History of science is a study of the phenomenon of science in its history. On the one hand, science represents objective knowledge, and on the other hand, the process of obtaining and using it by people.
The study of the history of modern science relies on the many surviving original or republished texts.
However, the words "science" and "scientist" themselves came into use only
in the XVIII-XX centuries, and before that, natural scientists called their occupation "natural philosophy".
Although empirical research has been known since ancient times (for example, the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus), and the scientific method was developed in its foundations in the Middle Ages (for example, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni or Roger Bacon)
The beginning of modern science dates back to the New Age, a period called scientific revolution that occurred in the XVI-XVII centuries in Western Europe.
ancient science
Characteristic features of ancient science:
- contemplation
- self-sufficiency
- logical evidence
- Openness to criticism
- Aesthetic attitude to the object of study.
ancient science
Formation of the first scientific programs: atomism; mathematical picture of the world of Pythagoreanism and Platonism; development of the theory of evidence (in particular, the apparatus of proof from the "contrary" by the Eleatics);
the fundamentalist program of Aristotle; construction of cosmological models. Creation of a deductive mathematical method. The transformation of mathematics into a coherent independent discipline (Euclid, Pythagoras, Archytas, Eudoxus, Hippocrates, Theaetetus, etc. Euclid's "Beginnings" is an encyclopedia of ancient mathematics, its historical significance. Ancient theoretical astronomy (Eudoxus, Hipparchus, Claudius Ptolemy, Aristarchus of Samos).
medieval science
Science and religion - the main antithesis of the values of the Middle Ages
The Middle Ages are characterized by:
- Theological and textual character;
- The idea of the total, the divine, the absence of the partial;
- All things are regarded as symbols of the divine mind;
- The word as an instrument of peace, given by God to man. The word written in the Bible is especially important;
- The existence of the world has a finite design;
- Cognition is seen as a hierarchical process;
- Natural magic, it was believed, could give knowledge of hidden natural laws;
- The experimental method was completely excluded.
Representatives of internalism :
G. Gerlak
It is believed that science develops only due to intrascientific factors: due to the objective logic of the emergence and solution scientific problems, due to the inner need of science itself to experiment, create new concepts, solve problems. In the works of internalist historians, the history of science appears as a purely intellectual history - the history of the mutual generation of ideas, reminiscent of the self-development of the absolute spirit.
Representatives of externalism : B. Hessen D. Bernal J. Haldane E. Zilsel D. Needham
Founded in the 1930s. largely under the influence of Marxism, insists that the decisive influence on the development of science is exerted by socio-economic, i.e. non-scientific factors. Therefore, when studying the history of science, the main task is to reconstruct the socio-cultural conditions (“social orders”) in which certain ideas and theories arise and develop.
new time
From the end of the 19th to the middle of the 20th centuries, radical changes took place in science associated with the formation of a new non-classical natural science. In the 20-30s of the XX century. logical positivism or neo-positivism becomes the dominant trend in Western philosophy.
Big ideas, covering the entire universe, grow out of a continuous stream of empirical knowledge, they seek confirmation in this stream, they change, generalize, and concretize.
- Construction for empirical science of a neutral (that is, not imposing preconceived interpretations) language for describing the actual "states of affairs", so that theoretical provisions could be derived according to the strictest logical laws from the protocol sentences of experience, and theory predictions could be confirmed (verified) by referring to observation and experiment.
- Cognition through experiment
Representatives of the New Age
Karl Raimund Popper (1902-1994)
Karl Popper studied the relationship between competing and successive scientific theories.
- In the process of knowledge development, the depth and complexity of the problems being solved grows, but this complexity depends on the very level of science at a certain time stage of its development.
- The transition from one theory to another does not express any accumulation of knowledge (a new theory consists of new problems generated by it).
- The goal of science is to achieve highly informative content.
The main concepts of his concept of scientific knowledge are the following: 1) the problem of demarcation (separation of scientific knowledge from non-scientific) 2) the principle of falsification (a theory cannot be tested for final truth, but it can be refuted, falsified. For almost three hundred years, Newton's mechanics was considered true in all respects, and then new theories came to replace it. This is the case with any theory, it appears, reaches a stage of flowering, and then is refuted.)
