Intensification of production and ways of its implementation. Methods and tools for intensifying production and developing an enterprise Correct definition of intensification

Production intensification

development process social production based on the ever more complete and rational use of technical, material and labor resources based on scientific and technological progress. Intensive development differs from extensive development, which boils down to building production capacity on the previous technical base, increase in applied material resources and the number of workers. Describing the development of production, K. Marx wrote in Capital that “... at certain intervals reproduction takes place, and, moreover, if we consider it from a social point of view, reproduction on an expanded scale: expanded extensively, if only the field of production expands ; expanded intensively if more efficient means of production are used” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 24, p. 193).

The intensive development of production under capitalism is aimed at increasing the profits of the capitalists while increasing the intensity of labor. I. p. - important factor in the competitive struggle of capitalist entrepreneurs. The social consequences of capitalist industrialization are increased exploitation of the working people, an increase occupational diseases and occupational injuries, an increase in unemployment.

Socialist industrial production is aimed at increasing the efficiency of social production in every possible way, while at the same time raising the well-being and cultural level of the working people, eliminating heavy manual labor, and gradually erasing the distinctions between mental and physical labor. The main sources of socialist industrial production are scientific and technological progress, the improvement of the organization of production and labor, and the improvement of the system and methods of management and planning. Socialist industrial production provides for a normal intensity of labor based on the scientific organization of labor and a creative attitude towards it, on a high conscious discipline of all workers.

The specific forms of industrial production under socialism depend on the characteristics of each branch of the national economy. I. p. in industry - the widespread economically justified introduction of advanced equipment, new types of materials, raw materials and fuels, highly efficient complex-mechanized and automated technological processes, improving the quality of products, improving the organization of production on the basis of its further specialization and cooperation, improving the use of equipment, areas, raw materials, materials, fuel and energy, acceleration of production processes. I. p. in construction - an increase in the level of industrialization, the transformation of construction into a complex-mechanized process of erecting buildings and structures from standardized elements manufactured by industry; equipping construction with high-performance equipment, reducing construction time, improving its quality. AT agriculture I. p. - raising the culture of agriculture on the basis of further electrification, chemicalization, complex mechanization, land reclamation, the introduction into production of the latest achievements in the agronomic and biological sciences, progressive technology and the organization of production. The effectiveness of industrial production consists in increasing output and national income while simultaneously increasing labor productivity and capital productivity and reducing the material intensity of output.

The degree of I. production in the industry of the USSR is characterized, for example, by the following data: labor productivity increased in 1971 in comparison with 1940 by 5.2 times; the value of the industrial-production fixed assets of machine building and metalworking increased by 178% in 1970 compared with 1960, and the total output of this industry by 213%; at public power plants specific consumption equivalent fuel per 1 supplied kW․h electricity decreased from 645 G in 1940 to 360 G in 1971; utilization ratio of useful volume of blast furnaces improved from 1.19 m 3 on 1 t in 1940 to 0.592 in 1971, and the average daily steel removal from 1 m 2 hearth area of ​​open-hearth furnaces increased during this time from 4.24 t up to 9.16 t.

The development of the socialist economy proceeds by using the action of both intensive and extensive factors. As socialist production improves, the ratio between extensive and intensive factors changes in favor of the latter. On the present stage communist construction, industrial production has become the main source of development and raising the efficiency of production. It takes place in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution and covers all branches of the national economy.

Lit.: Materials of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, M., 1971; Heinman S. A., Problems of intensification industrial production, M., 1968; Afanasiev V. G., On the intensification of the development of a socialist society, M., 1969; Factors of economic development of the USSR, ed. A. I. Notkina. Moscow, 1970. Intensification and reserves of the economy, M.; 1970.

B. I. Maidanchik.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "intensification of production" is in other dictionaries:

Increasing the efficiency of production, based on: the use of the latest equipment and technology, as well as advanced methods of labor organization; on the rational use of labor, material and financial resources. See also: Production ... ... Financial vocabulary

Encyclopedia of Sociology

production intensification- Growth of production based on a more complete, efficient and rational use of technical, material and labor resources on the basis of scientific and technological progress ... Geography Dictionary

production intensification- the process of development of production, based on the ever more complete and rational use of technical, material and labor resources on the basis of scientific and technological progress. Intensive development is different from ... ...

PRODUCTION INTENSIFICATION- - one of the ways to increase production efficiency, associated with an increase in production volume, more efficient use of material, labor and financial resources as a result of the introduction of scientific and technological progress ... Economist's Concise Dictionary

PRODUCTION INTENSIFICATION- English. intensification of production; German Intensivierung der Produktion. Increasing production efficiency based on the use of the latest equipment and technology, advanced methods of labor organization, rational use of labor, ... ... Dictionary in sociology

- (from the Latin intensio tension, amplification and ... fication), strengthening, increase in tension, productivity, efficiency (for example, intensification of production) ... Modern Encyclopedia

Intensification- (from the Latin intensio tension, amplification and ... fication), strengthening, an increase in tension, productivity, efficiency (for example, intensification of production). … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Consistently increasing investment of means of production and labor per unit of land area, and in animal husbandry per head of livestock, application of the achievements of science and excellence, improving farming practices and technology… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Intensification- (from Latin intensio tension, amplification and facio I do) amplification, increase in tension, productivity, efficiency: See also: intensification of production ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Metallurgy

Books

• Intensification of the production of high-quality livestock products, Dolzhenkova Galina Mikhailovna, Mironova Irina Valerievna, Tagirov Khamit Kharisovich. The monograph presents the results of scientific research related to the selection of optimal doses of feed additives and combinations of genotypes. Conducted comprehensive growth studies,…

Production intensification

Production intensification - it is a process of development of social production based on the ever more complete and rational use of technical, material and labor resources on the basis of scientific and technological progress. The intensive development of production, in contrast to the extensive development of production, is constantly updated and improved. If in extensive production the entire increase in volumes, as a rule, occurs simply due to an increase in the number of tools and labor force, while remaining at the same level of labor productivity and using the same technical base, then the intensification of production leads to a significant increase in labor productivity due to the introduction of new technologies, machines, equipment, labor organization and so on.

