How to calculate the maximum number of workers on a construction site. Determination of the estimated number of workers at the construction site. Standards for the number of engineering and technical workers and employees of construction and installation and repair and construction departments

04.04.2020

How to avoid delays in the commissioning of construction projects?

How to control the productivity of builders?

How to increase labor productivity and reduce construction time?

Prolonged construction problems

Sometimes the construction of objects is delayed, the deadlines for commissioning housing are disrupted. It is believed that the main reasons for such situations are the general economic instability in the country, the fall in the solvency of the population, and the decline in industrial production.

However, not everything can be attributed to the economic crisis. The determining factor in the timeliness of the commissioning and commissioning of buildings in many cases is the organization of labor at construction sites. Employment of low-skilled personnel, marriage and poor quality of work, sluggishness of employees of the supply and accounting department, poor control over the execution of work by the heads of the enterprise, heads of facilities and construction sites, incorrect calendar and operational planning, failures in the operation of transport and mechanisms, ineffective motivation labor — and this is not a complete list of the reasons for low labor productivity at construction sites.

And the pace of construction largely determines its cost. This means that labor productivity requires close attention and constant monitoring.

Labor productivity in construction is characterized by such indicators as labor intensity and output per main worker.

Labor productivity indicators in construction

Actual indicators of labor productivity in construction in most cases are calculated in accordance with Form No. 2 - an estimate-act is formed in the Grand Estimate program or in another similar program on the basis of the Acceptance Certificate for the work performed (compiled by site managers).

The act is internal document organization and can be drawn up in free form. The main thing is that it contains all the information about the implementation of a certain stage of work in kind at a specific facility.

The act is checked and approved by the representatives of the department capital construction(technical supervision).

The act is drawn up for each construction site at the end of the reporting period after the completion of a certain stage of construction and installation works (each site performs a certain type of general construction works). Approximate list of sites:

finishing works;
masonry work;
electrical work;
low current works;
electrical repair work;
special works and gas cutting;
plumbing work and installation of plumbing systems;
installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems;
installation and manufacture of metal structures;
monolithic works, etc.

Labor intensity: we calculate and analyze

The estimates-acts formed by the estimate department on the basis of acts of acceptance of the work performed at construction sites indicate the amount of work performed in kind and value terms, taking into account the estimated standard cost of a unit of work, overhead costs and estimated profit.

In the upper field of the generated documents, the total estimated and normative labor intensity of construction and installation work is indicated (labor costs for the entire volume of completed construction and installation activities under the act).

The estimate itself indicates the estimated and normative labor intensity (labor costs) of the work performed in the context of operations, types and subtypes of work for each unit of work (column 15) and for the volume performed (column 8). Of these, the total labor intensity of the work performed specified in the act is formed.

To analyze labor productivity construction organization mainly data on the total labor intensity of work and the cost of work performed under the act are used.

This is due to the fact that during construction, many types and subtypes of work are performed, which, among other things, are also divided into operations. In addition, the units of measure for the volume of work can be different (square, cubic and linear meters, tons and kilograms, pieces, etc.). Therefore, it is quite laborious to analyze the labor intensity by operations, subtypes and types of work.

However, if the construction schedule is significantly disrupted and the backlog is growing, it is necessary to accurately determine the cause and / or those responsible. In this case, it will be necessary not only to analyze the indicators of actual labor intensity for most of the nomenclature positions of construction and installation works, but also to conduct timing and photography of working time directly at the workplace.

Timing will also allow you to find out how the estimated norms of labor intensity correspond to real and optimal labor costs.

Labor intensity of construction and installation works- this is the amount of labor per unit or amount of work in man-hours, man-days, etc.

The amount of labor costs for the volume of construction and installation work(TZO) is calculated as the sum of the working time spent on the production of this type of work by each employee of the site (team, organization):

TSO \u003d B 1 + B 2 + B 3 + ... + B n ,

where B 1 is the time worked by the first main worker, etc.

For example, in a team of monolithic workers - 20 people. Each of them worked in August for 184 hours on pouring floor slabs (according to timesheets). The actual labor costs for the amount of work or the labor intensity of work on the installation of floor slabs amounted to:

184 h × 20 people = 3680 man-hours

Estimated and normative labor intensity determined according to the State elemental estimated norms for construction work, approved by the Decree of the Gosstroy of Russia in 2001

UESN are used to calculate the need for various resources (labor costs of construction workers, machinists, operating time of construction machines and mechanisms, material resources) when performing construction and installation works and for drawing up on their basis cost estimates (estimates) for the performance of these works by resource and resource-index methods.