3) the principle of fallibilism (any scientific knowledge is only hypothetical and prone to error. The growth of scientific knowledge consists in putting forward bold hypotheses and implementing their resolute refutation) 4) the theory of "three worlds" (the first world is the world of objects, the second world - world subjects and third peace - world objective knowledge, which is generated by the first and second worlds, but exists independently of them. The analysis of the growth and development of knowledge in this independent third world is the subject of the philosophy of science)
He believed that scientific knowledge develops spasmodically, through scientific revolutions. Any criterion makes sense only within the framework of a certain paradigm, a historically established system of views. The scientific revolution is a change of psychological paradigms by the scientific community. Thomas Kuhn's most famous work is The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
The course of the scientific revolution according to Kuhn:
1) Normal science - every new discovery can be explained from the standpoint of the dominant theory;
2) Extraordinary science is a crisis in science. The appearance of anomalies - inexplicable facts. An increase in the number of anomalies leads to the appearance alternative theories. In science, many opposing scientific schools coexist;
3) Scientific revolution - the formation of a new paradigm.
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
Geography teacher of the GOKU JSC "Comprehensive school at penitentiary institutions" at FKU IK-8 Blagoveshchensk Lisenko Yu.V. Science in the 19th century. Creation of a scientific picture of the world
2 slide
Description of the slide:
Objectives: To determine the trends in the development of scientific thought in Europe in the 19th century; To acquaint students with the biographies of scientists and their discoveries; Determine the significance of scientific discoveries of the 19th century for the present.
3 slide
Description of the slide:
The 19th century is a special time in the development of science. Great discoveries follow one after another. monopoly capitalism, large corporations ensured the implementation modern technologies and scientific discoveries. Technological advances have changed people's daily lives. Transport became convenient and accessible. Modern means connections facilitated communication, and newspapers and radio brought all the news directly to the house. An integral part of the street landscape at the end of the 19th century was the figure of a boy - a newsboy shouting out the news.
4 slide
Description of the slide:
1800 - Volta created batteries. The age of inventions and discoveries begins. The Italian physicist Alessandro Volta created in 1800 a direct current source capable of constantly producing electricity. This first electric battery, called the voltaic column, was much more efficient and convenient than the then conventional capacitors, which required a long charge before each use.
5 slide
Description of the slide:
1816 - English postmen switched to bicycles: quickly and conveniently. The first bicycle, similar to those used today, was called Rover - "Wanderer" (or "Tramp"). It was made in 1884 by the English inventor John Kemp Starley and has been in production since 1885.
6 slide
Description of the slide:
1826 - photography was invented: events and people can now be immortalized. The first known attempt at chemical fixation was by Thomas Wedgwood and Humphrey Davy. Already in 1802, they could receive photograms using silver salts, without knowing how to fix them. The first practical success on the road to photography was the invention of heliography by Nicéphore Niépce. The earliest surviving image taken with this camera obscura technology is dated 1826 and is known as the View from the Window at Le Gras.
7 slide
Description of the slide:
1829 - Braille invented the alphabet and made it possible for blind people to read and write. Braille is a tactile font designed for writing and reading by blind and visually impaired people. Designed in 1824 by the Frenchman Louis Braille, the son of a shoemaker.
8 slide
Description of the slide:
1832 - acetylene gas was discovered and its ability to weld metal. It became possible to use metal structures in the construction of bridges, houses, towers. Opened in 1836 by E. Davy, synthesized from coal and hydrogen.
9 slide
Description of the slide:
1854 - a new metal was born - aluminum. While it is used as decoration, but in the next century, aircraft will be made from it. Aluminum was first obtained by the Danish physicist Hans Oersted in 1825 by the action of potassium amalgam on aluminum chloride, followed by distillation of mercury. The name of the element is derived from lat. alumen - alum. Before the discovery of an industrial method for producing aluminum, this metal was more expensive than gold. In 1889, the British, wishing to honor the great Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev with a rich gift, gave him a balance of gold and aluminum
10 slide
Description of the slide:
1805 - matches - fire in a small box. Now safer and more convenient. The first matches were made in 1805 by the French chemist Jean Chancel, assistant to Professor Tenard. These were wooden matches that were ignited by the contact of the head of a mixture of sulfur, bartholite salt and cinnabar with concentrated sulfuric acid. 1855 - celluloid was invented. Children's toys have become lighter and more practical. In 1855, the British metallurgist Alexander Parkes discovered a new substance based on nitrocellulose dissolved in ethanol. To mass-produce a new substance, which Parkes gave the name "parkesin". It is used for the manufacture of film and photographic films, tablets, rulers, cases of musical instruments - harmonicas, various haberdashery products, toys, etc. An almost indispensable material for the manufacture of table tennis balls.
