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Introduction
Printing is a branch of industry designed for repeated reproduction of printed information. Each type of information associated with printing reproduction goes from the beginning (input) through technological operations to output finished products. printing edition control
Technological processes of printing production are a set of different ways and techniques used to reproduce textual and pictorial information. Such reproduction is carried out through the printing process, which is the main one in the printing industry. The printing process consists in repeatedly obtaining the same images (prints) by transferring ink from the printing plate to the printed material: paper, cardboard, polymer film, tin, etc. Printing production is based on the wide use of chemical, physical, physico-chemical, photographic and other processes using electronics, electronic computers and laser technology. hallmark modern printing production is a comprehensive mechanization and automation, extensive use of the latest automatic and electronic equipment, the use of automated production lines.
1. technical characteristics of the publication and its rationale
Technical specifications project edition are presented in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 - Technical parameters of the projected edition
|
Technical specifications |
Parameter values |
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1 Edition format, cm |
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2 Circulation, thousand copies |
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3 Number of titles |
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4 Periodicity |
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5 Total publications per year, thousand |
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6 block volume: 6.1 in printed sheets 6.2 in conditional sheets 6.3 in paper sheets 6.4 in notebooks |
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7 Dial strip format, square |
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8 Design option |
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9 Typeface: 9.1 main 9.2 additional |
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10 Emphasis in text |
italic, bold |
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11 Font size, pt: 11.1 main 11.2 additional |
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12 Title page |
Text |
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13 Layout |
single column |
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14 Column number, Fri |
in the outer corner at the bottom, 14, bold |
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Technical specifications |
Parameter values |
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15 Descent, sq. |
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16 Large skittle set, Fri: 16.1 headings 16.3 cover |
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17 Edition printing method |
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18 Color edition |
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19 Printing difficulty group |
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20 Printing paper edition (type, number, brand, weight, thickness) |
offset, grade 1 "B", 80 g/m², 95 microns |
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21 Notebooks: 21.1 folding type 21.2 the volume of the notebook in pages |
perpendicular in 4 folds |
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22 Block thickness, mm |
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23 Flyleaf, design: 23.2 endpaper parameters (weight, thickness, number) |
simple, sticky "A", 100 g/m², 140 microns |
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24 Picking method |
Compilation |
|
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25 Bonding: 25.2 bonding material |
kapron threads 50 "K" in 3 additions |
|
|
Technical specifications |
Parameter values |
|
|
26 Block processing: 26.1 spine shape 26.2 captal 26.3 indicators of paper for pasting the spine (type, brand, weight) 26.4 spine material |
rounded with folded seams silk wrapping paper 120 microns microcrepe paper |
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|
27 Binding cover: 27.2 kind of covering material 27.3 cardboard (type, brand, thickness) 27.4 backlog material |
single-layer stack paper 160 g/m² cardboard flexible 0.8 mm paper TU 710-56 |
|
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28 Cover finish: 28.1 finish |
film lamination |
|
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29 Cover paper finish: 29.1 type of printing 29.2 colorfulness 29.3 paper parameters (type, brand, weight, thickness) |
cover paper brand "A", 120 g/m², 150 microns |
Item 1, 2, 3 is selected according to the given task.
Point 5 the number of publications per year, K IZD, thousand copies, is determined by the formula (1.1):
where K NAZ - the number of titles; K NAZ = 27; the value is determined from table 1.1, column 3;
T - circulation of the publication; T = 3, the value is determined from table 1.1, column 2;
P - periodicity, the periodicity of the publication is not due to the task.
By substituting the above values into formula (1.1), we obtain:
Points 6, 7, the volume of the block in printed sheets and conditional printed sheets is selected according to the given task.
The volume of the block in paper sheets V BUML, is determined by the formula (1.2):
where V PL is the volume in printed sheets, V PL \u003d 9, the value is determined from table 1.1, column 6.1.
By substituting the above values into formula (1.2), we obtain:
The volume of the block in notebooks V TETR is equal to the number of printed sheets.
Item 7, the format of the dialing strip is selected from the printer's guide.
Item 8 - 16 reference material.
Item 17, 18 is selected according to the characteristics of the equipment.
Item 19, 20 is selected from the directory.
Item 21 of the notebook:
The type of folding depends on the type of folding machine;
From the volume of notebooks in pages
Item 22, the thickness of the block T B is determined by the formula (1.3):
where T BOOM - paper thickness; T BOOM = 95, the value is determined from table 1.1, column 20;
K STR - the number of pages in notebooks; K STR = 288, initial data;
TO FORZ - the number of endpapers; TO FORZ = 8, initial data;
T FORZ - endpaper thickness; T FORZ = 140, the value is determined from table 1.1, columns 23.2;
C - coefficient of compaction; C = 0.84, reference data.
By substituting the above values into formula (1.3), we obtain:
Item 23 is selected from the directory.
Item 24 background material.
Item 25 is selected from the directory or according to the characteristics of the equipment.
Item 26, 27 is selected from the directory.
Item 28, 29 is selected according to the characteristics of the equipment, from the initial data, from the directory.
2 . The choice of the technological scheme for the production of the publication and its justification
Typing is carried out using a personal computer, application programs. To reproduce the textual information of the publisher's original, printing fonts of the main media can be used.
Text processing is input editing, proofreading text, forming strips and printing text in a publishing system.
The output of proof prints is the output of textual information on a material carrier (paper). The output device is a printer to check for existing errors.
Text proofreading is the correction of errors in the text by a proofreader or operator when working with the appropriate computer program, as well as making changes or additions to the text by the author or editor.
Editing - correcting errors in typing on a proof print, making changes or additions to typesetting text.
The imposition of stripes is one of the main operations in the process of making molds and photoforms. This operation involves formatting the pages of a specific format edition. In the process of imposition, the pages of the publication acquire a complete look.
Output of proof prints This operation is necessary to check the quality of the layout of the pages and to check for any shortcomings.
Proofreading is carried out to check the quality of the layout of the pages of the publication and, if necessary, errors.
Editing is carried out on a computer to correct shortcomings and shortcomings made during layout and indicate them on proof prints.
Electronic mounting strips - (on the screen) provides high register accuracy. The digital method also helps to avoid errors due to appropriate software support. The quality of printed products increases, the consumption of materials decreases, the occupied production areas and the number of pieces of equipment are reduced. With an electronic escapement, it is important to include information about the units of measurement in the mounting scheme.
Conclusion of the installation of strips - is carried out to check the correctness of the descent of the strips.
Making a printing plate using Computer to Plate technology is a computer-controlled recording of an image on plate plates. The conversion of digital data by a computer into an image on the surface of a plate material is carried out by a constituent element of the system - an exposure device on a plate plate. Most systems use lasers as the radiation source. The power and wavelength of the radiation must be matched to the sensitivity of the plate. There are three main design options for the exposure device, which differ in the way the plate material is placed - inside the drum, on the top of the drum and on the surface.
Computer to Plate technology enables printing plates to be produced with higher register accuracy. For the purpose of making printing plates for offset printing in ctp devices, special plate materials have been developed. Form plates can be made on various bases - aluminum, lavsan or paper.
The control of the printing form consists in checking the digital recording using a control scale, as well as the correctness of the imposition for checking scribbles and registration using a pasteboard or digital color proof.
Regardless of the type of printed products and the type of printing machine, before printing a run, it is necessary to perform a set of preparatory operations: preparation of paper and ink materials, preparation of the printing machine. The timeliness and quality of these operations have a significant impact on the quality of printed products and the productivity of printing machines. The choice of paper grade for printing a particular edition is made by the publishing house depending on many conditions - the type of edition, its purpose, the type of printing machine. Deformation of the paper complicates the printing process - the registration of colors is disturbed, folds and wrinkles form on the prints, so it is necessary to acclimatize the paper. Paper acclimatization is bringing the paper into equilibrium with the temperature and humidity of the air in the pressroom. It is usually carried out in separate premises of printing shops or warehouses of printing enterprises.
Preparation of printing inks - special attention is paid to the optimal choice of printing inks before printing, depending on the specific conditions:
The nature of printed matter;
Color range of reproduced pictorial originals;
Type of printing machine;
Circulation printing mode;
Type of printed paper;
Type of printed form;
Terms of use of finished printed products.
To facilitate the choice of paints, catalogs are used in which paint samples are printed indicating their main properties. However, it often becomes necessary to change, depending on specific conditions (paper quality, printing mode), some properties of inks, for example, fixing speed, stickiness, viscoplastic properties, color, shade, intensity. If it is necessary to use mixed color inks, the desired color of ink is used for printing the entire run, obtained by mixing several color or achromatic inks.
