV - St. Petersburg, 1999, pp. 108-115

4 Novoseltsev S.K. Multimedia synthesis of three elements. Computer press, N 7, 8, 1991; Novoseltsev S.K. Interactive discs come to the country? Computer press, N 5, 1992; Novoseltsev S.K. Multimedia-91. Computer press, N 7, 1992; Novoseltsev S.K. Multimedia in three dimensions. Computer press, N 5, 1992; Novoseltsev S.K. Home Media: Let's wait a little longer. Computer press, N 5, 1992.