11 slide
Description of the slide:
1866 - Humanity switches to artificial food. artificial food - food product, which is obtained from various substances (amino acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates), previously isolated from the secondary raw materials of the meat and dairy industry, oilseeds and legumes, cereals, microorganisms, etc., as well as food additives. 1867 Sholes grants a patent to Relington for a typewriter. Like most others technical devices and inventions, the development of the typewriter mechanism was not the result of the efforts of a single person. Many people jointly or independently came up with the idea of fast text printing. The first patent for a machine of this kind was issued by the English Queen Anne to Henry Mill back in 1714.
12 slide
Description of the slide:
1866 - Singer invented the sewing machine, and patented only a needle with a hole in the tip. Singer did not invent the sewing machine and never claimed to have done so. By 1850, when his first sewing machine appeared, a number of models already existed. Singer spent 10 days to overcome the design flaws that these models had, which "shook the world" and made the inventor rich. 1866 - Alfred Nobel created dynamite - good and evil in "one bottle". Every year, since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded for discoveries in science and the strengthening of peace. Among the representatives of science of the 19th century, there are also Nobel Prize winners.
13 slide
Description of the slide:
In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. He noticed that if a copper wire is placed in a magnetic field, electricity. This discovery gave life to all generators, dynamos and electric motors. Faraday was called the "Lord of Lightning" by his contemporaries. He became a member of the royal society and many academies of the world.
14 slide
Description of the slide:
The discovery of the English physicist Maxwell became a sensation. In the 60s he developed the electromagnetic theory of light. According to the theory, there are invisible electromagnetic waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. This is how the concept of non-mechanical motion was born. Light in Maxwell acts as a kind of electromagnetic oscillations. After 10 years, the German engineer Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and received them in the laboratory and proved that no objects can prevent their propagation. Based on these discoveries, Popov and Marconi created a wireless telegraph.
15 slide
Description of the slide:
main feature natural scientific discoveries of the second half of the 19th century was that: fundamentally changed the ideas about the structure of matter, space, movement, the development of wildlife, the causes of disease and the origin of life on earth. Science refuted previous knowledge and gave the key to the discovery of the invisible secrets of nature. A new picture of the world was being formed, because science came close to the structure of the atom. The development of science has led to advances in medicine, which is very important for all mankind. Thanks to science, the daily life of society has changed. New directions in science emerged: microbiology, nuclear physics - an unlimited field for new research and discoveries. The 19th century laid the foundations for the development of 20th century science and set the stage for many future inventions and technological innovations that we enjoy today. Scientific discoveries of the 19th century were made in many areas and had a great influence on further development. Technological progress progressed uncontrollably.
16 slide
Description of the slide:
Functions of ScienceFUNCTIONS OF SCIENCE
Cultural - the process of forming a person,
as a subject of activity and cognition
Socio-regulatory - science as a social
strength
Projective-constructive
Ecological
Neo-humanistic - attitude towards caring for
future generations
SUBJECT AND PROBLEMS OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE
The history of science - understanding the historicaldevelopment of scientific knowledge.
Its development began in the 19th century. in France.
The subject of the history of science
THE SUBJECT OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCEAggregate
cognitive
models and laws
historical and scientific
development of mankind.
Tasks and problems of the history of science
TASKS AND PROBLEMS OF HISTORYSCIENCE
identify researchers, noting their misconceptions and errors
look for valuable, but forgotten, that is in every science
study of the features of the development of science in certain
periods
describe the mechanism of development of science
identify general patterns of development of scientific knowledge
ideas about the methods and techniques of scientific thinking
solving scientific problems with the help of historical
analogy
increasing the cultural and scientific potential of society integration of natural science and
humanitarian knowledge
laying the foundation for model development
development of society
expansion of the source base for scientific
research
clarification of the conceptual apparatus,
improvement of research methodology
Empirical base of the history of science
EMPIRICAL BASE OF HISTORYSCIENCE
scientific texts
of the past
correspondence of scientists
autobiographical
essays and memoirs
PROBLEMS AND PRINCIPLES OF HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.
Presentism - aspirationrestore the past of science,
using terminological
the language of modernity;
antique desire
restore the past to
development of scientific ideas without
links to the present.
Complementarity principle
PRINCIPLEOPTIONS
Antiquarianism and Presentism
complement each other.
Presentism understands
the past, but antiquarianism
explains it.