Before printing the circulation of any publication, it is necessary to perform a number of prepared operations. Directly in the printing press, regardless of the type of publication and the type of printing press, all preparatory operations in the press can be divided into the following groups:
Preparation of printing devices;
Preparation of colorful and moisturizing devices;
Preparation of paper feeding and receiving devices;
Registration;
Preparation of anti-marking dryers;
Preparation of control devices.
The preparation of the printing device includes the installation of a deckle of printing plates, as well as pressure adjustment.
The preparation of the dampening apparatus consists in adjusting the efforts and uniformity of the pressing of the rollers to ensure a dosed supply of the dampening solution to the printing plate.
Preparation of the inking unit consists in adjusting the force and uniformity of pressing the knurling rollers to the surface of the printing plate and adjusting the ink supply system. If it is necessary to print with another ink that differs from the previous print run, then the ink from the entire ink unit is washed off with a solvent. After that, the desired paint is loaded into the colorful box. Adjustment of the ink supply along the generatrix of the plate cylinder is carried out by changing the gap between the ink box knife and the ink roller, and in the direction of the paint roll - by the time the transfer roller stands at the ink shaft.
Preparation of the paper feeder and output-receiving devices. Feeders of sheet machines are loaded with aligned stacks of sheets of production paper; In roll machines, after loading the roll devices, the paper tape is carried into the printing sections and into the folding and cutting machine. Next, adjust the tension of the paper tape, devices for cutting and folding notebooks.
Registration is a technological operation that ensures the correct location of the print on a sheet or tape of paper. The required register accuracy is achieved, first of all, by adjusting the mechanisms of the paper feeder of the machine. Registration of forms and printing of “adjustment” prints in multi-color printing is carried out until the required accuracy of ink alignment on the print is achieved.
Proof Printing - Proof prints in flat offset printing are usually obtained from proof plates specially made for this purpose. Comparing test prints with the original, they judge the quality of tone and color reproduction. The Proof Set performs various functions:
Serves as a control copy in the work of photo reproduction departments of printing enterprises;
It is a model for the publishing house, representing the correspondence of the reproduction to the original, and the basis for approving prints for printing;
Serves as an original for matching prints when printing a run.
Machine adjustment is the preparation of the machine for printing, depending on its type and technical equipment, and ends with checking various additional devices: dryers, anti-markers, etc.
Control print printing - depending on the type of publication and its colorfulness, all quality indicators are carefully checked on these prints:
Accuracy of transmission of image elements;
Colors and shades of paints, their combination;
The correctness of the descent of the bands;
Folding accuracy;
Notebook sizes;
The presence and correct location of labels.
Control prints are compared with proof prints approved by the publisher. If necessary, make appropriate additional adjustments to the machine. If there are no deviations from the established quality standards, then the control print is signed for printing, and it subsequently serves as a reference print for printing the entire run.
Print run - the mode of the printing process throughout its entire length must be stable and optimal in order to ensure that all prints are identical to the master sheet. In the process of printing a run, the staff servicing the machine performs all the operations that ensure the normal and uninterrupted operation of the printing machine and obtaining the desired quality of prints. The frequency of control increases with the increase in the speed of the printing press.
Transfer of folded notebooks and printed sheets with covers to the binding shop. After all operations, folded notebooks and printed sheets with covers are transferred to the stitching and binding shop for quality control.
Endpaper cutting - separation of endpaper into separate parts of a given format.
Folding in 1 fold is the operation of obtaining a given format and design of the endpaper by bending the sheet in a certain order with the formation and fixation of folds. Folding is necessary for further assembly of the block.
Pressing is an operation that is necessary to fix the fold.
Gluing the endpaper to the first and last page of the block is necessary for further insertion of the block into the binding cover.
Film-to-cover lamination is the process of creating a transparent polymer coating on a print by laminating finished films, transferring thermoplastic material from a substrate, or applying a polymer melt.
Colliding and cutting the cover is the process of aligning sheets along two true mutually perpendicular sides. After colliding, the printed sheets are fed to a single-knife cutting machine, where they are cut into several parts of a given size.
Cutting the material for the binding cover is cutting the material into a certain format, which is necessary for the further assembly of the binding cover.
Binding cover assembly is covering the binding cover with a cover.
Completing a block with a selection is necessary to assemble a block of individual notebooks, which are stacked sequentially on top of each other in a pile to ensure serial numbering of pages of the entire publication.
Sewing a block with nylon threads 50 K - this process is necessary for stitching notebooks into a block.
Trimming the block from 3 sides - the blocks are cut along the upper field by 3-4 mm, the front by 5 mm, and the lower by 6-7 mm. Particular attention is paid to the accuracy of the dimensions of the resulting blocks, their squareness, and the smoothness of the cuts.
The gluing of the block spine is necessary to strengthen the block spine using micro-creped paper, gauze, bag paper.
Gluing captal - this operation is necessary to give beauty to the publication and protects the spine of the block from dust.
Inserting the block into the binding cover is a process necessary to give the publication a finished look.
Hatching is the application of in-depth scars on the front side of the binding cover near the root edges of the cardboard sides at the places of parting. Hatching is an element of the external design of the book, giving it a neat appearance, improves the opening of the book on the hinges, contributes to the preservation of the appearance and shape of the spine area of the binding cover.
After the completion of the technological process of making books, they are subject to copy control, which complements the stage-by-stage control carried out at all stages of the production of the publication. The final control of the book is carried out by controllers, who inspect the appearance of the book, the inside of the cover, the title page and the block, opening it like a fan. Appearance books are an important indicator of it. It is characterized by the size of individual elements, their arrangement relative to each other, the quality of images on the sides and spine of the lid, the quality of the cut edges of the block, and the shape of its spine.
After the final control, the books are packed and sent to the warehouse of finished products, from where they go to book trade organizations. The packaging of books produced in hardcovers, as well as book and magazine publications in the cover, must ensure the necessary safety of publications during transportation and storage in warehouses, as well as provide the necessary information about the product. Books can be packed in strong paper, in boxboard or corrugated cardboard boxes. Packs of books wrapped in paper or cardboard (0.5-0.6 mm) are fastened with strapping material (twine, polypropylene tape). On each stick a label of the established sample, on which the necessary information about the order is printed. The type of book packaging is chosen depending on the nature and purpose of publications.
3. selection of technological equipment and its justification
The Apple Power Macintosh G4 is designed for typing. RAM can be expanded up to 2 GB and hard drive up to 120 GB. External four USB and two Fire Wire connectors allow you to connect any peripheral devices (scanners, printers, hard drives, digital photo and video cameras, etc.) and exchange data with them at a very high speed. The entered information is sorted, classified and transferred for layout and subsequent processing to other stations via a network or removable media. Every computer comes with a full-size Apple Pro Keyboard, and the classic Apple Pro Mouse has an optical sensor that won't slip, get stuck, or require cleaning.
Specifications of Power Mac G4/1 GHz DP are presented in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 - Specification of Power Mac G4/1 GHz DP
|
Specifications |
Characteristic values |
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|
CPU |
2H PowerPC G4 1GHz |
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256MB PC2700(max 2GB) DDR SDRAM(266MHz) |
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HDD |
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Drive |
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ATT Radeon 9000 PRO 64MB DDR SDRAM |
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Interfaces |
2 Fire Wire, 4 USB, Ethernet |
The Pentium IV/2400 TT computer is intended for layout of strips and for electronic strip editing. The choice of a computer is determined by: low price with high performance, excellent expandability, very flexible selection of configurations, optimized to the maximum for specific various tasks.
The technical characteristics of the Pentium IV/2400 TT are presented in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 - Technical characteristics of Pentium IV/2400 TT
Printer GCC Elite 12/600 black-and-white laser is intended for an output of corrective prints.
The technical characteristics of the GCC Elite 12/600 are presented in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3 - Technical characteristics of GCC Elite 12/600
|
Specifications |
Characteristic values |
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Print area |
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Permission |
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Print speed |
12 ppm |
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Specifications |
Characteristic values |
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Maximum Memory |
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CPU |
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Ranallel, SCSI 60-135 g/m 7000 otp |
The HP Designjet 9000 s printer is designed to check if imposition is correct. HP Designjet 9000 s is the most popular for operational and interior printing.
The technical characteristics of the HP Designjet 9000 s are presented in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4 - Specification HP Designjet 9000s
Computer - to - plate Barco Cnaphics (Belgian-American Radio Company) - CDI Twin Beam is designed for digital exposure of offset plates. The design is based on a highly accurate and reliable circuit with an external drum. Also STR contains an integrated processor Online, the possibility of punching pin registration holes.