To intensify the production of producers pushes competition, which forces producers to get more, and normal profits to reduce costs, increasing labor productivity. And it is impossible to significantly increase labor productivity without replacing obsolete equipment, changing technologies, using a more perfect organization of labor, more advanced and new materials. It is impossible to significantly increase labor productivity only by increasing the intensity of labor, since physical human capabilities are limited. In addition, with excessive labor intensity, many functionality person, which leads to a drop in the quality of work performed, industrial marriage and other negative consequences. Therefore, the correct intensification of production always begins with a change technological process, or technology as a whole or its individual parts, or from the replacement of an outdated fleet of machines, machine tools, apparatuses with more advanced and productive ones. The introduction of new technology or equipment, as a rule, entails a change in the organization of labor.

But the change of technology or equipment in itself will not give any positive changes if all the same workers with the same skill level participate in this production cycle. Any innovations introduced in production always entail the need to change the qualifications of workers in this production. Therefore, in order to maintain a constant social intensification of production, it is necessary to constantly train workers, cadres for more perfect, newer production. Social intensification is impossible without constant and ever more perfect training of skilled workers, engineers, office workers and workers in various auxiliary spheres. With the constant development of science and technology, the introduction into production of more and more advanced technologies, more complex equipment, machines, machine tools, automatic machines and automatic lines, and the like, a constant increase in the qualifications of those workers who will introduce all this, who will manage it all and work on it.

The intensification of production today is the main direction in the matter of increasing social labor productivity, reducing social costs, increasing the total social product and improving the welfare of the population. Thanks to the increase in the intensification of production, the role of the division of labor and exchange is increasingly increasing, which still more pushes all producers to introduce everything advanced and new into their production, to look for reserves, and so on. It goes without saying that the intensification of production in different industries The national economy has its own characteristics and rates of development. So, if the industry in this matter is making leaps and bounds, then agriculture, due to its seasonality and rigid annual cycles, does not have such an opportunity. Even if planting and harvesting can be learned in 2-3 days, the growing process itself will still remain 1 or 2 (where it is warm) times a year. Alas, agricultural production, in terms of cultivation, is still impossible to put on a continuous flow, like industrial production, and therefore, its intensification is limited.

In addition to saving labor (growth in productivity), the correct intensification of production, as a rule, also leads to the saving of all resources: labor, material, energy, natural, financial, and others. If on the early historical path of the development of the human economy, production volumes were increased primarily through extensive methods, now only backward manufacturers are trying to develop something by increasing the intensity of labor or simply increasing the amount of old equipment, the number of new workers, and the like. Today, the whole prospect of any production for any entrepreneur lies in the plane of introducing something new, a new product, new technology, new equipment, new organization labor and so on. Otherwise, in conditions of competition and a sufficiently high level of development of the productive forces, it is practically impossible to achieve good success in any commercial business. And extensive methods today serve only as a supplement, as temporary and urgent ways of developing production.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

State educational institution

higher professional education

Voronezh State Architecture and Construction

university

department economic theory

and basics of entrepreneurship

COURSE WORK

PRODUCTION INTENSIFICATION

Completed by: student of 813 group

Rodionova A.S.

Scientific adviser: doctor of economic sciences, professor

Sichkarev Anatoly

Grigorievich

Supervisor's signature:_____________

Voronezh 2009

PLAN

Introduction

I Intensive type of production and its characteristics

1.1 The essence of production intensification

1.2 Options for extended reproduction

1.3 Types of intensification of production

IINew quality of economic development

2.1 Comprehensive intensification

2.2 New developments in economic growth in the 1990s

2.3 Relationship between intensification and efficiency under socialism

III Intensification of building production

3.1 Intensification system capital construction

3.2 Assessment of the intensification of construction production

3.3 Production assets

3.4 The system of indicators expressing the socio-economic efficiency of construction production

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Applications

INTRODUCTION

The problem of assessing the intensification of construction production has been studied by many domestic scientists. However, it should be noted that so far there are not only generally accepted indicators and methods for assessing its level, but even a generally accepted understanding of it. In this paper, the intensification of production is considered in detail.

Intensification as a concept initially represents a process. In our case, this is the process of intensification of construction production. Therefore, when analyzing and evaluating the level of intensification of construction production, it must be considered as a process and, accordingly, analyze and evaluate the actual dynamics of change and the comparative level of the components of this process. Naturally, it is also necessary to evaluate the result of this process - the achievement of economic results of the intensification of the use of the production resources required for its implementation.

Construction production includes:
processes for the production of construction and installation works at construction sites;
manufacturing processes of building products, semi-finished products, assembly units in auxiliary productions of construction and installation organizations;
production services for the production of construction and installation works and the manufacture of products, semi-finished products, assembly units in ancillary industries (acquisition and delivery of building structures, materials, raw materials, horizontal and vertical transport of building structures and materials at construction sites, work on the organization and maintenance construction sites, organization and production management, etc.).