Kuhn Thomas Samuel (1922–1996), American historian and philosopher of science
KUN THOMAS SAMUEL (1922-1996)AMERICAN HISTORIAN AND
PHILOSOPHER OF SCIENCE
impossible to translate
the term "phlogiston"
(belief in existence
a special substance
which is not in
reality) to
modern language of science.
Presentist approach to
this problem
impossible, she can
be considered only
from the point of view of antiquity.
Aristotle's classification (384-322 BC)
ARISTOTLE'S CLASSIFICATION(384-322 BC)
1.
theoretical
2.
3.
First
philosophy
(metaphysics)
Maths
Physics
Practical
Creative
Logic - organon
(gr. tool or
tool)
knowledge
F. Bacon's classification (1561-1626)
CLASSIFICATION F. BACON(1561-1626)
By criterion
cognitive
capabilities
person:
memory,
mind,
imagination. 1.
History is based on memory
Natural
civil
2.
Philosophy - based on reason
3.
natural theology
Anthropology
Philosophy of man
Civic philosophy
Philosophy of nature
Poetry is based on imagination
Key to sciences
KEY TO THE SCIENCESLogics
Dialectics
Rhetoric
Theory of knowledge
Hegel's classification (1770-1831)
HEGEL'S CLASSIFICATION (17701831)1.
2.
3.
Criterion -
state of the art
absolute idea
or world spirit
Logics
Philosophy
nature
Philosophy of spirit Logic = Dialectics =
Theory of knowledge
The doctrine of being
Essence Doctrine
The doctrine of the concept Philosophy of nature
Mechanics
Physics
organic physics
Geological nature
vegetable nature
animal organisms Philosophy of spirit
subjective spirit
Anthropology
Psychology
Objective Spirit
social history
Absolute Spirit
Philosophy, science of sciences
Classification by O. Comte (1798-1857)
CLASSIFICATION O.KONT (17981857)1.
2.
3.
Initial
mathematical and astronomical
Intermediate
physicochemical
The ultimate biological and sociological
Classification by F. Engels (1829-1895)
CLASSIFICATION F. ENGELS(1829-1895)
1.
2.
3.
4.
By criterion
forms
movements
matter
Mechanics
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Classification by V. I. Vernadsky (1863-1945)
CLASSIFICATION V.I.VERNADSKY (1863-1945)
1.
2.
By criterion
character
studied
object
Sciences where the object is -
all reality
planets, space
science object
which is
Earth
Classification of sciences by subject and method of knowledge
CLASSIFICATION OF SCIENCES ONTHE SUBJECT AND METHOD OF KNOWLEDGE
natural sciences
Social Sciences
Sciences of Cognition and Thinking
Technical science
Maths
According to the criterion of practical significance
ACCORDING TO THE CRITERION OF PRACTICALSIGNIFICANCE
Fundamental
Applied
Periodization of the history of science
PERIODIZATION OF HISTORYSCIENCE
Science classification
Periodization is theirs
time expansion
in the form of historical
periods. The stage of history is integrity,
having its own structure and
characteristics
Borders between stages
stories are flexible and movable
The problem of periodization of the history of science
PERIODIZATION PROBLEMHISTORIES OF SCIENCE
understanding of the historical process in
different phases
establish the specifics of these phases, similarities and
differences, boundaries and connection
correct drawing of boundaries between phases
strive to study all levels in order to
then select among them the main, "nodal".
Periodization of science in terms of the ratio of analysis and synthesis
PERIODIZATION OF SCIENCE FROM A POINTVIEW RATIO ANALYSIS
AND SYNTHESIS
Analytical
Peculiarities:
continuous differentiation of sciences;
the predominance of empirical knowledge;
focus on research
objects, and not on their changes;
consideration of nature unchanging, beyond development,
outside the interconnection of its phenomena.
Includes classic and non-classical
natural science. 2. Synthetic, integrative
Peculiarities:
The emergence of interdisciplinary problems
The emergence of "butt" scientific disciplines of physical chemistry, biophysics, biochemistry, psychophysics,
geochemistry, etc.
The process of building a holistic science of
nature and a unified science of all reality in
in general.
Coincides with post-nonclassical
natural science.
Two types of periodization:
TWO TYPES OF PERIODIZATION:1) formal, when the basis of the division of history
the subject is placed on the corresponding steps
one or another separate “feature” (or a group of them);
2) dialectical, when the basis (criterion)
this division becomes the main
contradiction of the subject under study, which
must be distinguished from all other
contradictions of the latter.
Prescience
PRE-SCIENCEPreclassic stage where
elements are born
(prerequisites) of science.