In our example, the estimated and normative labor intensity consists of the sum of labor costs for positions 43, 44, 52, 54, 56, 58 gr. 15 estimates and is 2696 man-hours.

Let's determine how much higher the actual labor costs are than the estimated normative:

3360 man-hours - 2696 man-hours = 664 man-hours

Now let's figure out what the reason is, and try to eliminate it.

It would seem that it is easy to calculate the actual labor input and carry out its elementary analysis. However, not all so simple. And first of all, because from the available documents (acceptance certificate for construction and installation work and estimate certificate) it is impossible to single out either the volume or labor intensity of work in progress of past periods completed and executed by an acceptance certificate in the reporting period. That is, the above calculation of the actual labor intensity may be completely wrong if at the beginning of the reporting period there was a “work in progress”.

How to solve this problem?

Construction site managers are required to keep production logs and note in them the date of commencement of the work stage. In addition, the logs should keep records of the daily performance of the shift task in physical terms in the context of the work performed with distribution to the site personnel (who, when and where did what work).

Thus, on the basis of the log data, it is possible to determine the actual complexity of performing a particular stage of work. The period of work performance before the date of acceptance and closing, taking into account the "incompletion" of previous periods, must be indicated in the internal act of acceptance of construction and installation works:

Thus, the calculation and analysis of the actual labor intensity of the work will look different.

Actual labor intensity - 4168 man-hours.

The total excess of actual labor costs over estimated and standard labor costs:

4168 man-hours - 2696 man-hours = 1472 man-hours, or 54.5%. This size of deviation requires serious analysis.

Conclusion

Labor costs for the production of work on the installation of floor slabs are more than the estimated and normative labor intensity by 1472 man-hours. This means that the deadline for commissioning the object only due to the increase in labor costs for the construction of floor slabs has moved forward by:

1472 people-h / 20 people = 73.6 hours, i.e. more than 9 average shifts of 8 hours or more than 6 shifts of 12 hours.

Shifted deadlines for the delivery of monolithic works - this is a delay in the performance of masonry, finishing, roofing and installation internal networks home and other jobs. We need to find out the reason.

First of all, the operation of the concrete pump and the quality of the concrete mix can affect the magnitude of the labor intensity of monolithic works, in particular:

1. The composition of the concrete mixture.

2. Diameter of the concrete pipe.

3. Operational power of the concrete pump.

4. The length of the concrete pipeline, the floor of the object under construction.

5. Weather conditions (low air temperature).

6. Concrete pumping system.

7. The number of bends in the pipes of the concrete pipeline.

8. Quality of installation of all concrete pump systems.

9. Violation of the operating conditions of the concrete pump.

The reason for the increase in labor intensity may also be longer than the estimated standards, the necessary technological breaks: the beginning and end of the shift, breaks in the delivery of concrete, lifting and transferring reinforcement to the place of laying, checking and cleaning the formwork, etc. This is where timing data and photos of the working day of the site of monolithic works.

If the reason for technological breaks is recognized as objective, and their duration is justified, this should be taken into account when analyzing labor intensity.

The reason for the increase in the complexity of all types of construction and installation works can be:

insufficient pace of work in the presence of all necessary conditions for work:

Low qualification of workers and engineers;

Inefficient system of labor motivation;

Low level of labor and production discipline of workers at the construction site;

downtime caused by lack of materials due to malfunction of machines and mechanisms, irregular work of the supply department;
poor organization of construction and installation works, lack of effective planning and control;
staff turnover;
lack of elementary mechanization of construction works or its low level (the main workers at the facility must be provided with modern mechanized construction tools);
weather conditions (low air temperature significantly slows down the pace of construction);
weak technical equipment and the use of outdated technologies.

Using this method calculating the labor intensity of work, it may be difficult to attribute the data on the worked man-hours recorded by the time sheet of the site to one or another act of acceptance of work performed, if several acts are closed for the site per month and the work performed of a different nature is carried out during the month almost in parallel .