Therefore, as components of the process of intensification of construction production in its analysis and evaluation, it is proposed to consider and take into account:
intensification production processes of construction and installation works;

intensification production processes in the manufacture of building structures and products, semi-finished products, assembly units in subsidiary industries;
intensification production processes in service industries and maintenance of construction and installation organizations.

But, considering the process of intensifying the use of production resources in the creation of construction products, it must be borne in mind that the design and construction solutions of buildings and structures under construction have a significant impact on the degree of use of production resources in the performance of construction and installation works. There is no need to prove that, firstly, different design solutions of the same structural elements require different costs of labor, materials, energy, machine operation time and, secondly, not all applied design and construction solutions for elements of buildings and structures are technologically advanced and economical in terms of production costs. Therefore, the rationality of design and construction solutions for buildings and structures, the development and use of less resource-intensive building structures should also be taken as an important component and factor in the intensification of construction production.

Since the process intensification of construction production is quite multifaceted and multifaceted, as follows from the above, it is unlikely that its content and quality can be assessed using any one indicator. Therefore, this work uses a system of indicators that allows us to assess the level of intensification of construction production for all its components for the organization as a whole, production sites, construction sites and sites, individual construction and installation works, their complexes.

CHAPTERIINTENSIVE TYPE OF PRODUCTION AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS

1. 1 The essence of production intensification

In the very general view the economic growth means a quantitative increase in production results. The main macroeconomic indicators used to calculate economic growth public economy are gross national product (GNP) and national income (NI). Accordingly, indicators of economic growth are the ratio of real GNP or NI of one period to similar volume indicators of another period. These indicators are measured as a percentage and are called growth (or growth) rates. To achieve greater accuracy of the analysis results, economic growth indicators are calculated per capita.

There are two types of economic growth: extensive and intensive.

With an extensive type economic growth is achieved by using more resources while maintaining the same technical basis of production. The main factors of extensive growth are the growth in the number of employees, the increase in the number of pieces of equipment and the number of natural resources. As a result, output per worker remains the same. (Appendix 1)

A more complex type of economic growth - intensive(fr. intensif - tension). Its main distinguishing feature is the increase in the efficiency of production factors on the basis of technical progress.
At this type expanded reproduction, a new factor of economic growth appears - increasing the efficiency of all traditional factors. Because of this production function is converted. Its simplest expression is:

Y = AF (K, L, N).

In this formula, A is the total productivity of factors. From the formula it can be seen that if the cost of production factors does not change, and their total productivity A increases by 1%, then the volume of production also increases by 1%.
True, in industrialized countries one cannot find in its pure form the first or second type of economic growth:
they are combined in some ratio. For example, calculations for the United States showed the following. In 1950-1985. the annual growth of GNP amounted to 3.2%. Of these, 1.2% of the growth (or 40%) was provided by the combined efficiency of production factors.

Intensive extended reproduction has a number of features. It is more progressive, since the decisive role in raising the efficiency of the material conditions of production is beginning to be played by a new "motor" - the achievements of science and technology. In this regard, the production of scientific and technical information is developing on the scale of society, which is ultimately embodied in more and more efficient means of production. At the same time, the cultural and technical level of workers is being raised.
With an intensive increase in production, the barriers to economic growth generated by the well-known limited natural resources are overcome. The most beneficial factor in expanding production is resource saving. For example, in order to save 1 ton of standard fuel (7000 kcal) by applying a new technology, 3-4 times less costs are required compared to the costs of extracting the same volume of fuel.

Meanwhile, the intensification is associated with a deep progressive restructuring of the structure of the national economy, extensive training of enterprising and highly professional workers. The peculiarities of the intensive type of expanded reproduction are that very high rates of economic growth are impossible with it. At the same time, scientific and technological progress can cause unemployment, which increases in labor-surplus regions of the country.

The factors of economic growth of both types listed above in market theories are usually called aggregate supply factors. In addition to them, the importance of aggregate demand factors, as well as distribution factors, is emphasized. The role of the former is to ensure the full deployment of the expanding volume of resources by increasing the level of total spending (C + I + G + Xn). Distribution factors are designed to ensure not only the full involvement of resources in the economic turnover, but also their most efficient use.

“The ability to increase production is not sufficient to expand the overall output, it is also necessary to actually use the growing volume of resources and distribute them in such a way as to obtain maximum amount useful products” / 3, p. 256 /. And this is true. The bottom line, however, is that both efficient allocation and efficient use of resources can only be best achieved through thoughtful decision making. At individual enterprises, this is achieved by centralized planning and consistent implementation of the adopted plans. In the same way, the greatest effect can be achieved on the scale of the whole society. It is not easy to achieve this, and at the present level of organization and management of the national economy, in a number of cases it is simply impossible. But in a spontaneous way, through the operation of an unregulated market mechanism, the corresponding effect can be achieved only in a much longer period and with a much lower probability. In essence, in all countries today one has to either rely on the spontaneous action of factors of demand and distribution of resources on a social scale, or try to curb them by strengthening state regulation economy. Therefore, at present, in economic theory, the main attention in discussing the problems of economic growth is given to supply factors.

