On fig. 5.1 shows the main elements of the book.
Fig.5.1. book elements.
1 - jacket flap; 2 - endpaper; 3 - frontispiece; 4 - title page; 5 - jacket; 6 - book block; 7 - lace.
Valve- 1) (in plate production) an empty edge in the form of a strip on the installation of a photoform; 2) (in printing industry) offset edge printed form, designed to be fixed in the slats when it is installed in printing machine, as well as the edge of the paper sheet, designed to be captured in the process of transporting it in the machine when printing; 3) (in bookbinding) part of the cover (dust jacket) folded inside the book.
Bookend- a sheet of paper or print (single-folded notebook) folded in half, placed between the binding cover and the block of the book. Serves as a link between the book block and the binding cover. There are several types of endpapers. The most commonly used is a simple glued endpaper - a single-fold notebook made of special endpaper. In books of large volume (block thickness over 30 mm), an adhesive endpaper with a border is used - a strip of paper or calico 16-20 mm wide. For small books, they use "their" flyleaf (see the book with "their" flyleaf).
Frontispiece- element decoration edition, which is an illustration placed on the left page in a spread with a title page.
dust jacket- an additional paper wrapper over the binding (cover), fixed on it only with curved edges - valves. It is used as an element of the external design of the publication to protect its binding from damage, pollution, as well as for advertising purposes.
book block- a set of bound notebooks or separate printed sheets containing all the pages and components of the future edition, except for the binding cover or cover.
Lyasse- a braid attached to the spine of the block in such a way that its end extends beyond the lower edge of the block.
Now let's take a closer look at these and other structural elements of printed publications.
The first and main structural element of all printed publications (except sheet ones) is a folded (folded in a certain order) printed sheet, which, after folding, is called a notebook. Depending on the number of folds (type of folding), the notebook may contain 4 strips (single-fold), 8 strips (two-fold), 16 strips (three-fold), 32 strips (four-fold). The newspaper is published in the form of a notebook. For a newspaper, a notebook is the only constructive element.
Selected in the order of following one after another, notebooks form a block. The selection is completed with book and magazine publications with a volume of more than 80 pages, blocks of publications with a volume of less than 80 pages. supplied with tabs.
Book editions may have inserts, tabs or capes in which illustrations are located. They are printed separately, often on different paper and in a different way; are not included in the volume of the publication, but are taken into account independently. Capes, tabs, stickers, glues (additional elements of the block) are attached to the notebooks in the process of completing the block.
Bookends- two four-page notebooks, which serve to fasten the block with the binding cover. Endpapers can be artistically decorated and therefore belong to the design elements.
The next constructive and design element is considered binding or cover. The binding cover (cover) protects the book block from damage, completes the construction of the book, and often contains promotional information. A number of book publications intended for long-term use and storage (collected works, textbooks, encyclopedias, dictionaries, editions for children, etc.) and a number of albums, with the exception of albums intended for mass use, for example, popular science , educational, instructive, catalogs and advertising, etc. These editions sometimes have a dust jacket or case as design elements.
Book editions that are not intended for long-term storage, magazines and mass-use albums are issued in the cover.
When making publications in the cover, the flyleaf is not used. Making a cover is easier and cheaper, so a large number of books and almost all magazines are made out in the cover.
dust jacket designed to protect the binding from wear and contamination, and, like the cover and binding, contains pictorial and sometimes advertising information, therefore, is a design element. The dust jacket is connected to the binding by flaps (folded sides), unique gift or souvenir editions can be placed in a case, which can also be simple (cardboard) or artistically designed.
Title is a design element of book and magazine and newspaper publications. There are the following types of titles. The main, or main, title can be single-sided and located on the first page or two-sided (reversal or swing) and located on two pages - the second and third. In the swing title, the image smoothly transitions from one strip to another and forms a single whole. In a spread title, information is located separately on each of the pages, for example, in collected works, the second page contains information about the author's surname and the number of volumes in the collected works; on the third strip - all information relating to a particular volume. In translated editions, each of the pages may contain the same information, but in different languages.
front title (title) is placed in front of the main title on an odd stripe. On the spread of the title (on an even stripe) can be located title illustration (frontispiece), in a brief artistic form characterizing the entire work, or a portrait of the author. With a complex title, the reverse of the avantitle can be used for the main two-strip title.
The reverse of the main title may be blank or may be located on an even stripe. countertitle or additional title. The countertitle is used in multi-volume and translated editions.