In order not to complicate the task and not to carry out unnecessary calculations, it is possible to analyze the amount of labor intensity of work for several acts of acceptance of completed construction and installation works for the reporting period.

Working out

One of the most important indicators labor productivity in construction is production- completed for a certain period (hour, day, month, quarter, year) the volume of construction and installation work per one main worker. This is the most common and universal indicator of labor productivity.

Production in construction can be determined in physical and cost terms. In practice, to analyze labor productivity, the most commonly used indicator is production in value terms, based on the total volume of construction and installation works according to the estimate-act of acceptance of work performed.

In general, according to the results of the work of the site and the construction object, the output is determined by the sum of all acts of acceptance of the work performed.

To determine the output per worker or per man-hour in value terms, it is necessary to divide the volume of construction and installation work by the number of key personnel who performed these works, or by the number of man-hours worked.

By using comparative analysis normative and actual performance indicators, you can determine how productively a particular section or team worked, find out the reasons for low labor productivity and take measures to reduce construction time.

Consider an example of calculating planned and actual output and the procedure for its analysis.

Standard yield calculation formula:

V \u003d O / H sr / cn,

where B is the output;

O - the amount of work performed;

H sr / cn - average number.

That is, to calculate the output per employee, you need to know the number of employees. The standard formula for calculating the output includes the average headcount, by which the volume of completed construction and installation work should be divided.

However, one of the features of construction is a high level of staff turnover due to difficult working conditions and low wages.

In addition, if construction company builds several objects at the same time, it can "transfer" workers from one object to another (to meet deadlines).

It is necessary to take into account frequent absenteeism, drunkenness, injuries - all this is far from uncommon in our construction.

Therefore, the calculation of output, taking into account average headcount construction sites and the construction organization as a whole will not give the correct result.

How to correctly determine output?

In any construction organization, the output of workers should be taken into account in the time sheets and in production journals. Based on these data, it is possible to compile a daily summary of the output of construction workers to construction sites in the context of construction sites. And when calculating the number to determine the output, use the average daily number of workers.

Consider the differences in the results of calculating the average payroll and average daily headcount in a construction organization.

The average headcount is calculated as follows:

H cf / cn = (Number at the beginning of the period + Number at the end of the period) / 2.

Calculation of the average number - in table. 1-3.

Table 1

Calculation of the average headcount for sites and facilities as of 08/01/2016

Day of the month	Plot
	Finishing area
	Site of masonry works

	Area of low current works


	Plumbing area


	Glass installation area
	Site of monolithic works

table 2

Number as of 31.08.2016

Day of the month	Site name
	Finishing area
	Site of masonry works
	Electrical work site
	Area of low current works
	Electrical repair area
	Area of special works and gas cutting
	Plumbing area
	Site for installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems
	Site of installation and fabrication of metal structures
	Glass installation area
	Site of monolithic works
	Total man-days worked in all areas at two sites

Table 3

Average headcount

Month	Site name	Average headcount for August
	Finishing area
	Site of masonry works
	Electrical work site
	Area of low current works
	Electrical repair area
	Area of special works and gas cutting
	Plumbing area
	Site for installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems
	Site of installation and fabrication of metal structures
	Glass installation area
	Site of monolithic works
	Total man-days worked in all areas at two sites

Table 4

Calculation of the average daily population

Month	Site name	Total average daily population for two objects	In total, the average daily number of the object on the street. Zhuravleva, 46	In total, the average daily number of the object on the street. Pankrashchenko, 44
	Finishing area
	Site of masonry works
	Electrical work site
	Area of low current works
	Electrical repair area
	Area of special works and gas cutting
	Plumbing area
	Site for installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems
	Site of installation and fabrication of metal structures
	Glass installation area
	Site of monolithic works
	Total man-days worked in all areas at two sites

Table 5

Deviation of the actual average daily number from the average number

Month	Site name	Deviation for two objects	Deviation on the object on the street. Zhuravleva, 46	Deviation on the object on the street. Pankrashchenko, 44
	Finishing area
	Site of masonry works
	Electrical work site
	Area of low current works
	Electrical repair area
	Area of special works and gas cutting
	Plumbing area
	Site for installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems
	Site of installation and fabrication of metal structures
	Glass installation area
	Site of monolithic works
	Total Deviation

Conclusion

The average number of the construction organization in August is more than the estimated average daily number of actual output by 34 people. This suggests that the calculation of output by the average headcount will be incorrect.