1.2 Options for advanced reproduction

The level of intensification of production will be the higher, the greater the gap between the increase in the final product (result) and the costs of obtaining it. That is, intensification is globally resource-saving method of reproduction. In practice, there is no only extensive or intensive type of economic growth, but only the predominance of one or another of them.

When studying the intensification of production, which underlies the intensive type of economic growth, one should take into account, first of all, the dynamics and the ratio of resource costs per unit of output. At the same time, the reduction of total costs can be achieved in different periods in different ways. In particular, the following options for expanded reproduction may arise.

1. The costs of materialized labor increase, and the costs of living labor are reduced with a decrease in their totality. This option is especially common in the mechanization of manual or low-mechanized labor.

2 . The costs of both living and embodied labor are reduced, which is usually typical when old equipment is replaced by a new one, with the appearance of more modern machines and technological processes.

3. The costs of living labor are reduced, and materialized labor remain unchanged, which happens, for example, when implementing non-investment measures to improve the organization of production, labor, management and etc.

4. The costs of materialized labor are reduced, while those of living labor remain unchanged.

5. The cost of living labor is increasing, while that of materialized labor is decreasing.

Toward the Intensive Methods of Expanded Reproduction Properly

(economic growth) include the first three of these options. This is due to the fact that the intensification of production implies an increase in the productivity of social labor along with savings in the cost of living labor per unit of final product.

An increase in the cost of materialized labor and a reduction in living labor is possible, even if the total amount of costs remains unchanged. This option is observed when it is necessary to improve the quality of products or improve working conditions. However, this does not lead to an increase in labor productivity.

In this case, there is no actually intensive type of economic growth. Despite this, this option for the development of the economy is expedient. We essentially have an intensification in socially. The improvement of working conditions achieved at the same time contributes to the expanded reproduction of the labor force, which is manifested in the subsequent growth of labor productivity. Improving the quality of products from the point of view of the interests of society is similar to saving all elements of production. Increasing the service life of manufactured products (goods) makes it possible national economy to satisfy their needs in the future with less expenditure of living and materialized labor in the respective branches. And the fact that the implementation of savings of all types of resources in this case occurs somewhat later, at a different level, within other enterprises, firms, organizations, industries, does not change the essence of the matter.

1.3 Types of production intensification

From the point of view of the ratio of the costs of living and materialized labor (material and technical resources) and the total labor costs per unit of final product, one should distinguish three types of intensification - resourcecue, resource-saving and resource-invariant. At the same time, we emphasize that here we mean only material and technical resources. At the same time, labor is excluded from the concept of "resource", given that intensification always involves saving the resource "labor".

Resource-intensive intensification (labor-saving) - such a development of production, in which the reduction in the cost of living labor per unit of output is accompanied by additional costs of materialized labor (material and technical resources), while the total labor costs per unit of output are reduced.

Resource-saving intensification (comprehensive) - this is such a development of production in which an increase in the productivity of social labor is achieved on the basis of a decrease not only in living labor, but also in materialized (material and technical resources) per unit of output.

Resource-invariant intensification (capital-saving) represents such a variant of the development of production, in which the costs of materialized labor (material and technical resources) per unit of production remain unchanged, and the reduction in total labor costs is achieved only on the basis of saving living labor.

When studying the types of intensification of production, one should single out their various forms, which show the additional costs (or savings) of which part of the production and technical resources take place and the savings of which elements of production prevail.

Resource-intensive type of intensification production can be carried out in the following forms: capital-intensive - labor-saving; material-intensive - labor-saving, energy-intensive - labor-saving, material-intensive - labor-saving; energy-intensive - material-saving; capital-intensive - material-saving; capital-intensive - energy-saving; material-intensive - energy-saving; energy-intensive - foid-saving.

Resource-saving type of intensification can be represented by the following forms: predominantly labor-saving; predominantly fund-saving; predominantly material-saving; predominantly energy efficient.

Resource-invariant type of intensification acts in one form - labor-saving.

CHAPTERIINEW QUALITY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2.1 Comprehensive intensification

In contrast to the costly extensive expansion of production, all-round intensification provides an anti-cost trajectory for economic growth. It is clearly shown in Fig. 2.1. (Appendix 2) where conditional data are given.

We see that the volume of national income (NI) is growing the fastest, the output of means of production (Ko) and the labor force (P) are increasing somewhat more slowly. As a result, the cost of a unit of production (St) decreases, while expanded reproduction acquires qualitatively new features (Figure 2.2., Appendix 3)

2.2 New developments in economic growth in the 1990s

As you know, at the industrial and post-industrial stages of production, the economy progresses on a revolutionary changing technical basis. Since science and technology develop unevenly, this affects a significant difference in the growth rates of national economies.

In the second half of the XX century. at first, the countries that were the first to introduce the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution (USA, England, France, etc.) were in the lead. Then, the countries that most quickly applied the already mastered new technologies in production began to develop ahead of schedule. These include, for example, Japan and the so-called "new industrial countries" of the first generation (the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong).
In the 1990s, a qualitatively new stage began in the economic growth of many countries. This stage has the following distinctive features.
1. The main part of the world economy is characterized by continuous economic development. At the same time, the average growth rate of all countries in the world increased from about 1% to a steady 3% per year.
The main contribution to this growth was made by developed countries, which account for 1/2 of the world total product and 2/3 of the world trade turnover. At the same time, these countries have relatively lower rates of development (2.5%) compared to global indicators.
2. The rate of increase in production in developing countries has grown strongly, from 2.4% in the 1980s to 5-6% in the 1990s. There has been an increase in the number of developing countries whose GDP per capita tends to rise.