The technical characteristics of the Computer - to - plate CDI Twin Beam are presented in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5 - Technical characteristics of Computer-to-plate
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Specifications |
Characteristic values |
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Recording technology |
External drum |
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Radiation source, nm |
YAG - laser, 1064 |
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Laser source power, W |
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Maximum recording format in length, mm |
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Maximum recording format in width, mm |
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Minimum spot size, mm |
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Resolution, dpi |
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Maximum exposure speed, cm/min |
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Applicable materials |
Photopolymer, silver-containing, thermo-polyester plates |
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Plate thickness, mm |
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Maximum drum rotation speed, rpm |
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Exposure of the maximum size of forms, min (Cynel DPS, 1.14 lin) |
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Form types |
Cyrel DPS, Cyrel DPH, Cyrel DPV |
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Form thickness, mm |
Processor Systemtechnik Top Line 2000 (for STR). The processor contains a section for washing, gumming and drying, as well as the ability to adjust temperatures. Automated has automatic regeneration of solutions, an antioxidant program, 9 programs and 1 night.
The technical characteristics of Systemtechnik Top Line 2000 are presented in table 3.6.
Table 3.6 - Technical characteristics of Systemtechnik Top Line 2000
The type of printing equipment is selected taking into account the nature of the product, the time of issue of the publication, circulation stability, and quality requirements.
Offset roll machine POK 2 - 84 - 111 is designed for printing basic notebooks. Roll-fed rotary offset machine for printing books and magazines.
The technical characteristics of the POK 2 - 84 - 111 printing machine are presented in Table 3.7.
Table 3.7 - Technical characteristics of QAP 2 - 84 - 111
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Specifications |
Characteristic values |
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Machine format on paper, mm |
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Sheet length, mm |
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Paper roll width, mm |
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Maximum roll diameter, mm |
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Types of folding, sheet shares |
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colorfulness |
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Maximum speed, rpm |
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Total installed power, kW |
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Service staff |
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Overall dimensions, mm |
7100x4400x2950 |
The machine is equipped with state-of-the-art control and blocking devices to reduce downtime and thereby increase productivity. When the paper web is broken, the folding machine is clogged and overloaded, the machine automatically stops, preventing damage to the mechanisms. The car is simple and reliable in operation. Control stations are located at the printing section and roll charging, there are control posts in the service areas. Printers get good visibility.
Continuous paper feed is ensured by double-beam roll charging with spindleless roll mounting. The process of gluing paper webs is fully automated and is carried out at operating speed. Automatically carried out and the movement of the roll in the axial direction. The printing section has two inking units and two dampening units for printing the paper web on both sides. A flushing device is provided for flushing ink rollers and printing cylinders. Form and offset cylinders are solid forged from corrosion resistant steel.
The folder is four-cylinder, graphic-valve type. Accurate work at any machine speed. The folding machine is equipped with longitudinal and transverse perforations, a device for collating and cutting copybooks - twins. All types of notebooks are displayed on one conveyor. There is a dust extraction device from the felling area. The drive of the car is carried out from the main electric motor. It is possible to additionally install a control complex in the machine to control the optical density of the paint, as well as the installation of a dryer.
The sheet-fed offset press Roland 804 - 5 was chosen to print the book cover covers.
Large-format sheetfed offset printing is currently identified with the machine name "Roland 800". It is the most common machine in the printing of cartographic publications, as well as in printing companies producing commercial products and packaging.
Technical characteristics of Roland 804 - 5 are presented in table 3.8.
Table 3.8 - Specification Roland 804 - 5
Densitometer model R 710 has a minimum set of functions and allows you to measure the optical density index and a variety of optical densities. Works on the principle of reflecting light
The technical characteristics of the R 710 densitometer are presented in Table 3.9.
Table 3.9 - Technical characteristics of the densitometer R 710
The model T 500 densitometer makes measurements in transmitted light on transparent materials. This model can be equipped with the R 500 option, which allows you to work with opaque materials.
The technical characteristics of the T 500 densitometer are presented in the table in 3.10.
Table 3.10 - Technical characteristics of the T 500 densitometer
Measuring magnifier with scales: glass (30/0.01), 10x, d32 mm.
Single-knife paper cutting machine S - 168 is designed for cutting endpaper and covers. The machine is equipped with vibration pushers, stop lifters, pneumatic transport devices, hydraulic clamping drives. Convenience and safety of service, the increased productivity, accuracy of cutting.
The technical characteristics of S - 168 are presented in table 3.11.
Table 3.11 - Specification S - 168
Folding machine FK - 30 is designed for folding end paper in 1 fold. The machine consists of the following main units: feeder, conveyor, folder with feed roller, cassette and output conveyor with a receiving tray. The cassette is installed at an angle of 45° to the horizontal.
The technical characteristics of FC - 30 are presented in table 3.12.
Table 3.12 - Technical characteristics of FC - 30
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Specifications |
Characteristic values |
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Format of folding papers, mm: |
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greatest |
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least |
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Weight of folding papers, g/cm² |
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Number of folds |
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Number of folding sections |
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Work speed, m/min |
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Electric motor power, kW |
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Dimensions, mm |
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Crimping press EP 530 is designed to secure the seam.
The technical characteristics of the EP 530 crimping press are presented in table 3.13.
Table 3.13 - Technical characteristics of EP 530
Gluing machine brand KV - 400 is designed for gluing endpapers to notebooks. The technical characteristics of the KV-400 gluing machine are presented in Table 3.14.
Table 3.14 - Technical characteristics of KV - 400
To complete the book block, a Colbus collating machine ZU - 816 C is used. The machine is designed to collate folded notebooks and individual sheets into complete blocks necessary for the production of books, brochures, catalogs.
The technical characteristics of the Colbus collating machine ZU - 816 C are presented in Table 3.15.
Table 3.15 - Technical characteristics "Kolbus" ZU - 816 C
The sewing machine model BNSh - 6A is universal, specialized, automatic, designed for stitching blocks in a notebook. The technical characteristics of the BNSh - 6A sewing machine are presented in Table 3.16.
Table 3.16 - Technical characteristics of the machine BNSh - 6A
Cardboard cutting machine KR - 2 is designed for cutting cardboard into a certain format. The machine is serviced by two workers - a cutter and a receiver. The changeable productivity of the machine depends not only on the qualifications of the workers, but also on the type of work and the thickness of the cardboard.
The technical characteristics of the KR - 2 cardboard cutting machine are presented in table 3.17.
Table 3.17 - Technical characteristics of the machine KR - 2
Slitter rewinder PR - 1300 is designed for slitting rolled fabric and paper on tapes and for winding these tapes into rolls (bobbins) of smaller width. Cloth and paper are cut with circular knives in the slitter rewinder. The produced rolls are used in roll-top lid making machines.
The technical characteristics of the rewinder PR - 1300 are presented in table 3.18.
Table 3.18 - Technical characteristics of the machine PR - 1300
|
Specifications |
Characteristic values |
|
|
Material thickness, mm |
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Paper weight, g/m² |
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Speed, m/min |
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Maximum diameter of the cut roll, m |
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Maximum roll width, mm |
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Number of spindles, pcs |
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Minimum width of reeled rolls, mm |
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Maximum diameter of reeled rolls, mm |
||
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power, kWt |
||
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Dimensions, mm |
2300x2500x1800 |
|
The machine VD - 15 is designed for the production of whole-fabric and compound binding covers. The entire technological process of manufacturing caps is carried out automatically. Manually, only the stores are loaded with semi-finished products - cardboard sides and covering material, pre-cut to the format.
Lagging behind, used in the form of bobbins cut to a given width. Whole-fabric covers are made in the machine in one pass, i.e., in one technological cycle of the machine. Composite covers - in two passes: first, pieces are made in the machine, and then these pieces are covered with covers.
The technical characteristics of the machine for the manufacture of binding covers VD - 15 are presented in table 3.19.
Table 3.19 - Technical characteristics of the machine VD - 15
Film prepress machine for cover paper "Duofan" - 6000.
The technical characteristics of the film prepressing machine "Duofan" - 6000 are presented in Table 3.20.
Table 3.20 - Technical characteristics of the machine "Duofan" - 6000
Production line "Book - 270" is intended for the production of books in a binding cover. The machine performs the following operations: spine crimping, spine gluing, drying, spine crimping, block trimming on 3 sides, trimming if necessary, spine crimping, rounding, spine folding, gluing reinforcing edging material and captal on the spine, inserting the block into binding cover, pressing, shading.
The technical characteristics of the production line "Book - 270" are presented in table 3.21.
Table 3.21 - Technical characteristics of the machine "Book - 270"
For packaging of books and magazines, a PUA-390C machine is used.