The beginnings of knowledge
in the ancient East
in Greece and Rome
in the Middle Ages, up to 16-17
centuries.
Science as a holistic phenomenon
SCIENCE AS A COMPLETE PHENOMENONOccurs in modern times due to
sprouts from philosophy
three stages:
classical,
non-classical,
post-non-classical (modern).
The criterion for this periodization is
correlation (contradiction) of the object and
subject of knowledge. Type of
rationality
Characteristics
rationality
classical
everything related to the subject
irrelevant
non-classical
funds are taken into account
knowledge
post-non-classical
value structures are taken into account Each stage has its own paradigm
(a set of theoretical, methodological and
other attitudes), their “picture of the world”, their
fundamental ideas.
Modern Science and Society
MODERN SCIENCE AND SOCIETYCommunication vector "science - society"
in the 19th century was directed from science to society, so
how the history of civilization acted as
functions of development of scientific ideas,
in the twentieth century - from society to science. Science appears as
function of the development of society.
The sociality of science
SOCIALITY OF SCIENCEScience turns into
complex social
body,
including
social structures
different type:
laboratories,
universities,
groups of scientists
science community
etc.
Public support for science
PUBLIC SUPPORTSCIENCE
financial (from the state or private
funds);
material (land, buildings, equipment and
etc.);
intellectual (influx of young people into science);
high social status, prestige
(society's understanding of the value of science as
such).
GENERAL MODELS OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE
1) the history of science asprogressive translational
process (cumulative model);
2) the history of science as a process
development of scientific knowledge through
scientific revolutions;
3) the history of science as a set
various cognitive
case study programs. The first model comes from the installation that new
knowledge is always more perfect than before, therefore
the historical development of science is the preparation of its
modern state. theoretical
The basis of this model was the philosophy
positivism (late 19th - early 20th centuries). The second model appeared in the middle of the twentieth century. due
with the crisis of positivism. She comes from the idea
discontinuities in the development of scientific knowledge. Time from
time in science there are revolutions,
fundamentally changing the paradigm and
direction of scientific knowledge. The third model understands any event in science
as unique in other historical
conditions. It allows simultaneous
the existence of different theories, in different ways
explaining the same scientific facts.
In addition to these models, the history of science
can be studied through the theories of individual scientists
or scientific schools investigating a certain
area of scientific knowledge.
The structure of scientific knowledge
STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGE
scientific knowledge
Empirical
level
Theoretical
level
Slide 2: 1. Literacy and school
in England in the 1840s. at the wedding, half of the brides and grooms could not sign in church books. In 1850 almost 40% of men in France were illiterate. In the German states, universal elementary education introduced at the end of the 18th century. (in the era of enlightened absolutism). In Sweden and Switzerland, the introduction of universal primary education occurred in the middle of the 19th century. Many US states had free primary education, but it was not compulsory.
Slide 3: 1. Literacy and school
The development of literacy is becoming massive. Reasons: changes in society and the economy. Only literate people could work on a complex machine, be a locomotive driver or an employee in a bank.
Slide 4: 1. Literacy and school
Primary education Secular, compulsory, free Secondary, higher education paid
Slide 5: 2. "Reading revolution"
Reading has become widespread, spread to all strata of society. printed matter(new technologies in paper production and typography) Reading has become more accessible to the lower classes. Most of the new novels were cheap. There were free, more accessible to the lower classes, many libraries.
Slide 6: The 19th century is the century of science
Slide 7: The 19th century is the century of science
Homework: make a table "Scientific discoveries" of the XIX century Scientist Scientific field discovery Ch. Darwin biology Theory of evolution M. Faraday physics Electromagnetic induction
Slide 8: The 19th century is the century of science
Established in 1901 The Nobel Prize contributed to attracting public interest in the achievements of science and the growth of its prestige
The last slide of the presentation: Education and science: History is the science of the century
History explained the past and indicated goals for the future, serving as one of the foundations of faith in progress, in constant change for the better; strengthened national self-consciousness, tracing the path of the people from its origins to the present. scientist Scientific field discovery Leopold Ranke history Theory of objectivity in history (careful work with sources) F. Guizot history The idea of classes and class struggle O. Comte philosophy The theory of achieving genuine "positive" knowledge
- New story grade 8
- What changes have occurred in the development of science
- What reasons contributed to the development of science and scientific knowledge;
- How did these studies affect the lives of the people of the New Age;
- Today you will learn:
- Reasons for the rapid development of sciences.
- "Master of Lightning".