Particularly prominent are the newly industrialized "second generation" countries: Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand. They compete with developed countries not only in the production of traditional textiles and other relatively simple consumer products, but also in the market for complex products, including capital goods.

3. As a result of the noted differences in the rates of economic development, a trend has developed for a slow and steady decline in the relative economic power of the Western countries. It is no coincidence that the share of the European Community in the world trade turnover from 1991 to 1997 decreased from 43-44% to 36-40%, while the share of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region increased from 38-39% to 42-44%. The share of Asia (excluding Japan) in world trade has exceeded that of North America and continues to grow.

2.3 Relationship between intensification and efficiency under socialism

The basis for accelerating the socio-economic development of the country is, first of all, the growth of intensification of production. This is due to a number of reasons. First of all, the fact that since the early 70s. certain difficulties arose in the development of the economy, the pace of its development slowed down, the material and capital intensity of production increased, the growth in the efficiency of capital investments slowed down, and the growth rate of labor productivity slowed down. In the Resolution of the XXVII Congress of the CPSU on the Political Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU, it is said: "The main reason for the backlog, the congress considers that a political assessment of the change in the economic situation was not given in a timely manner, all the acuteness and urgency of transferring the economy to intensive methods of development was not realized, there was no perseverance and consistency in addressing urgent issues of restructuring economic policy...” /7, p. 19/.

Secondly, the importance of the intensification of production is growing in connection with the need to solve major social problems in the field of improving the living standards of the working people and thereby strengthening the attractiveness of socialism for the peoples of the capitalist system, the liberated and developing countries. Thirdly, with the need to ensure our complete economic independence from the capitalist countries, primarily in strategically important areas. Fourth, with a new stage in the scientific and technological revolution, which ensures a sharp increase in productivity and labor efficiency, and the strengthening of defense capability.

The importance of the intensification of social production is due to the fact that the extensive factors of its growth have already been exhausted. At present, material prerequisites have been created in the country for the implementation of the intensification of production in all sectors of the national economy in the form of an increased production, technical and scientific potential. As of January 1, 1985, the value of the fixed production assets of the national economy amounted to 1,489 billion rubles. (in 1973 prices). In capital construction, their value amounted to 76 billion rubles. In 1984 alone, the value of these funds in construction increased by 5 billion rubles.

The growth of production fixed assets and material working capital as a whole in the national economy amounted to (at the end of the year; in comparable prices of 1973; in % to 1980): 1981 - 106, 1982 - 113, 1983 — 120, 1984 - 127. For capital construction, it was expressed as follows: 1981 - 104, 1982 - 107, 1983 - 111, 1984 - 114. That is, in the 11th five-year plan, measures were taken for the intensification of production. This was manifested in the growth in the rate of labor productivity—individual, collective, social, and in the increase in the share of the increase in output obtained through this. For 1981-1985 almost 90% of the increase in national income was received due to the growth in the productivity of social labor /7, p.23/. In capital construction in 1984, 97% of the increase in the volume of construction and installation work was obtained by increasing labor productivity.

At the same time, the costs of total resources for the production of a unit of output were still high. The material consumption of the social product (without depreciation) was (as a percentage of 1980): in 1981 - 99.4; 1982 - 98.4; 1983-98; 1984 - 97.9. The metal intensity and energy intensity of the produced national income also decreased slightly.

The growth of the national income has been carried out at the same rate as the growth of capital investments. For the 12th five-year plan, outstripping growth rates of the final results of production are envisaged in comparison with the costs of labor and material resources. The task is set to achieve a radical change in the intensification of production /7, p. 26/. It is planned to significantly reduce all types of labor inputs in the production of the planned volume of national income, products of all branches of the national economy. Thus, the increase in the rate of growth of national income for 1986-1990. compared with the previous five-year plan will be 2-5%, industrial production - 1-4, agricultural products (average annual volume) - 8-10%. The most important resources will be reduced. The number of people employed in the branches of material production will decrease by 1.8% compared with the 11th five-year plan, fixed production assets - by 7%, production of objects of labor - by 2%. The productivity of social labor should increase by 20-23%, against 16.5% in the previous five-year plan /7, p.33/.

In general, for 1986-1990. it is planned to increase the national income by 19-22%, reduce its energy intensity by 7-9%, metal consumption by 13-15%, it is planned to reduce the material consumption of the social product by 4-5%

The fundamental feature of the 12th Five-Year Plan is that for the first time practically the entire increase in national income and the output of the branches of the national economy is planned to be obtained by increasing labor productivity. “The increase in labor resources ... will be only 3.2 million people. Without the planned increase in productivity, the national economy would need an additional 22 million workers.

The transition to predominantly intensive methods in the economy has largely led to the development of scientific ideas about the essence, criteria and factors of production intensification, a unified system of indicators of its level and efficiency. Of great importance is the development of specific directions for the intensification of production at the present stage of development of the productive forces. In the last period, attention has increased and scientific research devoted to questions of the intensification and efficiency of socialist production has increased. The issues of production intensification are studied in the works of A. G. Aganbegyan, L. I. Abalkin, A. I. Apchnshkin, V. Radaev, Yu. V. Yaremenko, A. A. Baranov, K. B. Leikina, Ya. K. Kronrod, A. Omarova, Yu. M. Ivanova, K. K. Valtukh, L. I. Notkpna, L. P. Nochevkipoi, A. T. Zasukhna, T. S. Khachaturova, F. L. Dropova, G. M. Sorokina, S. S. Shatalina, S. A. Heipman, S. Pervushina, D. A. Chernikova, N. Chuma chemko, L. FROM. Pavlova and others.