Schmuttitul- internal title - the name of sections, chapters or individual parts within the publication. The half-title is placed on a separate odd-numbered strip with a blank back (same as the main title). In dramatic works, a list of characters can be placed on the back of the title. In compact publications (magazines and newspapers), the internal title is wrapped in the form of a "cap". In book editions, the "hat" is located on the runway at the expense of the descent.
downhill strip- the initial page of a section, story, chapter. The indent (descent) from the beginning of the typesetting strip can be 1/4 - 1/3 of the height of the typesetting strip. Descent is measured in squares or lines. In non-standard editions designed according to the third option, for example, in gift, children's editions, etc. the size of the descent may be larger. The first line of the imposition strip may begin with a "letter cap" - an enlarged capital letter, which also performs a design role.
Running title- short name of the section, chapter. It is often used in reference publications and is called reference. The reference footer is wrapped at the top of the typesetting strip and is included in its size. In book editions (especially often in poetry), the footer looks like a column line and is called a decorative footer. In newspaper editions, the footer is wrapped at the bottom of the typesetting page and is included in its size.
Binding, cover, dust jacket, title, being constructive and design elements in book and magazine publications, should be designed in accordance with the design of the entire publication.
The cover, binding, dust jacket can be designed using the format of the typesetting page of the publication or use the size of the page of the publication after trimming.
The active part of the binding, from the point of view of the design of the publication, is the spine of the binding. Binding, binding spine, dust jacket must be of the same type. The choice of font for the design of the text of the cover and binding depends on the amount of text, the color of the material and the projected ink for printing, most often the font is bold, and sometimes bold.
The main title is designed in accordance with the design of the cover (binding), but using lighter fonts. The drawn title is entirely designed by the artist.
The compositional decision of the title is subject to general principles compositions of display forms. The format of the title may be equal to the format of the typeface of the publication, in which case there will be margins around the title; sometimes title graphics may extend beyond the typesetting strip.
Columnnumbers are wrapped at the top or bottom of the type-setting strip. Column numbers located at the bottom of the strip are not included in the format of the typesetting strip and must be separated from the text of the strip with a space from 4 to 12 p.
Columns located at the top of the strip are wrapped in the header line, if there is one, and in this case they are included in the format of the typesetting strip. The footer, together with the column figure, is separated from the subsequent text within the font size of the main set, while observing the rules of multiplicity to the number of lines of the main set is mandatory. The top columns are not placed on the title page, pages entirely occupied by illustrations, slippages, and the imprint page.
The bottom columns are not placed on the end strips, strips entirely occupied by illustrations, the title strip and the imprint strip, however, all these strips are included in the page count of the publication, while tabs and capes are not numbered and are not included in the count of the pages of the publication.
Norm and signature are set on each first page of each printed sheet (except for the first, pages entirely occupied by illustrations, semi-titles).
Norm- short name of the edition or order number under which the edition is in production.
Signature- sheet number. They serve to control the correctness of the selection.
The signature with an asterisk is installed on every third page of each printed sheet and serves to control the correct folding. Norm and signature are not included in the typesetting format. The signature is most often typed in 8 point size and is located on the same line as the bottom column number. The norm is almost always typed in 6 point size and additionally beats off from the text of the strip by two more points.
Publishing Information
The following types of additional text are classified as author's or publisher's information. The text is highlighted graphically or compositionally.
dedication or epigraph(author's information) are placed on a separate page after the title, if they refer to the entire publication, or on the descent strip at the expense of the descent. Epigraphs to individual chapters or parts of the publication are placed on the first pages after the title of the chapters or parts, before the text on account of the descent. At the same time, they fight back equally from above and below. If the epigraph consists of several separate excerpts, they beat off among themselves by 2-4 p.
annotation most often placed on the back of the title in the optical middle of the strip, it is distinguished by using a font of a different size or style, or compositionally (by typing in a different, often reduced, format).
Foreword, introduction, introductory article are placed on the odd stripe after the title and dedication (if any). All the indicated information is placed on odd-numbered bands. A set with increased leading is allowed (a set for veneers).
Afterword and final article are placed after the main text or content of the publication and more often on odd slips - first an afterword, and then the final article.
Notes and comments to the entire edition is placed after the afterword and the final article, and in their absence - after the main text, on a separate slip.
Applications placed after notes, afterword, final article or main text. If the application is closely related to the text, it is placed immediately after the text on a separate slip. If there are several applications, the descent is made only before the first application. Each application can be placed from a new lane or in a selection. Sometimes they are combined with a shmutztitul.