The technical characteristics of the packaging machine PUA - 390C are presented in table 3.22.
Table 3.22 - Technical characteristics of PUA - 390C
|
Specifications |
Characteristic values |
|
|
The size of the packed stack of products, mm: |
||
|
Specifications |
Characteristic values |
|
|
Paper roll sizes, mm: |
||
|
Machine speed, cycle/min |
||
|
Dimensions, mm |
3105Ch1990Ch1880 |
The MOP machine is designed for tying packs.
The technical characteristics of the MOP bundle strapping machine are shown in Table 3.23.
Table 3.23 - Technical characteristics of the MOP machine
|
Specifications |
Characteristic values |
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|
Tape size, mm: |
||
|
bobbin width |
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|
bobbin diameter |
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|
Section size |
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|
Pack size, mm |
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Speed, c/min |
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|
Dimensions, mm |
4. selection and justification of printing materials
Film for photoform AGFA ALLANGE REKORDINE HN (geleneon) 25 inches.
Offset plates for CTP: positive, heat-sensitive, aluminum, two-layer system. The technical characteristics of offset plates are presented in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 - Technical characteristics of offset plates
|
Specifications |
Characteristic values |
|
|
Thickness, mm |
0,15; 0,20; 0,30; 0,40 |
|
|
standard |
||
|
Spectral sensitivity, nm |
Thermostar P 970 830 Thermostar p 971 1064 - 1080 |
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Permission, % |
1 - 99 at 250 Lpi |
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Color of printed elements: |
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bright blue |
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blue-green |
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Exposure devices |
Calileo Thermal, Xcalibun VLF |
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Processors |
standard, developing |
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developer |
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gumming solution |
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defoamer |
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Processor speed, m/min |
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Temperature, °С |
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Specifications |
Characteristic values |
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Regenerator |
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Storage temperature, raw °C |
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Circulation stability, °С |
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without firing |
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with firing |
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Controls |
Digital scale Ugra/FOGRA Digifal Plate Control Wedge fon CTP, Conductor |
Cleaning agent for the inking machine. Liquid Roller Fit (Roller Fit) is designed to remove deposits...
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Evaluation of the printing industry of the publication according to the group of form processes. Scheme of prepress processes of reproduction technology of the sample edition. Comparative analysis of plate materials and technologies for manufacturing printing plates for sealing a sample publication.
Shishkin Oleg Vitalievich
Traditions: for each letter "n" on the test/exam for the ticket on an additional question; there will be no exceptions.
I will immediately give you material on offset issues.
Literature:
1. Polyansky Nikolai Nikolaevich "Fundamentals of printing production"
2. "Technologies for processing text information", Volkova Lyudmila Alexandrovna
3. Kiphan "Encyclopedia of Polygraphy" (a huge volume, ≈1200 pages or an electronic version in the form of pdf-files)
(I will give an idea of what stages the information or the idea of the author of the book goes through, or the thought of the designer before being implemented in finished form; the false impression that there are not so many operations - some types of publications go through up to 100 different operations)
02/13/06 (lecture No. 1)
Question number 1. POLYGRAPHY. BASIC CONCEPTS, FUNCTIONS AND TASKS
Printing is the reproduction of information by any printing method.
Accordingly, printing production is a process that includes a combination of various technical means used for printed reproduction of textual and pictorial information in the form of newspapers, books, magazines, reproductions and other printed products.
The term printing is usually used to refer not only to the set of technical means of information reproduction by printing, but also to the industry National economy- printing industry.
Printing is the repeated receipt of identical prints of text and images by transferring the ink layer from the printing plate to the printed material (in printing, we call the printed material: paper, cardboard, plastic film, tin, etc. - i.e. something on which ink transfers during printing; any material that is printed on).
Printing processes also include a method of obtaining non-printing reproduction due to residual deformations of the processed material, for example, embossing on cardboard.
Permanent deformation of the material being processed - it means that some kind of relief form is made from metal, which is pressed under high pressure, as a result, a relief image is obtained, but without the use of paint (embossing).
A printed form is a carrier of graphic information (texts, images) intended for printing reproduction, i.e. any printing house, production of printing products by any printing method operates with the concept of "printing form". Those. before applying the ink somewhere, first of all, the ink is applied to the printing plate, and from there it is transferred to the printed material.
Typically, a printing plate is a plate (rarely a cylinder), on the surface of which there are printing and non-printing elements (blank).
Printing elements are areas of the form on which ink is applied during the printing process with its subsequent transfer to the printed material.
Gap elements are areas that do not accept ink, as a result of which the surface of the printed material corresponding to these areas will not be covered with an ink layer.
With the printed form, everything is clear. It always has 2 elements: printing and non-printing. Almost any printing form (for different printing methods) has a basis.
Base and 2 types of elements (the letter "o" and the same in the context).
The ink is mainly rolled on printing machines with a roller, then the ink layer will fall precisely on the protruding areas (see Fig.). Whitespace - on which the paint did not fall.
The production of printed products in most cases consists of three or four separate but mutually agreed processes.
1 - prepress processes (prepress processes)
2 - printing processes
3 - post-printing processes (binding processes)
Question number 3. (No. 2 is very boring) BASIC TYPES OF PRINTING. THEIR FEATURES
(3 main: high, flat, deep)
Crib!!! Printing methods are divided (called) according to the spatial position of the printing elements. (already painted letterpress; there printing elements are above whitespace)
(in gravure printing the printing elements are deepened)
In flat printing, printing and white space elements are in the same plane.
In the first and third methods, the separation of printables into white space elements is purely spatial, i.e. the paint gets somewhere and then goes to paper, but not somewhere, i.e. hits the printers.
In flat printing (see the figure below), everything is more complicated, if you take a flat printing plate in a section, its base (when it is pulled out of the pack; I will show it at seminars), you can see that it is completely covered with a special thinnest layer, which was originally accepts paint very well (copy layer). If we roll up with a roller, then the paint falls on this layer in an ideally thin layer (it is called the "copy layer").
But in the process of preparing such a printing plate for printing (there are many stages), but in the end, where there should be white space elements, this copy layer is destroyed in different ways, and it is removed in the right places (where there should be white space elements), and since the base aluminum, the paint will not stick to it. Moreover, before the paint is first rolled in a thin layer, roughly speaking, the printing plate is rolled up with water; it turns out that the water covers the gaps very well, i.e. aluminum surface. Then, when the ink roller goes ..., then the ink sticks (oil-based ink, and oil does not come into contact with water), remains only on the printing elements. This is called - flat offset printing with moisture. With moisture - so that greasy paint does not seal the metal base. (when you are told "flat printing" you immediately understand that they are talking about such things as "form, printing elements, etc.") For each of these methods, the term "offset printing" is applicable.
Offset printing - involves the indirect transfer of ink from the printing plate to the printed material using an intermediate surface, i.e. almost everyone, especially No. 1 and No. 2 (deep - less often). And if you hear "flat offset printing with moisture", then you immediately understand that typewriter has such things as: plate, offset and printing cylinders.
(before applying ink to the printing element, moisten whitespace)
The printing apparatus of a flat offset printing machine in the section (see Fig.)
Form cylinder - (so called because our form is attached to it);
Offset cylinder – (because its a rubber sheath that takes the ink and transfers it onto the paper?)
Printing cylinder (serves to create pressure, because the ink transfers to the printed material only under a certain pressure)
Gravure printing
A metal cylinder on which a drawing is engraved with a chisel (exaggerated). Cylinder in section:
It is immersed in a container with liquid paint, and rotating takes the paint into these cells, i.e. printing elements. Then, there is such a very flexible, and very thin knife, which removes the remaining paint from the surface and they again flow into the container. And at the exit, the paint remains only in these cells, i.e. in print elements. The printed material is supplied and a metal printing cylinder, which ...... presses the paper very strongly against the surface of this printing cylinder and under pressure due to the fact that the paper has ... hydrogen bonds, the ink transfers ...... to the paper.
Letterpress
Letterpress printing plates have a spatial separation of printing and blank elements: relief printing elements are in the same plane, and blank ones are deepened by a different amount depending on their area (the larger the gap area, the deeper the blank element).
Because surfaces of all printing elements are located in the same plane, then in the process of printing they are covered with a layer of ink even in thickness. As a result, in all areas of the print, the thickness of the ink layer is almost the same.
letterpress printing (lacquer, reagents, acids)
Flat Print:
On flat printing plates, the printing and blanking elements are practically located in the same plane and have different physical and chemical properties. Printers are called - oleophilic, and whitespace - oleophobic or hydrophilic. (the paint has an oil base, therefore from the Latin oleo)
The printing element attracts ink, and the aluminum base attracts water very well, which prevents the ink from rolling up whitespace ink elements. (see figure below)
Before each impression is made during the printing process, the printing plate is first moistened with a certain aqueous solution (wetting solution), which wets only the hydrophilic blanks. The printing ink is then applied, which only adheres to the oleophilic printing elements.