However, some aspects of the intensification of production have not yet received a clear interpretation. There is a discrepancy in determining the content, forms, directions of intensification. There is no clear definition of the relationship between intensification and production efficiency. Differences are also observed in the definition of the criterion for the intensification of socialist production. There is no unified system of indicators of the level of intensification and its efficiency. When identifying the content of the intensification of production, one should first of all find out its essential features, which should, first of all, be reflected in its definition. In addition, it is expedient to reflect here the features of the intensification of production under socialism in conditions of accelerated economic development.

When studying the process of intensification of production, most economists proceed from the two methods of economic development identified by K. Marx - extensive and intensive. So, K. Marx wrote that “accumulation, the transformation of surplus value into capital, in its real content is a process of reproduction on an expanded scale, regardless of whether such expansion is expressed extensively, by building new factories in addition to old ones, or intensively, by increasing the scale of production at a given enterprise. From this, some economists draw, in our opinion, a too straightforward conclusion that the construction of new enterprises and additional investments are only signs of an extensive development of the economy.

In our opinion, here the main idea K. Marx is that any additional investments are the conditions for expanded reproduction. But by themselves they do not yet reveal how this extended reproduction is carried out - extensively or intensively. Not every new construction means an extensive development path, just as not every implementation new technology there is evidence of intensification of production.

As a fundamental sign of the extensive development of the economy, K. Marx considered an increase in the production apparatus due to the construction of new factories in addition to those operating without changing the level of technology, technology and organization of production.

If the volume of production at the enterprise increases due to its improvement or more full use available capacity, then this is an intensive type of production. K. Marx, exploring ways to use additional investments, noted that they can "... serve to expand the enterprise or make improvements in machines that will increase their efficiency."

CHAPTERIIIINTENSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION

3.1 Intensification system of capital construction

The intensification of the capital construction system consists in organizing such a mode of its functioning, in which, for the same period of time, with equal costs of the resources used, a large output of high-quality finished construction products in natural meters is ensured.

Intensification of construction is the mode of operation of the industry, in which, for the same period of time, with equal production capacities of the organizations and enterprises included in the industry and the same costs of the resources used, a greater output of high-quality commercial construction products is provided. The intensification of construction production consists in ensuring a greater output per unit of time of finished or marketable construction products with equal total costs of living and material labor and a constant reduction in the cost of living labor per unit of construction products.

The intensification of capital construction is ensured by the implementation of complexes of planning, economic, organizational, technical and technological measures at all stages of creating capacities and facilities: in the formation of goals, the development and adoption of pre-project decisions, planning, design, resource provision and construction of buildings and structures.

3.2Assessment of the intensification of construction production

Since the process of intensification of construction production is quite multifaceted and multifaceted, as follows from the above, it is unlikely that its content and quality can be assessed using any one indicator. To do this, we need a system of indicators that allows us to assess the level of intensification of construction production for all its components for the organization as a whole, production sites, construction sites and sites, individual construction and installation works, their complexes.

In accordance with the content of the intensification of construction production as a process of increasing the degree of use of production resources of construction and installation organizations, it is proposed to consider and use the following indicators and factors when analyzing and evaluating it (Table 3.1).

The indicators given in the table in a fairly large aspect reflect the entire multifaceted process of intensification of construction production at all levels of its management.

It should be noted that for quantification indicators reflecting the level and dynamics of the state of construction production, the corresponding indicators are known, in particular, such as the degree of fulfillment of production standards for output (labor costs), capital-labor ratio of construction and installation organizations, mechanical and power-to-labor ratio of labor, indicators of loading construction machines in time, power and productivity , indicators of the rationality of the organization of construction sites (the quality of the developed construction plans), etc. Therefore, they are proposed to be adopted to assess the relevant aspects of the intensification of construction production.

1. Productionse funds

The intensification of production implies, firstly, ensuring a multiple increase in the resulting economic indicators at the expense of capital investments in the renewal of fixed assets and the reconstruction of existing ones, as well as in the construction of new enterprises; secondly, the use of existing fixed assets at the highest possible level in accordance with modern technical and economic capabilities of production; thirdly, ensuring the timely commissioning and high efficiency of new fixed assets; fourthly, economical and integrated use of fuel, energy, raw materials and materials; elimination of losses and irrational expenses, as well as the widespread involvement of secondary resources and by-products in the economic turnover. The solution of these problems is possible with a scientifically based system of accounting and assessment of the state, quality, cost, degree of resource use.
main element production process are the means of production that form the production assets of associations, enterprises. The role of production assets increases with an increase in the level of automation of production and management.

Composition, structure and sources of formation of production assets.
Production assets are understood as the means of production, expressed in the form of value and functioning in the sphere of material production.
The production assets of the association, enterprises are divided into basic industrial production assets and working capital. Since only the main industrial and production assets are considered below, we will call them fixed assets. Fixed assets include means of labor that function for many years. production cycles, gradually, as they wear out, transfer their value to the cost price finished products while maintaining its natural shape for a long time.
In addition to the main industrial and production assets, each association, enterprise also has the main non-production assets, which include those means of labor that are used to meet the cultural and everyday needs of the employees of the enterprise. Since they are not part of the production assets, we will not consider them further.