Let us calculate the actual and estimated normative output per one operating section of monolithic works according to the number of actual output and the estimate-act of completed monolithic works on the facility at Pankrashchenko Street, 44 per month.

Actual output = 3,045,206.8 rubles. / 17 people = 17,913.34 rubles/person

Let's define the estimated-normative output (B norms) per hour:

In norms \u003d TZO norms / P months,

where П months is the duration of the period in hours.

Normal = 2696 person-hours / 184 hours = 14.65 people.

184 hours - working time standard in August 2016

Hence B norms per month = 3,045,206.8 rubles. / 14.65 people = 20,786.8 rubles/person

So, the actual output for the month is lower than the estimated normative by 2873.46 rubles per person, or by 13.8%. Possible reasons for this situation are listed above.

Note!

When calculating actual output, work in progress of the previous period closed in the reporting month may not be taken into account. Such an analysis will not reveal a discrepancy between the estimated normative and actual output per one worker based on the average payroll or average daily number for the full period of work, taking into account the "incompletion".

In this case, the output per person per day should be calculated, since the number of days in the presence of work in progress at the beginning of the reporting period and their closure in the reporting period will be greater than if there was no work in progress.

First, we determine the actual output per worker per day:

RUB 3,045,206.8 / 17 people / 31 working days (from July 22, 2016 to August 31, 2016) = 5778.38 rubles / person in a day.

Normative production per day:

RUB 3,045,206.8 / 14.65 people / 23 working days in August 2016 = 9037.56 rubles / person in a day.

As you can see, the actual output is one man-day lower than the estimated normative by 3259.18 rubles / person, or 36%.

To control labor productivity, you can calculate the actual (In h / fact) and standard (In h / norms) output per person-hour:

In h / fact \u003d O / TSO fact,

In h / norms \u003d O / TZO norms.

This indicator will be correct if there are work in progress at the beginning of the reporting month, included in the act of completion of the reporting month.

In our example:

RF / fact = 3,045,206.8 rubles. / 4168 person-hours = 730.62 rubles / person-hours

HF / norms = 3,045,206.8 rubles. / 2696 person-hours = 1129.53 rubles / person-hours

As you can see, the actual output per man-hour is lower than the estimated normative by 398.91 rubles / person, or by 35.3%, i.e., more than a third.

The discrepancy between the actual production and the estimated and normative one indicates a high probability that the deadlines for putting the facility into operation will be disrupted, unless, of course, timely effective measures are taken to increase labor productivity.

conclusions

Calculations have shown that to control labor productivity in construction, it is advisable to use three indicators:

labor intensity of work in man-hours (actual and estimated-normative indicators are compared and in dynamics);
output per person per day (actual and estimated-normative indicators are compared and in dynamics);
output per man-hour (actual and estimated-normative indicators are compared in dynamics).

Missed deadlines for commissioning an object can be fraught with a significant increase in the cost of maintaining the object (lighting, heating, security, remuneration of management and other personnel, interest on loans, etc.). In addition, long-term construction has a negative impact on the image of the enterprise.

In order to comply with construction schedules and calendar plans, it is necessary to identify weak links in time common process construction. A good tool for solving this problem is the control of labor productivity, but only on condition that all indicators are calculated correctly.

L. I. Kiyutsen,
Head of PEO LLC "Corporation Mayak"

Page
4

In accordance with the calendar plan for the production of works, a schedule was drawn up for the movement of the main construction machines around the facility. The need for construction machines and mechanisms is determined based on the scope of work. The number of machine shifts by months is distributed taking into account the duration of the mechanized process. The results of the calculation are given in table. 5.

Table 5

Schedule of movement of the main construction machines on the object

Names		If-
machines		quality	average daily number of cars

Bulldozer DZ-43	machine-shifter
Excavator EO-4321	machine-shifter
Crawler crane SKG-30	machine-shifter
Autohydranator	machine-shifter
Tower crane KB-160	machine-shifter

Determination of the estimated number of workers at the construction site

The basis for determining the number of workers on a construction site is maximum amount workers of the main production, employed in one shift. It is determined by the schedule of movement of workers:

Nmax main = 57 people

The number of workers in non-core production is assumed to be 20% of the number of workers hired according to the schedule. The data are summarized, and the result is used in further calculations:

Nmin. = 57 * 0.2 = 11 people

Number of engineering technical workers(ITR) in one shift is taken in the amount of 11-14% of the total number of employees in the main and non-main production:

Nitr \u003d 68 * 0.12 \u003d 8 people.