Bibliography to the whole book is placed after the appendix on a separate imposition strip. Bibliography for individual chapters or sections is placed at the end of these sections as additional text. The bibliographic description contains basic information about publications.
Nominal and subject indexes are placed before the content (table of contents), if it is located at the end of the publication. Each pointer is placed on its own trigger strip.
In special, scientific, technical and reference publications, the content may be placed after the title on an odd trigger page. Contents - sequential enumeration of titles of the publication with indication of pages.
In journals, the content is placed on the back of the title or on a narrow-format insert before the main text.
Imprint, as a rule, are placed on the last page of the publication, typed in a reduced format and placed in the optical middle of the strip, or typed in full format and placed at the bottom of the strip. In compact editions, the imprint is placed on the back of the title. The output contains a brief description of publications: surname of the author, editor, title, circulation, volume, format, number of printed and conditional printed sheets, printing method, name of the enterprise where the publication was printed and other data necessary for the bibliographic processing of the book. The imprint is placed on the last page of the publication.
book ads placed in the publication if there are free pages.
magazine ads most often placed on the third and fourth pages or in a specially allocated place inside the main text, most often at the end of the publication, but other places specially designated for advertising can also be used.
newspaper ads placed in specially designated places, but may be entirely advertising newspapers.
External design of publications: type and method of attaching endpapers to notebooks, the presence of captal, bookmark ribbons, shading of trimmings, type of spine (straight or round), design of binding covers (printing followed by varnishing, film laminating, laminating or embossing, colorless or using foils), shading of books, as well as collation techniques, binding book blocks and attaching to notebooks additional elements(plyekek, vkleek, capes and tabs) is selected in publishing houses, based on the type, purpose and volume of publications.
All the indicated design techniques for publications and others, for example, the presence of a dust jacket, a case, are noted in the publishing specification for the printing design of printed publications; it also indicates the type of paper, cardboard and all other materials used for printing, binding and binding processes and for the design of publications.
SELECTING THE FORMAT OF EDITIONS
6.1. Formats and design options for publications
All types of printed publications are issued in the formats established by the standard (GOST 5773 - 90). For book and magazine production, sheet paper of standard sizes is used: 60 x 84, 60 x 90, 70 x 90, 75 x 90, 70 x 100, 70 x 108, 84 x 108 cm. The first value is the width of the sheet, the second is the length. The width and length of the paper sheet can be specified in centimeters or millimeters. Roll paper for book and magazine products is produced in roll widths of 60, 70, 75, 84, 90, 108, 120 cm.
For newspaper products, sheet paper is used in the following formats: 60 x 84, 42 x 60, 30 x 42 cm and roll paper with a width of 42, 60, 84, 126 and 168 cm.
Edition format - page sizes after cutting the block, which are indicated in millimeters (Table 4.1). In accordance with GOST 5773 - 90, the trim value for all formats is set: in width - 5 mm, in height - 10 mm. But more often, the format of the publication is indicated by the width and height of the paper sheet, on one side of which one printed sheet is placed, and the fraction of the sheet, i.e. the number of pages in one printed sheet. For example, on one side of a 60 x 84/16 paper sheet there are 16 pages of the publication.
The first number always indicates the width (of a sheet, typesetting strip, cliche, illustration, table, etc.), the second - the height. If the first digit is less than the second, the format is book-magazine; if the second digit is less, the format is landscape.
The range includes 30 standard formats of publications, taking into account the size of the sheet and its share. Non-standard sizes are also possible, for which non-standard paper sizes can be used: 60 x 70, 60 x 108, 70 x 84, 84 x 100 cm, etc., made by special order.
Typesetting format - the area of the printed part of the page of the publication, indicated by the size of the width of the strip (set format) and the height of the strip in squares, for example, 6 x 93/4 sq. The format of the typesetting page is determined by the format of the publication and the design option. The format of the publication and the design option is selected according to OST 29.62 - 86. Book and magazine publications. The main parameters of publishing and printing design.
Depending on the design variant with the same edition format, the format of the typesetting page is different.
The industry standard for the main parameters of printing design of book and magazine products (OST 29.62 - 86) provides for three design options:
First option- the smallest margins around the typesetting strip, i.e. the maximum allowable dimensions of the typesetting strip, for example, with the edition format 60 x 84/16 and the first design option, the margins before trimming will be 11, 16, 17, 19 mm (back, top, side and bottom), the format of the typesetting strip is 6 * 3/4 x 9*3/4 sq. This is the most economical design option, but is more often used for publications that are not intended for continuous reading, or for publications such as curricula, materials of scientific conferences, teaching aids. The paper usage ratio is the highest for this option.
