The message is the topic of human economic activity. The concept and types of economic activity. Analysis of the economic activity of a car service

A person is an inherently expedient activity, i.e. the efforts made by people are based on a certain calculation, and their direction has the character of satisfying human needs.

Economic influences his life, because in the process of managing people, on the one hand, spend energy, resources, etc., and on the other hand, they make up for life costs. In this state of affairs (a person in economic activity) has to strive to rationalize his own actions. It is possible to act rationally only if the costs and benefits are correctly compared, which, however, does not guarantee the absence of errors in making decisions that require human economic activity.

Economic activity human in the biosphere is a very complex and intricate complex, consisting of phenomena and processes of various kinds. Theoretical economics in this aspect distinguishes four stages, represented by the actual production, distribution, exchange and consumption.

These are processes that result in the creation of material and spiritual benefits that are necessary for humanity to exist and develop.

Distribution is a process during which the shares (quantity, proportions) are determined, according to which each business entity takes part in the creation of the manufactured product.

Exchange is the process of moving material goods from one economic entity to another. In addition, the exchange is a form of social communication between producers and consumers.

Consumption is essentially the process of using production results in order to satisfy any needs. Each of the stages of economic activity is interconnected with the others, and all of them interact with each other.

The characterization of the relationship between the stages of economic activity requires an understanding of the fact that any production is social and continuous process. Constantly repeating, production develops - from the simplest forms to Although these seem completely dissimilar, the general points that are inherent in production as such can still be distinguished.

Production is the basis of life and the source of the progressive development of society in which people exist, the starting point of economic activity. Consumption is the end point, while distribution and exchange are the accompanying stages that link production and consumption. While production is the primary stage, it serves only for consumption. Consumption forms the ultimate goal, as well as the motives of production, since in consumption the products are destroyed, it has the right to dictate a new order to production. If a need is satisfied, it creates a new need. It is the development of needs that serves as the driving force, due to the influence of which production develops. At the same time, the emergence of needs is determined precisely by production - when new products appear, a corresponding need arises for these products and their consumption.

As production depends on consumption, so distribution and exchange depend on production, since in order to distribute or exchange something, it is necessary that something be produced. At the same time, distribution and exchange are not passive in relation to production, and are capable of influencing it in the opposite direction.

In the distant past (over 10 thousand years ago), people practically did not engage in production, but only took everything they needed from nature. Their activities were hunting, fishing and gathering. Over time, mankind has greatly changed and improved activities.

From this article you will learn what economic activity is and what types of economic activity there are.

So, the economy is called the production by people of everything that is necessary to meet the needs and improve living conditions. In other words, economic activity is a set of industries that are interconnected.

These industries include:

• Agriculture;
• industry;
• services sector;
• transport;
• trade;
• science and education;
• healthcare;
• construction.

It is engaged in providing the population with food and supplies of raw materials for some industries. The development of agricultural production depends mainly on natural conditions. The degree of development of agriculture, in turn, has a great influence on the economy and political situation of the state, as well as on its food independence.

The most important areas of this industry are animal husbandry and crop production. Animal husbandry is engaged in the maintenance and breeding of farm animals for food (eggs, cheese, milk), raw materials (wool) and organic fertilizers. It includes cattle breeding, poultry farming, sheep breeding, pig breeding, etc.

The task of crop production is to grow various agricultural crops, which are then used as food, animal feed and raw materials. The branches of crop production include vegetable growing, potato growing, horticulture, grain farming, etc.

Enterprises that produce tools and are engaged in the extraction of materials, raw materials, fuel, as well as the processing of industrial or agricultural products. Industry is divided into mining and manufacturing. The mining one specializes in the extraction of raw materials, oil, coal, ores, peat, and the manufacturing one - in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, machinery, equipment, building materials. The industry includes the following branches:

• fuel industry;
• light industry;
• food industry;
• timber industry;
• non-ferrous metallurgy;
• ferrous metallurgy;
• engineering and other industries.

Services sector

This industry is designed to provide the population with tangible and intangible (spiritual) services. Material services include household services, communications, and transport. To intangible - health care, trade, public services. There are also market and non-market services. Market services mean those services that are sold on the market at significant, from the point of view of the economy, prices. Transport, paid education and healthcare are examples of typical market services. Non-market services include science, defense, and free health and education services, that is, everything that has no economic value.