The total estimated number of workers employed at the construction site per shift is determined as the sum of all categories of workers with a coefficient of 1.06 (of which 4% are workers on vacation and 2% are sick leave):

Ncalc. in 1 shift \u003d (57 + 11 + 8) * 1.06 \u003d 79 people.

The number of women is assumed to be approximately 20% of the total number of employees:

Composition and areas of temporary mobile buildings and structures

The composition and areas of temporary buildings and structures are determined at the time of the maximum turnaround of work at the construction site according to the estimated number of workers employed in one shift.

The type of temporary structure is accepted taking into account the period of its stay at the construction site: if the duration of the construction of the facility is 6-18 months - container-type buildings.

At a construction site with less than 60 people working in the most numerous shift, there must be at least the following sanitary facilities: dressing rooms with washbasins; showers; for drying and dedusting clothes; for heating, rest and eating; foreman; toilet.

With the number of employees up to 150 people, first-aid kits should be in the foremen.

The results of calculating the need for temporary mobile buildings are given in tabular form, see table. 6.

Table 6

Calculation of the need for temporary mobile buildings

Estimated number of employees

Norm for 1 person.

Estimated need for, m2

Received

Name

Total

% concurrent users

Unit meas.

Quantity

Building type and project code

Area, m2

Checkpoint-personnel

Container

Foreman's office

Container

Dining room

Container

Warm room for workers

Container #312-00

Room for drying and dedusting clothes

1. Calculation of the number of construction personnel.

The list of workers at the construction site includes workers who are directly involved in the construction process, as well as in transport and service facilities. The basis for calculating the composition of construction personnel is the general schedule of movement of workers. The maximum number of workers (determined according to the calendar) schedule is 85% of the total number of personnel employed in construction per shift.

The number of employees, engineering and technical workers and junior workers is taken to be 2%, 8% and 5%, respectively, of the total number of workers employed in construction per shift. Total population personnel employed in construction is determined by the formula:

Ntotal=(Nmax*100) /85=(73*100) /85=86 people

NITR=0.08*N=0.08*86=7 people

Nservice=0.02*N=0.02*86=2 people

NMOP=0.05*N=0.05*86=4 people

2. Determination of need and selection of types inventory buildings.

The basis for choosing the nomenclature and calculating the need for space for inventory administrative and cultural and domestic temporary buildings is the duration of the construction of this facility and the number of construction personnel.

In the process of forming inventory buildings, it is necessary to determine their number and quality characteristics, which should

meet the conditions of construction in any period of time, as well as the specified restrictions.

The number of workers is calculated as follows:

for the foreman

Nforeman \u003d 0.5 * (NITR + NMOS) \u003d 0.5 * (7 + 4) \u003d 5.5 \u003d 6

for sanitary facilities:

Nsanitary life \u003d 0.7 * Nmax + 0.8 * (NITR + NMOS ”+ Nservice) \u003d 0.7 * 73 + 0.8 * (7 + 4 + 2) \u003d 61.5 \u003d 62

for dressing room

Table 1. Calculation of inventory buildings.

	Number of staff	Norm for 1 person		Estimated area, m2
	Number of staff	unit of measurement	Indicator value	Estimated area, m2
Construction office (foreman)	6	m2	4	24
checkpoint		m2	-	10
Wardrobe	73	m2	0,6	43,8
shower room	62			24
Warm room for workers	62	m2	0,1	6,2
Clothes drying room	62	m2	0,2	12,4
Canteen	73	m2	1,0	73
Toilet	73			15
health center		m2	12	12

Table 2 Explication of inventory buildings

Name of inventory buildings	Estimated area,		Plan dimensions, m	Number of buildings		accepted area,		Storage construct	Used sample project
Prorabskaya	24		3.1x8.5	1		24,3		Move	PC-5
checkpoint	10		2.3x5.5	1		11,5		Move	Orgtechstroy of the Ministry of Construction Lit. SSR
Wardrobe		43,8	2.9x8.8		2	47,6	Move		Trest Leningradorgstroy
shower room		24	3.1x8.5		1	24,3	Move		PD-4
Warm room for workers and dryer		18,6	2.7х9.0		1	22,0	Cont.		UTS 420-01-13
Canteen		73	6.9x12.0		1	75,5	Cont.		UTS 420-04-33
Toilet		15	2.8x8.2		1	21,5	Move		SAT
health center		12	2.7x6.0		1	14,3	Cont.		UGS 420-04-23

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This lesson is aimed at determining the duration of each process and the number of workers employed at the facility.