Second option used in the design of most book publications. Margin sizes in the edition format 60 x 84/16 before trimming are respectively 13.18, 20 and 21 mm, and the format of the typesetting page is smaller than in the first version and is 6.5 x 9.5 square meters.
Third option least economical, but most readable. Margin sizes in the edition format 60 x 84/16 before trimming will be respectively equal to 16, 20, 22, 24 mm; This design option is acceptable for collected works, monographs, individual works of art, fiction, editions for children.
Margins on the page of the publication play an important aesthetic role, determining to a large extent and readability. The typesetting strip is located, as it were, in the optical middle of the page; the narrowest field is the inner radicular, somewhat wider is the upper, even wider is the outer lateral and the widest is the lower.
It is allowed to use combined design options for publications in agreement with the printing house, for example, the height of the typesetting strip is selected according to the first option, and the width - according to the second.
When designing publications for preschool children school age use of individual layouts is acceptable.
You can bind a book at home - it's not difficult, but it requires some knowledge and skill. Let's see how to do it.
First, let's deal with sizes and terminology. In order for a book to stand on a shelf along with other books, you first need to know the standard sizes of books. Here are some of the most common formats:
Format 60x90/8 (A4)
cut format 210x297 mm,
the size 210x290 mm or 210x280 mm is often used.Format 60x90/16 (A5)
cut format 140x210 mm,
the size 140x205 or 140x200 mm is often used.Format 60x90/32
cut format 105x140 mm.Format 70x100/12
cut format 215x215 mm.Format 70x100/16
cut format 170x240 mm,
the size 165x235 mm is often used.Format 70x90/16
cut format 160x210 mm.Format 70x100/32
cut format 110x160 mm, often used size 105x160 mm.Format 84x108/32
cut format 125x200 mm.The edging format of the book refers to the height and width of the book block.
Few terms:
Lyasse- a braid that is glued with one end to the spine of a book block, and the rest is laid between the pages of the block so that the other end protrudes beyond the bottom edge of the block.
Bandages- convex transverse stripes on the spine of old leather bindings, which are sometimes imitated in the bindings of modern books using relief stamping.
Captal- This is a colored tape with a thickened edge, glued to the top and bottom edges of the spine of a book block to hold them together, protect and generally strengthen the book block. In addition, the captal serves as an element of external decoration.
Bookend- a structural element of a bound edition, the main purpose of which is to fasten, connect a book block with a binding cover, and an additional one - to serve as an artistic element of external design. The sealed flyleaf can be background, decorative and ornamental, plot and text.
There are several types of binding:
1. Binding of notebooks- so basically do in the printing house. Vivid examples of this are diaries. If you have an old diary or notebook, look at how it is made, most likely it consists of several notebooks sewn together.
2. Binding of sheets with cuts- this is the easiest way to do it at home, this is how they bind books from a series of cheap detectives)). The disadvantage of this method is that when the book is unfolded to the full, it will break and, as a result, sheets will fly out of the breaks.
3. Binding "swallow"- same as cuts, but cuts are made at an angle of 45 degrees.
This and the previous method refers to the sewing of book blocks in a seamless manner. The techniques of such sewing are used in the manufacture of book blocks from sheet material, for example, from typewritten sheets.
So that's all for today. We will sew, cut and glue in the continuation of the article ... read the continuation.
A word of 6 letters, the first letter is "F", the second letter is "O", the third letter is "R", the fourth letter is "Z", the fifth letter is "A", the sixth letter is "C", the word for the letter "F", the last "C". If you do not know a word from a crossword puzzle or a crossword puzzle, then our site will help you find the most difficult and unfamiliar words.
Guess the riddle:
Nothing hurts, but everything groans. Show answer>>
Do not write anything or use a calculator. Take 1000. Add 40. Add another thousand. Add 30. Another 1000. Plus 20. Plus 1000. And plus 10. What happened? Show answer>>
Other meanings of this word:
Random joke:
Two well drunk "new Russians" met at a banquet, and they began to brag to each other about their successes. Reached and sexual exploits. One means, pointing with his hand, he says:
- Look, you see a blonde with a huge bust - this is my wife, and look, you see a brunette with legs from teeth - this is my mistress !!!