The thickness of the ink layer is also the same, and on printed form and on the print.
Gravure:
Gravure forms also have a spatial separation of space and printing elements. The printing elements are deepened by different or the same amount. It depends on how these “cells” are made. There are many ways and some allow the depth of the cells to vary, respectively, the thickness of the paint layer in a particular cell can be adjusted.
Printed elements are (regardless of the nature of the image) separate cells of a very small area, separated from each other by thin partitions - gaps. These whitespace elements are elevated and on the same level. The printing plate is mainly made on a cylinder.
Low-viscosity ink is applied to the entire surface of the rotating form, a special knife (squeegee; doctor blade or doctor blade) removes (excess ink) ink from blanks and its excess from printing elements. Thus, the paint remains only in the cells.
The thickness of the ink layer can vary (it depends on the depth of the cells).
Gravure printing is used mainly for the production of illustrated large-circulation magazines, because. gravure printing plates withstand multi-million print runs, but at the same time very expensive to use (the production of these printing plates themselves is very expensive, the printing machines themselves are very expensive, because the printing plate can weigh hundreds of kilograms - such an all-metal huge cylinder, engraved, special a device for engraving cells - all this is very expensive, therefore, only due to huge circulations they make a profit, otherwise it is unprofitable)
Flat offset printing is used to produce a wide variety of one- and multi-color printed products containing not only illustrations, but also text.
Letterpress printing from metal forms is, as it were, being replaced by offset printing, but is found in regional printing houses
Letterpress printing from polymer forms (flexo) is very popular in the production of labels and packaging. The peculiarity of flexographic printing is that due to the fact that this form is elastic, soft, and when under pressure it comes into contact with the printed material, such as a thin film in which ice cream is wrapped, or when printing on tin, neither the form itself is damaged , nor the printed material, which is very fragile, it also does not tear or deteriorate.
20.02.06 (Practical exercises №№1,2)
Question number 4. TYPES OF PUBLICATIONS, CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT FEATURES
Literary source: L.A. Volkov "Technology of text information processing", p. 78
Any printing products that you see around you every day clearly belongs to one of eight categories, it can be classified somehow. Any printed product contains two types of information, these are: textual and graphic. Those. All information can be divided into these two signs. Accordingly, an illustrated book contains both textual and graphical information.
The text can be of 4 types according to the complexity of the set: first, before giving it to the printing house for printing, it is necessary to prepare an electronic original layout of the publication. And, accordingly, there is a profession of a typesetter who sits down and begins to type all this text.
The text is divided into 4 groups according to the complexity of typing:
(1) Just text
(2) text, with the addition of foreign words
(3) text with formulas
(4) the text is mixed, where there are formulas and tables, etc. (for example, dictionaries: word, transcription, translation into Russian).
Accordingly, the set of these texts is paid differently.
Types of printed publications
1. Book editions
a. Brochures (up to 48 pages)
b. Books (publications containing 48 pages or more)
(there is no difference between "strip" and "page"; specialists call "strip", ordinary people call "page")
In turn, book editions are classified according to:
- the complexity of the set,
- the genre
– color and number of illustrations,
- circulation,
- volume,
- purpose (those for whom it is intended, i.e. according to the reader's category).
Book publications also include magazines, which are also divided into several categories depending on the subject. An important difference between magazines is that they are bound into a cover. The cover is considered a soft material slightly thicker than the block paper, and the books, in turn, are bound into binding covers, which have a complex structure and are difficult to manufacture (requires a large number of operations and special complex equipment).
2. Newspapers - official publications containing up-to-date materials, current information on socio-political, industrial, economic and other similar issues, as well as advertising. A feature of newspaper production is the mobility of production, the extremely short period of its production, strictly according to the schedule, the implementation of which is monitored by the issuing publishing house or editorial office. Newspapers, like magazines, are also characterized by the frequency of publication.
3. Calendar - a reference publication with a sequential list of days of the week, weeks, months of the year, with the designation of Sundays and holidays and memorable dates. There are wall, desktop, flip, tear-off, date calendar, lunar calendar, etc.
4. Albums - are divided into three subgroups, depending on the nature of the illustrations:
a. Art albums - contain reproductions of paintings, photographs of sculptures, architectural structures, etc.
b. Photo albums - there are species, reportage and journalistic, historical, etc.
c. Scientific and technical albums - production, scientific, educational albums, which contain drawings, diagrams, photographs, graphs, etc.
The colorfulness of the illustrations can be from 1 to 6. Their peculiarity is that albums are often bound, sometimes in a dust jacket (an additional beautiful shiny colorful leaf that wraps around the binding cover) using additional finishing, or in a case.
5. Reproductions - prints of works of painting, graphics, prints (author's print), artistic photographs, applied and folk art obtained by printing (example: reproductions of paintings, photographs, etc.)
Feature - reproductions are produced in separate sheets or sets. Reproductions refer to sheet products, i.e. do not require stitching and binding, but often using additional finishing techniques. Almost no reproductions are required for binding and binding work, with the exception of trimming from all sides (so that there are even edges). But reproductions often use the technique of additional finishing, which also belongs to the binding processes (they are also called postpress processes). Additional finishing is a kind of ennoblement of printed products to make them attractive to the consumer. Those. this is selective varnishing, carving, cutting down (sprinkled with shiny things on postcards), embossing, sapphire?; it looks very advantageous when a reproduction of a painting is done in this way, the embossing resembles the texture of a canvas and strokes of paints - a very reliable image is obtained.
The process of production of printing products (they can be divided into 3 large stages - prepress, printing and stitching and binding processes).
Author's idea ==> Textbook: how it is made (diagram in reverse order) ==> the cover was separately glued to the book block = gluing; book block well cut = cut; block stitched in a notebook = sewing; notebooks were produced = production of notebooks - all these operations relate to the binding process ==> notebooks were produced containing text, illustrations, i.e. they were printed on a printing machine, so we have another big process: printing processes ==> before printing, the printing machine cannot print without printing plates - a printing plate to transfer ink to paper; to make a printing plate, a huge number of separate operations are required - form processes, they also belong to prepress ==> in order for us to somehow get printing forms, we must first make a set of text, draw illustrations, make them up on a computer layout station, so we still have = prepress processes, which includes layout of text and images, word processing, including typesetting, editing, etc.
Layout - the final arrangement on the computer screen on the strip of both text and illustrations
6. Postcards - refer to sheet, often highly artistic, color products. Postcards are mainly: two-strip and four-strip. Also used here different kinds finishes: varnishing, film laminating (lamination), embossing, die-cutting, lens raster lamination (when changing the angle of view, different pictures appear - a volume effect is created), etc.
7. Accident - (from the English accident - random) these are orders (except publishing accident), which are not reflected in the thematic plan of publishers, but often come from enterprises, firms, individuals irregularly, i.e. by chance. The accident is very specific both in design and reproduction. (for example, the publishing house has a plan to release 15 textbooks this month, but the printing machine will print with a certain paper size, and the format of the publication fits in such a way that there is room on the edge; here comes an order for business cards - great, we can put business cards in size; and in parallel with the planned circulation, they can print a little unscheduled; or even furnish it so that they do not have time to print the textbook on time, and deal only with business cards). Accent is of several types:
a. Publishing - all types of titles, pictorial elements of bindings, covers, dust jackets, book and magazine announcements, screensavers, endings, prospectuses, booklets, etc. The specificity of a publishing accident is that the design of the original, their typesetting and printing are produced separately from the main part of the publication, often from other printing forms and in a different way.
(we prepared a book for release, but the specifics of book production is that, depending on the format of the machine and the width of the paper, the number of pages is a multiple of 16; let's say the author brought the text not for 32, but for 30 - 2 extra (unoccupied) , they will be empty, the publishing house has prepared, there, a photo of the author for the title, the artists designed the title itself, the editorial/publishing house wrote the introduction, the artists drew illustrations, etc. = it turned out not 32, but, say, 44 pages; 32 + 16 = 48, and we have 44 - a total of 4 extra pages = they need to be filled in: advertisements about upcoming releases of the publisher, new volumes of some work, new works of the author, etc.; all this, while the main book block is being printed, in parallel - colorful illustrations are printed separately, then at the final collection of the book they are pasted, etc. = this is a publishing accident)
b. Accident of small forms - forms, programs, invitation cards, business cards, etc. etc.
c. Poster-poster display (sheet) - posters, posters, announcements that are intended for posting on display windows or stands.
