Integrated defense-offensive complex in n chelomeya. Chelomey space plane. How to prevent disorientation and disadaptation of a bedridden patient

Chelomei Vladimir Nikolaevich - General Designer of rocket and space technology, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Born on June 30, 1914 in the town of Sedlec, Privislensky region, 70 kilometers from Warsaw, in a family of teachers. Soon the family moved to the city of Poltava (Ukraine), away from the combat area in the outbreak of the First World War.
In 1926, the family moved to Kyiv, where V.N.Chelomei continued his studies at a seven-year labor school. In 1929, after graduating from school, he entered the Kyiv Automobile College; in 1932 he entered the aviation department of the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute (in 1933, the Kyiv Aviation Institute was created on the basis of this faculty).
In his student years, V.N. Chelomey was actively engaged in scientific work. During his studies in the works of KAI he published more than 20 scientific articles. In 1936, his work “Vector Calculus” was published in a lithographic way, which became the main one for students. study guide. hallmark many of his works was that the results of research were immediately embodied in practice.
During his internship at the Zaporozhye Engine Plant, he "... did a lot of computational and research work on the torsional vibrations of aircraft engines" and "... showed a particularly high theoretical and engineering background" (reference Zaporozhye plant). This and other works of Chelomey made it possible to find out the causes of aircraft engine failures. Even then, he had the idea of ​​a pulsating air-jet engine, and, having received permission, he conducted experiments on the equipment of the plant in the interests of its development and creation.
In 1937, V.N. Chelomey graduated with honors from the Kyiv Aviation Institute a year earlier. Graduate work on the topic "Oscillations in aircraft engines" was defended brilliantly and recognized by the Academic Council as outstanding, at the level of a PhD thesis.
After graduating from the institute, he worked at the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and studied at graduate school. In 1939 he defended his Ph.D. thesis on the topic "Dynamic stability of elements of aircraft structures."
In the summer of 1941, V.N. Chelomey was appointed head of the jet engine group of the Central Institute of Aviation Motors (CIAM) named after Baranov, where in 1942 he created the first pulsating jet engine in the USSR, which was installed on a number of aircraft.

The order of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry dated September 19, 1944 on the appointment of V.N. Chelomey as Chief Designer and Director of the Experimental Aviation Plant No. 51 marked the beginning of the creation new organization, with its own theme, its tasks, principles and methods of work, which were instilled in the team by its chief designer.
By the beginning of 1945, the 10X projectile was created in the design bureau by scientists. In 1948, its tests ended, but it was not accepted into service due to unsatisfactory performance characteristics. V.N. Chelomey for some time moved away from practical design work, was engaged in science and teaching, but did not leave the subject of cruise missiles (as the projectiles began to be called).
The command of the Navy became interested in the developments of V.N. Chelomey, and in June 1954, in Tushino, near Moscow, at the engine plant No. 500, a special design group was created to design a second-generation cruise missile. This rocket implemented the new ideas of the scientist: firstly, the rocket was placed in a transport and launch container, closed with a sealed lid; secondly, the wings of the rocket in the container were in the folded position and opened after launch; thirdly, a powder accelerator was used to take the rocket out of the container. The implementation of these ideas made it possible to get ahead of the United States in the issue of arming submarines.
In 1955, V.N. Chelomey was given a mechanical plant in the city of Reutov near Moscow, where OKB-52 of the Ministry of Aviation Industry was created. Chelomey managed to create a close-knit and efficient creative team at the enterprise, which was an important achievement that ensured further success. In a short time, under his leadership, the design bureau grew and turned into a powerful scientific and design organization.
The period from 1956 to 1965 can be characterized as a stage in the recognition of the place of V.N. Chelomey and his design bureau among the leading enterprises in the defense industries. The revival of the design bureau in Reutov made it possible to launch work on the creation of a fundamentally new type of cruise missile with a wing that opens in flight, as well as win the competition in the face of fierce competition with the established aviation design bureaus of Mikoyan, Ilyushin and Beriev and open the way for the rearmament of the country's Navy with complexes missile weapons.
Already on March 12, 1957, the first launch of the P-5 cruise missile took place, and on June 19, 1959 it was put into service. On the basis of the P-5 during 1958-1959, more than 10 variants of modifications were developed, of which the P-5D complex, with a radio navigation station of higher accuracy and improved on-board equipment, was most widely used.