The second "new Russian" looked, looked at all this with his drunken, weakly thinking eyes and uttered in response:
- It's strange, but for some reason it's the other way around for me ?!
a) Know that there is nothing higher and stronger, and healthier, and more useful in the future for life, like some good recollection, and especially taken from childhood, from the parental home ....
b) "... Are you an old, tired, busy person, drop everything and run to the calling voice. This voice has always meant only one thing: other people need your immediate, urgent help ...
c) "for the first time a clear thought occurred to me that we are not alone, that is, our family, lives in the world, that not all interests revolve around us, but that there is another life of people who have nothing in common with us who do not care about us and do not even have a clue about our existence"
d) "The days of illness were big days of my life for me. During them, I must have grown a lot and felt something special ...
e) "... Here is self-esteem, and .. well, maybe not self-discipline, but something innate, passed from the grandfather and the truth, well ... decency, or something ...
Determine the main idea that unites these seemingly so different statements.
our thought. Let us learn to think well: this is the basic principle of morality.
Lomonosov, the most famous Russian educator, was born into a poor peasant family in the winter of 1711. From an early age, Mikhail helped his Pomor father, sailing with him on ships in the White Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Possessing a natural craving for knowledge, Mikhail Vasilievich learned to read and write at the age of 14, having read all the books available to him at that time.
Realizing that it was not possible to “go out to the people” in his seaside village of Mishlinskaya, Lomonosov went to Moscow (1730). Where a year later, having gone to deceit, (Mikhail Vasilievich pretends to be a nobleman) enters the Moscow Academy. Lomonosov short message Here he receives a good training, having mastered Latin and other sciences to perfection.
In 1736, Lomonosov was transferred to the university at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, from where he was sent to study for 3 years at the University of Marburg (Germany). Then Lomonosov continued his education in Freiburg, where he delved into physics and chemistry. In these sciences, however, as in astronomy, geology, geography and other sciences, Mikhail Vasilievich made many discoveries, some of which formed the basis of research for future generations. So, Lomonosov discovered the presence of an atmospheric shell on Venus, outlined the foundations of the literary Russian language, and made a huge contribution to the molecular theory of heat.
Returning to Russia in 1741, Lomonosov quickly became a professor of chemistry at the academy, from which he graduated a few years earlier in St. Petersburg. 7 years after returning to his homeland, Lomonosov creates his first chemical laboratory, where he creates many devices for research on his own.
Since 1742, Lomonosov lectures at the Academy of Sciences. Mikhail Vasilyevich conducts these public lectures exclusively in Russian, considering many foreigners who worked next to him to be "enemies of Russian sciences." In 1755, one of the outstanding works of Lomonosov, Russian Grammar, was published, the first public publication on the Russian language, which became widely known. In this edition, Mikhail Vasilyevich gives a clear separation between the secular and church languages. Of great importance are the works of Lomonosov, aimed at creating Russian stylistics.
The talent of this great man also manifested itself in poetry. Lomonosov short message Mikhail Vasilyevich wrote many very beautiful works throughout his life, which he timed to coincide with important state events in Russia. His odes abound with patriotic notes, enthusiastic metaphors and rhetorical questions. Lomonosov is also known from the inscription on the statue of Peter the Great, in which he expressed his admiration for the reformer tsar, because without these reforms, the poor Pomor boy Mikhailo Lomonosov could not have become one of the iconic figures in the history of Russia. Mikhail Vasilievich died at the age of 54. His funeral took place at the Lazarevsky cemetery (Alexander Nevsky Lavra) on April 8, 1765. Lomonosov short message
Even though there is no benefit for a person to lie, this does not mean that he is telling the truth: they lie simply in the name of lies.
1. Name the elements of the play in which the main characters assert their point of view on "the current century and the past century."2. What character traits are found by the characters (Molchalin, Sofya) in the scene of the explanation after Molchalin's fall from the horse. (Prove in 5-6 sentences).
3. What estates of contemporary Russia are displayed in the play?
4. Why are speaking surnames used in the play?
5. Name the term that the following replicas are called in literary criticism:
Where is better? Where we are not!
Went to the room - got into another.
To the village, to my aunt, to the wilderness, to Saratov!
A mixture of languages: French with Nizhny Novgorod.
Ah, evil tongues are worse than a gun...
INDICATE WHO THESE RESPONSES OWN.
6. For what reason did Repetilov not "take" a dowry for his wife and did not rise in the service?
7. Write a detailed answer to the question: How do you understand the name of the comedy?
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