8. Special types of printed publications - they are called so because special materials and technologies are used for their reproduction and printing, for example, banknotes,
(a huge number of special technologies are used in the production: special preparation of paper - special paper with several levels of protection: interspersed with fibers visible in ultraviolet light, a metal strip, which is also embedded in the paper in a special way, special ink that changes color at different angles of view, microprint , where the height of the letters can take tenths of a millimeter, etc.)
diplomas, driver's documents, documents.
Special types of printed publications are so named because special materials and technologies are used for their reproduction and printing. These include: securities, music publications, wallpapers, labels and packaging, stereo and vario editions (this is just an option when the picture changes at different angles of view), editions for the blind, notebooks, notepads, etc., (rather total and postage stamps (coated with adhesive on the reverse side, perforation, small and high-quality image).
Sheet-fed production implies the absence of any post-printing operations, except for trimming (the number depends on the paper format of the printing machine)
(a publishing house differs from a printing house by a clear plan for issuing publications, + there is an editor)
Three stages:
I. Prepress
a. Typing
b. Collection of illustrations
c. Layout
d. Form processes (e.g. film output)
II. Seal
III. Bookbinding
a. Gluing the block to the binding cover
b. block cut
d. Making notebooks
e. Additional finishing
Additional finishing is a kind of ennoblement of printed products (varnishing, embossing, etc.). Favorably looks embossing under the texture (canvas or strokes of paint).
Lens raster - changing the picture or creating a volume effect at different angles of looking at the picture.
A publishing house (definition of 1991, now it will sound differently) is a self-supporting independent organization that performs literary, artistic, ideological, as well as organizational, production and economic functions. (what is the difference:) Publishing houses develop thematic plans for the release of publishing products, order authors to create author's text originals (manuscripts of publications), review, evaluate and edit them, make publishing originals, carry out artistic and technical design of publications and prepare them for printing reproduction, set the volume and circulation of publications (they do not have their own production bases; they only print separately, they do not have a publishing house; and when a publishing house has its own printing shop, this is called a printing and publishing complex or a publishing and printing complex)
A journalist has created a work, the quality of which is assessed by the editor, the editorial board, and the media. But the manuscript (the result of creative, sometimes hard work) begins its way to the reader, TV viewer, radio listener with the help of technology, along technological chains. From the industry department of the editorial office, it enters the secretariat, in which the executive secretary reads and edits materials, draws layouts of newspaper pages and develops the design of the publication, the deputy secretary draws up the layout, controls the layout of the pages, their proofreading, and the issuer ensures the passage of the newspaper through the printing house ... And television and radio programs are prepared by the joint efforts of the screenwriter, director, cameraman, sound engineer and sound engineer, assistant director, artist, musical designer, etc.
The scientific and technical potential in the world, the country can also be judged by how efficiently the equipment designed to serve journalism works, how printing houses and printing complexes, technical television centers and radio stations are developed. Each major discovery or invention, be it a linotype or a phototypesetter, a laser or a computer, qualitatively changed the technique and technology of the mass media. And on the threshold of the 21st century, new ones are opening up without further improvement.
How did the technical progress in the newspaper business begin? Since the invention of I. Gutenberg, who created a printing plate from movable letters, which, after printing, could be disassembled and used in a new set. Prior to this, books were printed from whole wooden or metal boards, on which letters were cut. In subsequent years (after Gutenberg), the equipment for typesetting and replicating publications was constantly modernized. Scientific and technological progress has always had a fundamental influence on the development of newspaper production. Thus, the use of a steam press made it possible to quadruple the number of copies produced per hour. In 1884, O. Mergenthaler invented the linotype, in which the set, alignment (change of spaces) of lines, their casting and parsing of matrices were combined. In 1897, T.-Lanston designed a monotype - a type-setting line-moulding machine controlled by punched tape (80 years later, the famous CNC machine tools were created on the principle of punched tape - numerical control). In 1906, Professor Arthur Korn transmitted for the first time a photo of the German crown prince by phototelegraph, which subsequently led to the creation of faxes - facsimile machines that allow newspaper pages to be transmitted for printing thousands of kilometers away from the editorial office. Back in 1922, a phototypesetting machine was developed in one of the British firms, but the largest linotype corporation, Lineotype, bought the patent for this invention and hid it under the cloth in order to get rid of the formidable rival of their products. Nevertheless, phototypesetting technology began to take root abroad: in the 50s, mechanical technology appeared, in the early 60s, optical-mechanical technology, and at the end of the same decade, electronic technology. In the early 1970s, two-thirds of US printing companies were already using phototypesetting. In the late 70s, the turn of laser technology in photocomposition came.
Educational institution BELARUSIAN STATE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Department of printing production BASICS OF PRINTING PRODUCTION Program, guidelines and control tasks for students of the specialty 1-47 01 01 Publishing business of correspondence form of education Minsk 2012
UDC 655.2/.3.02(075.4)
LBC I O Reviewed and recommended for publication by the editorial and publishing council of the university Reviewer Candidate technical sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Editorial and Publishing Technologies of the Belarusian State Technological University O V Tokar Po thematic plan publications of educational and methodical literature of the university for 2012. Pos. 196. For students of the specialty 1-47 01 01 Publishing business of correspondence form of education.
EE Belarusian State Technological University, 2012
FOREWORD The discipline Fundamentals of Printing Production is designed to give students a general interconnected understanding of the characteristics and design of publishing products, the main technological processes its manufacture, equipment used, printing technology. The objectives of the discipline are to define the basic concepts of printing production; to consider the main types and methods of printing and their application; to study the systems and units of measurement of printed products; to disclose the content and essence of prepress processes; to consider the classification of publishing products and originals for printing reproduction; information about printed materials disclosure of the content and essence of printing processes as a central link in the printing industry consideration of stitching and binding processes for the production of brochures, books, magazines. Requirements for the level of mastering the content of the discipline The basics of printing production are determined by the educational standard higher education first step. The student must
know
:
characteristics and design of publishing products features of printing reproduction of publishing line and tone originals the main technological processes for manufacturing publishing products and the equipment used typographic measurement system, system for measuring paper sizes and printed products features of real multi-color reproduction method of choosing technological schemes for the production of books, magazines, brochures and leaf publications depending on the specific conditions, the basic principles for the reproduction of originals
4
be able to
:
use technical means to identify the main methods of printing; apply the methods of integrated calculation of the volume and other indicators of book and magazine publications; produce individual elements of publishing products; describe printing technology according to the characteristic features of publishing products. Students of the correspondence faculty study the discipline Fundamentals of printing production mostly on their own. In total, 160 hours are planned for the discipline, of which 20 are classroom hours.
(14 hours of lectures and 6 hours of practical training. The first semester provides for the implementation control work. Control of students' knowledge is carried out during the defense of control work and at the exam. The discipline program is given at the beginning of this manual. The list of recommended literature is at the end. Other printed and electronic publications can also be used to complete the control work. At the end of the test, it is necessary to provide a list of used literature, which includes all-literary sources in the order in which references to them appear in the text of the explanatory note. As a source of information, you cannot cite a handwritten abstract of lectures in the relevant discipline. In the control work, references to documents and information posted on the official websites of state authorities of the Republic of Belarus and other countries, regional and international organizations and their divisions, enterprises, periodicals are allowed. At the same time, in the list of used literature, it is necessary to provide a detailed electronic address (URL) of this document or information. Examples of bibliographic descriptions of literary sources are given in the appendix in accordance with GOST 7.1–2003 System of standards for information, librarianship and publishing
(SIBID). Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules for compilation. The list of used literature is compiled in strict accordance with the instructions of this appendix. All sources cited in the list of references must be referenced in the text of the explanatory note.
The reference indicates the serial number of the source according to the list of references, enclosed in square brackets, and then, if necessary, the number of the table containing the information can be given through a space. For example, the calculation is carried out according to S. 28. An option for each test is given to the student by the teacher during the installation sessions. A work that is not done in accordance with the version or is incorrectly designed is returned to the student without review. The work will not be credited if it has significant flaws. Corrections should be made to the same copy of the work. Work can be admitted with comments. In this case, it is necessary to eliminate all the shortcomings in the protection of the control work. There is no need to resubmit this work.