3.4 The system of indicators expressing

social and economic efficiency

building production intensification

It is advisable to include in this system, first of all, indicators that reflect the socio-economic efficiency of the entire set of intensification factors. These, in our opinion, include: the absolute value of the required product created in a given organization; fund wages wages and from special bonus funds per one employee of a construction and installation organization; the amount of the material incentive fund, the fund of social and cultural events and housing construction in the part used to meet the current needs of employees of construction and installation organizations; the amount of profit per one employee of this organization; the amount of bonus payments from the material incentive fund in the part formed from deductions from profits; growth of the vocational and cultural level of employees; expenses for housing construction, socio-cultural and recreational activities carried out by a construction organization from economic incentive funds per one employee of this organization; specific gravity manual labor; state of discipline; the level of labor activity of employees; product quality; the state of working conditions (through indicators of morbidity, injuries, etc.); the level of provision of employees of this construction organization housing, children preschool institutions, pioneer camps, polyclinics built at the expense of the construction and installation organization; staff turnover rate, the number of visits per year by employees of this construction and installation organization to theaters, libraries, exhibitions, etc.

CONCLUSION

The new quality of economic development is expressed primarily in the increasing efficiency of social production: the expenditure of labor and means of production per unit of national income is reduced. All economic development is improving substantially, the scientific and technical level and the quality of output are steadily rising. This is a direct consequence of the transition to higher technological way production.

The new is manifested in the creation of a modern structure of the national economy. In the total volume of production, the proportion of science-intensive industries is increasing. This includes instrument making, computer production, the electrical industry, nuclear energy, the production of synthetic resins, plastics, advanced structural materials, and other industries that use the achievements of scientific and technological revolution.

We also see progress in the fact that the share of the intermediate product is decreasing and, accordingly, the share of the final product going into consumption is increasing. Such structural change is the result of the economical use of raw materials, materials and energy carriers in the creation of each product.

Improvement in expanded reproduction is achieved when the share of consumer products in the national income increases in comparison with the means of production going for accumulation. As a result, the level and quality of life of the population is increasing, social efficiency economic development.

With the new quality of economic development, the proportions of the reproduction process change significantly. The production of means of production grows relatively more slowly and, on the contrary, there is a tendency to accelerate the production of consumer goods.

The transition to a new quality of economic development is accompanied by a revision of the concept and criteria of the quality of life.

The quality of people's lives now cannot be reduced only to ensuring increasing material well-being. Raising the level of human needs is manifested in concern for improving the quality of public services (education, health care, etc.) and environment(reducing the degree of pollution of the biosphere, eliminating risky technologies, etc.), increasing free time, increasing the degree of satisfaction of higher-order needs (in self-development, meaningful communication, creative work). At the same time, the economic growth of macroeconomics has been and remains the material foundation for the progress of civilization.

Bibliographic list

1. Intensification of building production / Ed. A.G. Sichkareva.-Voronezh: VSU Publishing House, 1980.-120p.

2. Lakutov V.M. Economics of construction//Russian Economic Journal.-2006.-№8.-P.21-32.

3. Makkonel K.R., Brew S.L., Economics.M., 1999.V.1.Ch.21;V.2.Ch.26

4. Mankiw N.G. Macroeconomics. M., 2001. Ch.4.

5. Notkin A.I. Intensification and reserves of the economy, M: Nauka, 2001.-196s.

6. Samuelson P.F. Economics. M., 2003. Ch.28,33.

7. Sichkarev A.G. Intensification of production under socialism / ed. Menshikov LN, Voronezh: VSU Publishing House, 1987-163p.

8. Stanlake J.Economics for beginners., M., 2000 Ch..24.

9. Fisher S., Dornbusch R. Economics. M., 2002. Ch.35.

10. Economy: Tutorial for students of technical specialties / Ed. A.G. Sichkareva; Voronezh.state.frkh.-construction.unit.-Voronezh, 2004.-220p.

ATTACHMENT 1

Rice. 1.1. Rates of Change in Economic Indicators with Extensive Growth

APPENDIX 2

Fig. 1.2. Dynamics of economic indicators with resource-saving (comprehensive) intensification

APPENDIX 3

Fig. 1.3. Qualitative features of resource-saving intensification

APPENDIX 4

State and factors of intensification of construction production	Levels of construction management
	Build- telny protsess- sy	Objects, building telny areas - ki	Plots leadership	Build- body- mounting- nye organizations in general
Labor intensity
Loading level of construction machines and equipment
Capacity utilization level
Growth in the level of mechanical and power-to-weight ratio of workers' labor
Qualitative improvement of the fleet of construction machines and increase in the level of mechanization of production and labor
Application of new production technologies
Application of progressive building materials
Improvement of building structures
Improvement of design and construction solutions for buildings and structures
Rationality of transport service
Rational organization of construction sites
Rationality of the production base
Level of labor organization
Level of organization of production
Management level
Integral assessment of the level of intensification of construction production

Table 3.1. Evaluation of the intensification of construction production

“Intensity” means tension, increased activity, and the process of intensification means strengthening, increasing tension, productivity, efficiency.

What is the essence of intensification? It is known that expanded reproduction can be carried out in two ways - extensively and intensively. With the extensive form, an increase in output is achieved only by further expanding the field of production, moreover, on the basis of an unchanged level of technology and technology. With intensive - by improving the use of all resources based on the widespread use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress, production assets, each hectare of cultivated land, animal heads, improved technology, etc. The extensive path is based on the use of existing means of production and established technologies. It involves attracting additional investments to expand production on the same technological basis. The intensive method is associated with the use of more efficient means of production, with an increase in investments for the qualitative improvement of existing funds.