Determination of the number of people on the calendar plan

When compiling, for each cycle, it is necessary to select workers who will perform it. To do this, the recommended composition of the link from the calculation is combined with other compositions (when combining related works). For example, if one job requires a 3rd grade mason. - 2 people

And for others: bricklayer 4r - 1 person, 3r - 1 person, crane operator 4r - 1 person, carpenter 4r - 1 person, 2r - 2 people. bricklayer 4r - 1 person, 2r - 1 person.

Then in one link you can include: bricklayer 4r - 1 person, 3 cuts - 2 people, 2r - 1 person, carpenter 4r - 1 person, 2 class - 2 people. It is important to note that sometimes the link does not include all the workers from the cost estimate. For example, one helper can replace another, etc.

If the number of people in the team cannot do the job in a short time, then it is advisable to take the number of people as a multiple of the norm, for example, as in our example, not 7, but 14.

Duration of cycles on the schedule

Let us explain what is in the picture: we put it in a new sheet. We calculated the labor intensity in hours and days similarly to the calculation. However, now it is necessary to calculate the accepted labor intensity, and this is done very simply: 10-15% is subtracted from the normative, divided by the number of workers. The resulting number is the days, the time of the construction cycle, rounded off and multiplied again by the number of people. Thus, we find the accepted complexity.

Attention! The accepted labor intensity should be less than the standard one by no more than 15%.

· the total duration of the construction of the object should not exceed the established norms (SNiP. 1.04.03.-85) or directive deadlines;

· the intensity of use of the leading types of production resources at the facility (the maximum number of workers per day, the number of workers in leading professions per day, the number of leading machines, the daily need for non-stored materials, such as concrete, electricity, etc.) should not exceed the established limits.

If options do not satisfy the listed restrictions, they are discarded or improved. Improvement can be done by changing:

ü interconnection of works;

ü the number of seizures;

ü technology and sequence of construction and installation works;

ü quantity of labor and technical resources;

ü deadlines for the implementation of individual organizationally related work within the time reserves, etc.

Options that satisfy the above restrictions are evaluated primarily on the uniformity of use. labor resources. For this under calendar schedule production of construction and installation works, a schedule for the use of labor is built on the calendar days of construction.

Average number of workers on construction and installation works is determined by the formula

where Q PR is the total design complexity of the construction of the facility

(total area of the workforce utilization schedule), man-days;

t is the duration of construction, days.

3rd shift N

2nd shift N

Rice. 4. Schedule for the use of labor during the construction of the facility

The general schedule for the use of labor force should be divided into parts in accordance with the accepted shift work (Fig. 4). This technique allows you to determine the average number in different work shifts.

An indicator that assesses the degree of uniformity in the use of labor force is coefficient of unevenness:

(6)

where N MAX is the maximum number of workers according to the diagram

use of labor resources (see Fig. 4.), people.

The coefficient of uneven use of labor force should not exceed 1.5-1.7 for the conditions of new industrial construction and 1.7-2.0 for the conditions of reconstruction of existing enterprises.

A similar type of graphics can be built separately for groups of workers in the leading professions. The coefficient of uneven use of workers in leading professions should not exceed 1.15 - 1.20.

The most rational should be considered the option of organizing the construction of an object, in which the labor intensity and cost of construction and installation work will be minimal. In the course project, as a criterion for the rationality of the calendar plan and the corresponding option for organizing the construction of an object, one should take the indicator of the uneven use of labor (K HEP - min, taking into account all restrictions on the duration of construction, the intensity and timing of resource consumption, etc.).

The calculated version of the linear schedule for the construction of the object obtained after optimization, which satisfies the specified criteria, is drawn on the sheet.