6
1. PROGRAM OF THE DISCIPLINE BASICS OF PRINTING PRODUCTION Section 1. General information about polygraphy and production of polygraphic production Introduction Subject and content of discipline Fundamentals of polygraphic production. Definitions of the most important printing and technical terms. Classification of the main types and methods of printing. General information about the production process of printing production Basic concepts of printing production. Classification production processes. The main stages of the complex printing process. Units of measurement used in the issuance of publications Measurement systems in the printing industry. Measurement of paper sizes and printed products. Measurement of the volume of printed products. Types of printing products and their classification Classification of printing products depending on the destination. Classification of publishing products. The main elements of printing products The main elements of the book. The design of books in a binding cover. Features of the design of books in covers, brochures and magazines, newspapers and leaf publications. Fundamentals of polygraphic reproduction of originals Types of originals. Reproduction of line and tone black and white originals. General information about color and color synthesis. Basic processes for reproducing multi-color originals.
Section 2. Fundamentals of prepress processes Photoform manufacturing technology Classification of photoforms. Principles of making photoforms using a phototypesetting machine using the Computer-to-Film technology. Production of a composite mounting photoform. Production of printing forms Fundamentals of the copying process in the production of printing forms. Methods for making printed forms. Production of printed forms for offset printing. Printing plate manufacturing technology Computer-to-Plate. Section 3. Fundamentals of technology of printing processes Fundamentals of the printing process General information about printed materials. Generalized technological scheme of the printing process. Obtaining an impression in the main types of printing. Print pressure. Fixing the ink on the print. Image fidelity in the printing process. General information about printing machines General information about the construction of printing machines. Basic devices of printing machines. Classification of printing machines. Design features printing machines of different printing methods. Section 4. Fundamentals of technology
bookbinding processes General information about bookbinding production Basic concepts and definitions. Enlarged schemes of the technological process of manufacturing publications in the cover and binding cover. Manufacture of notebooks Assignment of operations of colliding, trimming and cutting sheets. Folding options and their application. Mechanized sheet folding. Pressing notebooks. Attaching additional elements to notebooks.
8 Making a book block
Block assembly. Ways of fastening publications and blocks. Processing of book blocks for editions in binding covers. Manufacture of covers and binding covers Types, design, design and applications of covers and binding covers. Determination of the dimensions of the details of covers and binding covers. Binding materials and requirements for them. Cutting of cover and binding materials. Making covers and assembling binding covers. The final operations of making a book Methods for connecting blocks with a cover. Inserting blocks into lids. Pressing and drying publications. Hatching books. Finishing of printing products Methods of finishing printed products and their areas of application. Coating prints. Imitation of metallic coatings on prints. Mechanical methods of finishing impressions. Section 5. General characteristics of printing methods Special printing methods using printing forms Varieties of special printing methods. General information about screen printing. Technology Computer-printing machine
(Computer-to-Press). General information about flexographic printing. General information about pad printing. Non-contact printing methods An overview of non-contact printing technologies. Electrophotography. inkjet printing. Introduction to digital printing. Approximate topics of practical classes Calculation of the parameters of book and magazine publications. Production of editions in covers. Manufacture of book editions in a binding cover.
9
2. CONTENT OF THE CONTROL WORK The control work is intended for the study and deeper assimilation of theoretical information on the discipline Fundamentals of printing production by students of correspondence courses. The control work includes 5 tasks. In the first task, theoretical information on the specified issue should be presented using the recommended list of references. In the second task of the test, the student must provide a technological scheme for the production of a book or magazine edition in the cover using the specified image output technology. To do this, it is necessary to select a sample of the publication, the technical conditions of which correspond to the conditions specified in the control work. In the third task, it is necessary to draw up a step-by-step map of the binding and binding processes for making a book in a cover. To complete the task, you must select a sample publication. The fourth task is to calculate required amount paper and inks for printing a book edition in one or more colors. In the fifth task, you should determine the consumption of cover paper for the production of a cover edition.
10
3. INSTRUCTIONS FOR TASK 1, QUESTIONS AND ANSWER PLAN
3.1. Instructions for completing the task 1 Before completing the first task of the test, you must familiarize yourself with the proposed response plan. The plan contains brief theoretical information and basic definitions (the name of the concept is in bold italic type, which can be inserted into the answer text without changes. Any question contains one or more lists that list concepts, each of which needs to be considered in more detail (if there are no additional instructions. Additional indications are given in italics, they must be taken into account. in accordance with the answer plan (the question was not fully disclosed, or, on the contrary, there is a lot of unnecessary information; there is no list of sources used; there are no references to literary sources in the answer text; inconsistency between the text of the answer and the specified source; gross errors in the calculations.
3.2. Questions and answer plan Classification of publishing products of printing industry Publishing products are the main products of printing enterprises. It can be classified by the following features according to the material construction, the symbolic nature of information, the content of information and intended purpose periodicity circulation.
Book and magazine publications are divided into age category the reader to the term and intensity of use, the format and volume of the publication. Separately consider various sheet products to reveal the concept of " accident».
2.
Classification of production processes Production processes can be classified depending on their role in the manufacture of products, on the degree of complexity of the organization of production and the degree of technical equipment. Flogged in the manufacture of products, production processes are divided into main, auxiliary, service. According to the complexity of the organization of production, production processes are divided into simple and complex. According to the degree of technical equipment, manual, machine-manual, machine, automatic and hardware processes are distinguished. Consider each production process and give examples of use in the printing industry.
3.
Classification of text originals for printing reproduction Original- text and/or graphic material intended for reproduction in printing. Originals are divided into copyright and publishing. The author's original is a text and/or graphic material prepared by the author (a team of authors) for transfer to a publishing house for subsequent editorial and publishing processing. Author's text originals, depending on the performance, are divided into typewritten printed ones for reprinting without changes (repeated printed ones for republishing with changes, printouts from coded originals (prepared on a personal computer, handwritten ones). for delivery to a printing company for the manufacture of a printing plate.
12 Publisher's text originals, depending on the nature of their processing in the publishing house, are divided into typewritten printed ones for reprinting without changes (repeated printed ones for republishing with changes, printouts from coded originals
5)
reproduced original layouts; handwritten. Consider what constitutes an author's typewritten original author's sheet accounting and publishing sheet Give the requirements for printed originals for reprinting without changes and with changes Indicate which originals belong to the author's handwritten. Give a definition and purpose of reproduction
rumy original-layout. Give the basic requirements for polygraphic reproduction of the text.
4.
Generalized scheme for preparing text information using desktop publishing systems Generalized scheme for preparing text information using desktop publishing systems includes the following operations . To present a generalized scheme for preparing textual information in the form of a technological scheme, the definition of a technological scheme is given in the instructions for task 2). Give a definition of each operation and give its purpose. Consider the operations of proofreading in more detail.
5.
Classification of pictorial originals for printing reproduction
13 halftone drawings and photographs all types of drawings, their photocopies and xeroxes, line sketches and sketches halftone illustrations cut out from magazine books can be submitted by the author in exceptional cases handwritten, typewritten and typographical texts or their photo reproductions, as well as printouts line and halftone negatives one-color images with black-and-white control photo prints from them color transparencies (slides. According to the method of production, the originals are divided
– drawn made by a photographic method
- prints. Depending on the color of the image, all originals are divided into two groups
1) single color
2) multi-color, made in several colors (give examples. According to the type of substrate, the originals can be
– transparent (on film, tracing paper, etc.)
- opaque (on paper, cardboard, etc. According to the structure of the image, the originals can be line synonyms - two-gradation, binary, halftone synonymous with tone) and mixed. Give definitions of line halftone originals and give their characteristics. Consider image parameters, optical density, brightness, etc. Define gradation. Give the principle of formation of intermediate gradations in letterpress and flat offset printing. Indicate the main task of printing reproduction of pictorial originals. Give the requirements for pictorial originals. Screening methods
Screening
- converting halftone images to microline images using a raster or electronic devices. According to OST 29.41–96, the following types of screening are distinguished: projection (consider the structure of the projection screen,
give the definition of analog raster points contact (give the definition of the contact raster electronic.
14 Currently, electronic screening is used, i.e. in laser printers, FNA and form output devices, the image is created by a laser beam. As a result, these devices create microdots of a fixed size. The image on the print is a grid consisting of raster cells. One raster cell reproduces one gradation of a certain paint color depending on the number of microdots that make up this raster cell. Filling a raster cell can be done in several ways. The two most common are
EEPolyansky
BASICS
POLYGRAPHIC
PRODUCTION
Approved by the State artistic USSR Committee
in the folk style ovation as a textbook
for poly students graphic specialist features
higher education plant enii
Edition 2, revised
Moscow "Book" 1991
BBK 37.8 P 54 UDC 655.1
Reviewers:
A. A. WITT, candidate of technical sciences,
S. N. GUNKO, Candidate of Technical Sciences,
E. T. LAZARENKO, candidate of technical sciences.
P ------ KB
002(01)^91
JSBN -6
PREDI SLOVIE
The discipline "Fundamentals of printing production" for students of specialty 2809 "Technology of printing production" sets as its main task to give a general interconnected idea of the characteristics and design of publishing products, the main technological processes of its manufacture, printing equipment, publishing and printing terminology, as well as elementary information about editorial -publishing processes and the history of the development of printing.