A means that satisfies the needs of the population in the transportation of goods and passengers. This industry expands the scale of production and consumption, as it literally links these two processes. However, transport is highly dependent on external conditions, because transportation is often carried out over long distances. However, the transport industry is considered quite profitable under market conditions, not to mention the monopolization of transport.

The activity of people, which is associated with acts of sale and a set of operations designed to carry out the process of exchange. Trade is of two types: wholesale and retail. At wholesale trade the purchase of goods occurs in large quantities, as it is acquired for the purpose of further use. Retail, on the contrary, carries out acts of sale and purchase directly to end consumers.

Education includes pre-school and general secondary education, as well as personnel training. Education includes such branches as transport, natural sciences, psychology, radio engineering, mathematics, construction and other types of education. The purpose of science is to obtain scientific knowledge as the results of ongoing research. Science is very difficult to overestimate: its contribution to the development of the state economy, increasing the efficiency of material production and protecting information resources the state is very large.

An industry that organizes and ensures the protection of public health. To preserve, maintain physical and mental health, as well as to provide assistance in case of deterioration of health, special social institutions are created.

This industry ensures the commissioning of new, as well as the reconstruction and repair of both industrial and non-industrial facilities. The main role of this industry is to create conditions for the dynamic pace of development of the state economy. In addition, this industry is directly involved in the creation of fixed assets (along with the building materials industry, metallurgy and some other sectors of the economy), which are intended for all sectors of the national economy.

Types of economic activity

There are several types of business activities:

• A household is a household run by a group of people living together.
• A small enterprise is an economic unit, engaged in the manufacture of a relatively small amount of goods. The owner of such an enterprise can be one person or several. As a rule, the owner uses his own labor or employs a relatively small number of workers.
• Large enterprises are enterprises that produce goods in bulk. As a rule, these enterprises are formed by combining the property of the owners. An example of which enterprise is a joint-stock company.
• The national economy is an association economic activity nationwide. To a certain extent, this activity is directed by the state, which, in turn, is trying to ensure the sustainable growth of the country's economy and thereby increase the welfare of the entire population.
• The world economy is economic system, in which there is a relationship various countries and peoples.

Forms of economic activity

Definition 1

The form of economic activity is a system of norms that determines the internal relations of the partners of the enterprise, as well as the relationship of this enterprise with other counterparties and government agencies.

There are several forms of economic activity:

• Individual form;
• collective form;
• corporate form.

Under individual form economic activity refers to an enterprise whose owner is either an individual or a family. The functions of the owner and entrepreneurs are combined in one entity. He receives and distributes the income received, and also bears the risk from the implementation of his economic activities and has unlimited property liability to his creditors and third parties. As a rule, such enterprises are not legal entities. The owner of this enterprise can attract additional hired labor, but in a rather limited amount (no more than 20 people).

If speak about collective form of economic activity, then there are three types of them: business partnerships, business companies, joint-stock companies.

Business partnerships may be in the form: full partnership and fellowship of faith. A general partnership is an organization based on collective ownership. It is usually a combination of several individuals or legal. All participants in this type of partnership bear full unlimited liability for all obligations of the partnership. The property of a full partnership is formed at the expense of the contributions of its participants and the income received in the course of carrying out their activities. All property belongs to a participant in a general partnership on the basis of shared ownership.

A limited partnership is an association where one or more of its owners are fully liable for all the obligations of the partnership, the remaining investors are liable only to the extent of their capital.

To business companies include: society with limited liability, additional liability company. A limited liability company is an enterprise that is created by combining the contributions of legal entities and individuals. At the same time, the number of participants in a limited liability company cannot exceed the established limit, otherwise, within a year this society will be converted into a shareholder.

Additional Liability Company is an organization that authorized capital divided into shares, the size of which is determined in advance. This type of company is formed by one or more persons. For all obligations of the company, all its founders bear subsidiary liability in the amount that is a multiple of the value of the contribution to the authorized capital.

Joint-stock company is a form of economic activity, all the funds of which are formed by combining the capital of the founders, as well as the issuance and placement of shares. Members joint-stock company are liable for all obligations of the company in an amount equal to the contributions.