- The sensations continue.
- Revolution in natural science.
- The new science is microbiology.
- Medical advances.
- Development of education.
- We work according to the plan:
- Working with a table
- Reasons for the rapid development of sciences
- Why, in the 19th - early 20th centuries, did they begin to develop so actively
- various sciences?
- Find the answer to the question
- after reading point 1
- on page 39.
- Reasons for the rapid development of sciences
- Life itself demanded to know the laws and use them in production
- 2. Fundamental changes in the consciousness and thinking of the people of the New Age
- In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which led to the creation of an electric motor. He became a member of the Royal Society.
- "Lord of Lightning"
- Michael Faraday
- In the 1860s, he developed the electromagnetic theory of light, which generalized the results of experiments and theoretical constructions of many physicists from different countries in the field of electromagnetism.
- "Sensations Continue"
- James Carl Maxwell
- According to his theory, there are invisible waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. Light is a type of electromagnetic vibration.
- Maxwell with color
- spinning top in hand
- "Sensations Continue"
- In 1883, the German engineer Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and proved that no material object could interfere with their propagation.
- "Sensations Continue"
- Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
- Hertz found that electromagnetic waves propagate at a speed of 300,000 km/s. These waves became known as Hertzian waves.
- "Sensations Continue"
- experimental apparatus
- Hertz 1887.
- Dutch physicist tried to explain Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in terms of the atomic structure of matter
- "Sensations Continue"
- Hendrik Anton Lorenz
- "Sensations Continue"
- A revolution took place in the natural-scientific ideas of mankind, a new picture of the world was formed, which exists today
- At the end of 1895 in Germany, the physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, based on Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic waves, discovered invisible rays, which he called X-rays.
- "Sensations Continue"
- Remaining invisible, the rays penetrate various objects to varying degrees. The resulting image can be captured on film. This discovery has found wide application in medicine.
- "Sensations Continue"
- X-rays
- Antoine Henri
- becquerel
- Pierre Curie
- Maria
- Sklodovskaya-
- "Sensations Continue"
- Ernest Rutherford
- Niels Bohr
- Scientists who study
- phenomenon
- radioactivity
- In 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie, together with Henri Becquerel, received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for outstanding services in joint investigations of the phenomena of radiation".
- Pierre and Marie Curie
- In the laboratory
- "Sensations Continue"
- A revolution in natural science was made by the book of the great scientist - naturalist C. Darwin "The Origin of Species"
- Charles Darwin
- "Revolution in natural science"
- In 1885, a scientist saved the life of a young man who had been bitten 14 times by a rabid dog. He was working on getting a serum for rabies. Gave the world a new science - microbiology
- "Revolution in Medicine"
- Louis Pasteur
- He worked with the fermentation process, created a method for sterilization and pasteurization of various products. Developed several vaccinations against infectious diseases. Explained to surgeons the need to disinfect hands and instruments before work.
- "Revolution in Medicine"
- An English physician who developed the first vaccine against smallpox. Jenner came up with the idea of injecting a seemingly harmless vaccinia virus into the human body.
- "Revolution in Medicine"
- Edward Jenner
- René Laennec found that solid bodies produce sounds in different ways. He designed a tube from beech wood - a stethoscope. One end was applied to the patient's chest, and the other to the doctor's ear.
- "Revolution in Medicine"
- First
- stethoscopes
- German microbiologist, discovered anthrax bacillus, vibrio cholerae and tubercle bacillus. For research
- tuberculosis awarded
- Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905.
- "Revolution in Medicine"
- Heinrich Hermann
- Robert Koch
- Russian and French biologist (zoologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist).
- One of the founders of evolutionary
- Embryology, phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation.
- Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908).
- "Revolution in Medicine"
- "Development of Education"
- Read for yourself the paragraph "Development of education" on pages 44-45 and answer the question
- How did education develop in different states?
- Summing up the lesson
- Match the scientist and his invention
- Homework:
- Paragraph 5, questions, notes in a notebook.
- http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%E0%F0%E0%E4%E5%E9,_%CC%E0%E9%EA%EB
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0 %9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2
- http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85
- * http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%F2%E5%F2%EE%F1%EA%EE%EF
- *http://nova.rambler.ru/search?query=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0% B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C
- Antonenkova Anzhelika Viktorovna
- History teacher, MOU Budinskaya OOSh
- Tver region
Only lovers will survive
Features of advertising aimed at children
retouching old photos in photoshop retouching old photos
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Gleb Nikitin First Deputy