Thus, intensification is understood as the ever-increasing use of more advanced means of production and skilled labor on the same land area.

Comprehensive intensification, that is, the qualitative improvement of all factors of production, should ensure high end results. In this case, as a rule, the growth rate of production exceeds the value of additional investments.

The development of intensification is based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the constant improvement of all areas of the agro-industrial complex. It is associated with an increase in the production of more advanced machines, fertilizers, chemical plant protection products, an increase in soil fertility, the development of new, more productive varieties of agricultural plants and animal breeds, an increase in the skills of personnel, and so on. With scientific and technological progress in agriculture, the ratio of materialized and living labor changes noticeably: the share of the first increases and the share of the second decreases, and the total labor costs decrease. The decisive role in the intensification of the branches of the agro-industrial complex belongs to labor armed modern means production in the form of a complex of machines and tools, automatic lines, etc.

The understanding of the essence of intensification is incorrect when it is literally associated only with absolute growth additional costs. Additional investments should come from the qualitative improvement of all material resources, the achievements of scientific and technological progress. Studying this issue, V.I. Lenin wrote: “In essence, the very concept of “additional (or successive) investments of labor and capital” presupposes a change in the methods of production, a transformation of technology. In order to significantly increase the amount of capital invested in the land, it is necessary to invent new machines, new systems of field cultivation, new methods of keeping livestock, transporting products, etc., etc. (Complete collection. Works. T. 5. S. 1). Additional investments to improve the material and technical base, although they express the essence of intensification, are not an end in itself. They should be aimed at increasing the volume of production from each hectare of land, improving its quality, accelerating the payback of production costs, increasing labor productivity and reducing the cost of production. For the sectors of the agro-industrial complex, it is important not only to invest funds, but also the efficiency of their use, that is, it is necessary to constantly measure additional costs with the results obtained, to ensure that each ruble provides the maximum return.

The process of intensification of agro-industrial production can occur at different rates of increase in costs and productivity per hectare of sowing, output per unit of production area. Cost-effective is the option when the increased (additional) costs provide a greater increase in output, which means it is cheaper. However, even with the proportionality of the dynamics of these indicators and the constant cost of a unit of production, an intensive increase in its production will be economically justified. Of course, a significant excess of the growth rate of costs over the increase in output leads to its rise in price and is inefficient.

The main directions of intensification of agro-industrial production at the present stage are: rational land reclamation on a modern technical basis; increasing soil fertility through the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers, the use of herbicides and other means of increasing fertility and controlling pests, diseases and weeds; comprehensive mechanization of agriculture, animal husbandry and industrial production; the use of high-yielding varieties of agricultural crops and productive breeds of animals; the use of intensive, resource- and energy-saving technologies for growing crops, growing and fattening livestock, industrial processing agricultural products and the production of means of production for the village; increasing the level of concentration and deepening the specialization of agro-industrial production. These directions are interconnected and should be used in a complex manner.

INTENSIFICATION (French - intensification, from Latin intensio - tension, amplification and facio - to do), the process of development of production associated with a more efficient use of the means of production, an increase in labor productivity, and an improvement in the organization of production. Intensification implies an increase in production costs, but these costs are paid off by a more efficient and economical use of all resources used, which leads to an increase in output and an increase in product quality, updating the range, and increasing the qualifications of workers.

Intensification contributes to the transformation of the structure of the resources used, its shift in favor of materialized labor (capital and power-to-weight ratio), since the use of new machines and equipment leads to savings in living labor and an increase in its productivity. At the same time, the objects of labor and natural resources are saved due to the replacement of natural materials with synthetic ones, the introduction the latest technologies, including technologies leading to waste-free production.

The determining factor in the intensification of production is scientific and technological progress, which involves the development of scientific fundamental and applied research, as well as the development and implementation of new technologies, the creation of fundamentally new machinery and equipment. This process as a whole is called innovative. indicators innovation process, as well as intensification of production, are: the share of products of science-intensive industries in the total volume of production, the equipment disposal rate, the rate of introduction of new technology, etc.

To strengthen the processes of intensification, direct public investment in innovative projects. The state, through the purchase of goods and services produced by science-intensive industries (aviation, space, electronic industries), supports innovation processes by organizing tax and credit incentives for innovative enterprises, implementing educational programs and training programs. For example, in the United States, the state determines the strategy of scientific and technological development, creates conditions for continuous improvement of the mechanism of financial and institutional stimulation of the innovation process, and conducts research and development of national importance. Universities act as constant generators of new scientific ideas, as well as a supplier of personnel for the innovative economy. A similar impact of the state on the innovation economy and thus on the intensification economic processes characteristic of other developed countries. The share of spending on science to GDP in the US in 2004 was 2.64%, in Japan - 3.04%, in Sweden - 3.8%, in Russia - 1.36%. In general, the total expenditures of the top five countries (USA, Japan, Great Britain, Germany, France) on R&D exceed the expenditures for these purposes of all other countries of the world combined.

At the same time, the state is trying to neutralize the negative consequences of intensification, such as increased labor intensity, excessive urbanization, environmental degradation, etc. Neutralization negative consequences intensification and economic growth is carried out by strengthening the direct influence of the state on the structure of the economy.