Knowledge of this discipline contributes to a more effective study of subsequent special disciplines and the choice of the direction of specialization of students, and also allows to ensure the continuity of their professional training.
The basics of printing production are studied by students in the 1st and 2nd semesters. Therefore, in order to understand the basic theoretical provisions set forth in them, it is sufficient for students to have knowledge of physics, chemistry, computer technology and other disciplines in the volume of a secondary school.
The second edition of the textbook was compiled in accordance with the standard program of the discipline "Fundamentals of Printing Production" for the specialty 2809, approved in 1989. It differs from the first edition (“Technology of Printing Production” - Fundamentals of Printing, Part 1, M .: Book, 1980, Part 2, M .: Book, 1982) by a broader reflection of modern and promising printing equipment and technology using electronic -computer technology, lasers, electronics "and other technical achievements: a sharp reduction, and in some cases the exclusion of obsolete, but still widely used in the USSR technology and equipment; a more modern methodology for constructing and presenting a textbook; reducing its volume, as well as clarifying some terms, standards, etc.
The author expresses his deep gratitude to the reviewers - Candidate of Technical Sciences Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences for valuable comments that help improve the content of the textbook. The author is also grateful to the teaching staff of the Department of Printing Plate Technology of the Moscow Polygraphic Institute for the helpful advice given in the preparation of this publication.
Section One
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT PRINTING AND PRODUCTS OF OLIGRAPHIC PRODUCTION
Chapter 1.General information about printing
1.1. Basic concepts
1.2. Manufacturing process
Printing production is a process that includes a combination of various technical means used for printed reproduction of textual and pictorial information in the form of newspapers, books, magazines, reproductions and other printed products.
In publishing and printing practice, information (from Latin Informatio - explanation, presentation), presented in the form of text, digital data, tables, mathematical and other formulas, is called text information, and information in the form of illustrations, graphs, diagrams, ornaments, drawings, rulers, maps and other images - visual information. The production process also includes: power supply, equipment repair, intra-factory and intra-shop movement of materials, semi-finished products and finished products, their storage in warehouses, etc. These components of the production process are not considered in this textbook.
The term printing (Greek poligraphia from polys - a lot and graph about - I write) is usually called not only a set of technical means of reproducing information by printing, but also a branch of the national economy - the printing industry.
Printing is the repeated receipt of identical prints of text and images by transferring the ink layer, in most cases, from the printing form * to the printed material: paper, cardboard, polymer film, tin, etc. Printing processes also include the method of obtaining non-printing reproduction due to residual deformations of the processed material (for example, embossing on cardboard, paper, etc.).
A printed form is a carrier of graphic information (text and images) intended for printing reproduction. It is (Fig. 1.1.) Usually a plate
These areas will not be covered with a paint layer.
The application of ink during the printing process only on the printing elements of the form is ensured due to their spatial separation or the creation of various physico-chemical or other properties of the printing and blanking elements. To carry out the printing process, in addition to the printing form, it is necessary to have a printed material (in most cases, paper), printing ink and printing equipment.
Print production in most cases consists of three or four separate but mutually agreed processes:
1) processing of textual and graphic information-originals subject to printing reproduction (original from Latin originalis - original, original). As a result of this process, negatives or transparencies on a transparent film are obtained, containing the information of printing forms;
2) production from negatives or transparencies of a set of printing forms necessary for reproduction of information;
3) printing circulation - receipt from printing forms definitely
th number of identical printed sheets, notebooks or newspapers,
which is actually the reproduction of information;
4) performing stitching or stitching and binding
processes (production of brochures, magazines, books from individual
elements) or, in some cases, finishing processes
(varnishing of printed sheets, etc.). At this stage, products
takes on a form that is easy to use. First two
process is often referred to as prepress, the third and fourth
ty can be executed in the same way as a single process on
specialized equipment.
modern printing production is a comprehensive mechanization and automation, extensive use of the latest automatic and electronic equipment, the use of automated production lines.
The most progressive form of production are automated processes. They can significantly increase productivity and improve working conditions, reduce the number of employees, reduce its cost and improve product quality. However, it is not always possible to achieve full automation of a particular process. In addition, in some cases, for example in small-scale production, it is not always economical to use expensive and complex automatic systems.
Currently, production lines are the most promising type of equipment. Most printing processes are multi-operational, so their implementation is most effective on production lines. Production lines ensure the continuity of the process, the strict sequence of all operations and allow you to minimize or completely eliminate interruptions between them. However, production lines require precise operation of each component of its machine or device. A break in the operation of even one machine disrupts the normal rhythm of the process.
Depending on the degree of mechanization and automation in the printing industry, as a rule, two types of lines are used:
mechanized - lines on which all basic operations are performed using special mechanisms or machines, and semi-finished products are transferred by conveyors or other vehicles; continuous loading of semi-finished products and unloading of finished products is carried out by workers;
automatic (automated) lines, consisting of automatic machines interconnected by special transport links, which automatically (without human intervention) perform all operations of a certain technological process according to a given program.
1.1.2. BASIC TYPES AND PRINTING METHODS
Types of printing. The term "printing" in the printing industry refers to the type of process or method of obtaining printed impressions. But in a broad sense, this term is understood as printed matter and, above all, periodicals(newspapers and magazines). There are three main (classical) types of printing used in the printing industry: flat, high and deep. According to the generally accepted classification, they differ from each other by the principle of separating printed and blank elements on printing plates. On printing plates of flat printing (Fig. 1.2, a) printing / and space 2 the elements are practically located in the same plane and have different physico-chemical properties: the former are oleophilic, the latter are hydrophilic. Before each impression is made during the printing process, the form is first moistened with a certain aqueous solution. 3 (rarely alcohol), which wets only hydrophilic gap elements. Then the printing ink is applied 4 (Fig. 1.2, c), containing free fatty acids. It only sticks to oleophilic print elements. Due to the fact that the printing elements are in the same plane, they are covered with a layer of ink even in thickness and therefore all the elements of the print (Fig. 1.2, G) consist of an ink layer of the same thickness*.
Fig.1.2. Schematic representation of a section of a flat print form and an imprint from it
Limited use is found in forms that do not require moisture in the process.
Rice. 1.4. schematicfore section imagewe are gravure and fromvise from her
Printing elements 1 deepened by a different or the same amount. They represent, regardless of the nature of the image (text, illustrations), separate cells of a very small area, separated from each other by thin partitions - spaces. These partitions and other space elements 2 are elevated and are on the same level.
The gravure printing plate is usually made on a cylinder. Low viscosity ink during printing 1 (Fig. 1.5) is first applied in excess on the entire surface of the rotating mold 2. Then a special knife (squeegee) 5, sliding over the surface of the gap elements of the form (including partitions), completely removes the paint from the gaps and excess
. 1.5. Scheme for removing excess printing inkfrom gravure printing
from printing elements. Thus, the paint remains only in the cells (see Fig. 1.4, c). Its thickness on the impression (Fig. 1.4, b), depending on the depth of the cells of the form, can be the same or different.
Printing methods. The transfer of a colorful image from various printing forms to the printed material (paper) usually occurs as a result of pressure. In this case, the printing plate is fixed on the cylinder, and the other cylinder exerts pressure (Fig. 1.6, i). During pressure printing, the ink may pass through the intermediate elastic plate.
In the first case (Fig. 1.6, a) paper / is brought directly into contact with the printing plate 2, and the ink under pressure passes from the printing elements to the paper, forming an impression. In this case, the image| on the form should be reversed (mirror). Such ink transfer is widely used in letterpress and gravure, and to a much lesser extent in flat printing. At the same time, it would be more correct to call the printing methods "direct tall", "direct flat", "direct gravure" printing. But in practice, the word "direct" is usually omitted.
In the second case (Fig. 1.6, b), the printing form 2 in the process of printing comes into contact with an elastic (rubber-fabric) plate 3, which takes over the ink from the printing elements of the form, and then transfers it to paper 7. In this case, the image on the printing form must be "direct (on a rubber-fabric plate - reverse, on paper - direct). Such an indirect printing method is called offset (from the English .offset).
|
Rice. 1.6. schematictransmission imageprinting plate inkon paper
It is used primarily in flat printing, less frequently in letterpress, and even more rarely in gravure printing.
1.1 .3. Publishing houses and printing companies
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