In order to protect their commercial interests and increase the efficiency of using the capital of an enterprise, various organizational and legal forms can be combined into so-called corporate forms of entrepreneurship. These include: concerns, consortium, intersectoral and regional unions.

Concern is an association of organizations that joint activities voluntarily. As a rule, concerts have scientific and technical functions, production and social development, functions foreign economic activity and etc.

Consortium- association of the organization for the solution of certain problems, created for a while. In our country, a consortium is being created to implement government programs by organizations of any form of ownership.

Industry and regional unions are an association of organizations on contractual terms. These unions are created to carry out one or more production and economic functions.

Organization of economic activity

The organization of economic activity goes through three stages:

1. Stage 1 - opportunity assessment. Initially, an objective assessment should be made of all the resources necessary for the production process. For these purposes, it is advisable to use scientific developments. The main advantage of this stage is that it helps to give a preliminary assessment of the potential for production of products precisely in those volumes and under those conditions that will be investigated, and on the basis of which the decision to launch the production of a particular product will be approved. After the production potential of the organization has been studied, the production line is launched within the framework of the formed plan.
2. Stage 2 - launch of ancillary production. The implementation of this stage takes place only if there is a need. Ancillary production is a rather necessary measure, since it helps to develop new market segments and increase the chance of the organization's financial development being effective. Maintenance of the organization can be carried out both on its own and with the help of third-party organizations and resources. At this stage, services are used to optimize the activities of production and evaluate the potential costs of funds. At the next stage, work is carried out aimed at studying the sales market and the possibilities of selling products.
3. Stage 3 - marketing of products. All stages affecting the sale of products are monitored. At the same time, a record of sold products is kept, forecasts are compiled and studied, which allow making competent decisions by the management of the organization. There are situations when it is necessary to develop a methodology for after-sales service. For example, when setting warranty period for your products.

Economic activity is an activity that is aimed at the production or exchange of goods, tangible and intangible benefits. There are several types of economic activity, each of which arose at different times and had its own development path.

Agricultural activity

Agriculture is to meet the food needs of the population. Agriculture can be divided into two branches: animal husbandry and crop production. Crop production originated when a person realized that food can not only be obtained by developing more and more new territories, but also to cultivate food crops. Animal husbandry, in turn, appeared at the moment when man began to domesticate wild animals in order to obtain milk, meat and wool.

Rice. 1. Agriculture.

Land is the main means of agricultural production.

Industry

This area of ​​activity includes the mining and manufacturing industries. The formation of industry took place in the era of the primitive communal system. She was inseparable from subsistence farming. Later, industry becomes a completely independent industry, which is developing rapidly, especially during the formation and birth of capitalism. In the industrial sector, one can single out the fuel, light, food, timber industries, as well as ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Rice. 2. Mining.

Transport economy

For the stable operation of agricultural and manufacturing enterprises stable operation of transport is necessary.
Transportation can be divided into 3 types:

"economic activity" is revealed as a set of actions aimed, in particular, at replenishing the stock of material goods and ensuring the fullest possible satisfaction of the needs that they are designed to serve. To this end, existing goods are stored, new ones are mined and produced, they are moved in space and in exchange, and their consumption is organized. The motive of economic activity is the desire of a person to satisfy his needs for material goods. Economic activity is thus a manifestation of the economic (economic, expedient) motive in human life ... "

Source:

Order of Rospatent No. 87 dated July 25, 2011 "On the Enactment of the Guidelines for the Examination of Applications for Inventions"

Source:

"GOST R 52104-2003. Russian Federation. . Terms and Definitions"

(approved by the Decree of the State Standard of the Russian Federation of 03.07.2-st)

"... Economic activities: activities carried out in the course of production activities individual entrepreneur or legal entity, regardless of the form of ownership and whether it is commercial or non-commercial..."

Source:

"GOST R 52104-2003. National Russian Federation. Resource saving. Terms and definitions"

(approved by the Decree of the State Standard of the Russian Federation of 07/03/2003 N 235-st)

Official terminology. Akademik.ru. 2012 .

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Books

• Economic activity of Metropolitan Platon, A.A. Belyaev. Reprint edition in print-on-demand technology from the original of 1899 Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1899 edition (University Printing House Publishing House).…