By a government decree in 1956, OKB-52 was entrusted with the development for the Navy of the first two missile systems for over-the-horizon destruction of P-6 and P-35 targets. After a full flight test program, the P-6 complex was put into service on June 24, 1964 and became one of the main types of weapons. submarine fleet. The P-35 anti-ship missile system was adopted by the Navy for ships, self-propelled and stationary ground launchers.
Over the following years, the OKB-52 team created several types of sea and land-based cruise missiles, in which new, sometimes unexpected technical and design solutions were used. These include the world's first submarine-launched anti-ship cruise missile (adopted into service in 1968), the P-120 Malakhit unified anti-ship system, whose missiles are capable of launching both from submerged and surface submarines. ships (1972), the first sea-based cruise missile with a high supersonic (up to 2 M) flight speed P-500 "Basalt" (1977).
In 1983, the P-700 Granit anti-ship cruise missile was put into service. Complex "Granit" had a number of qualitatively new properties. For the first time, a long-range missile with an autonomous control system was created. The on-board control system was built on the basis of a powerful three-processor computer using several information channels, which made it possible to successfully understand a complex jamming environment and highlight the true targets against the background of any interference. The rocket embodied the rich experience of NGOs in creating electronic systems artificial intelligence, which allows you to act against a single ship on the principle of "one missile - one ship" or "flock" against a warrant of ships. The missile control system performed the functions of distributing and classifying targets by importance, choosing attack tactics and a plan for its implementation. The ability to maneuver missiles made it possible to implement a rational battle formation in a salvo with the most effective trajectory shape. This ensured the successful overcoming of the fire resistance of a strong ship grouping.
None of the previous cruise missiles created at NPO Mashinostroeniya concentrated and successfully implemented so many new the most difficult tasks, as in the rocket "Granite". The missiles of the new third-generation universal missile system "Granit" had both underwater and surface launch, a firing range of 550 kilometers, a conventional or nuclear warhead, several flexible adaptive trajectories (depending on the operational and tactical situation in the sea and airspace of the operation area) , the flight speed is 2.5 times the speed of sound.
In 1958, V.N. Chelomey was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 25, 1959, Chelomey Vladimir Nikolaevich was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.
In 1959, V.N. Chelomey was appointed General Designer of OKB-52. By this time, a large cooperation of research and industrial enterprises, the largest of which was the Moscow Machine-Building Plant named after M.V. Khrunichev.
As a result of hard work, three directions of the enterprise's activity took shape: the creation of cruise missile systems for the Navy, which opened up the possibility of an asymmetrical response to strike formations of the West; creation of systems of controlled space vehicles, manned ships and stations; creation of ballistic missiles and launch vehicles.
In all areas of development of the enterprise - winged, ballistic, space - there was an extraordinary approach to solving problems, to the domestic way of developing technology, which made it possible, with limited resources, not only to keep up with the world level, but in most cases to surpass the most advanced Western countries in the same type of systems. .
Since the end of the 1950s, OKB-52 began search work on space topics. In 1959, OKB-52 began to develop universal missiles designed to deliver anti-space defense systems, global maritime reconnaissance, and also to deliver nuclear warheads to enemy territory. Under the leadership of V.N. Chelomey, a number of projects of unified missiles were developed: UR-100, UR-200, UR-500, UR-700, from light to super heavy classes. UR-100 and UR-500 were put into service, mastered in mass production.
In 1962, V.N. Chelomey was elected a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 28, 1963, Chelomey Vladimir Nikolaevich was awarded the second gold medal "Hammer and Sickle".
VN Chelomey is credited with creating the main strike force of the Strategic Missile Forces, the famous "weave" - ​​the intercontinental missile UR-100, which ensured strategic parity with the United States. More than a thousand UR-100s were installed in mine structures on the territory of the USSR. Moreover, the “weave” could easily be upgraded, and there were many such modifications: UR-100K, UR-100U, UR-100NU and others. Chelomey initially prioritized not only the high reliability of the missile system and the accuracy of the warhead hitting the target, but also the low cost of manufacture and ease of operation.
His combat intercontinental missiles were the cheapest and most competitive in the USSR and, perhaps, in the world. From this, their reliability has not become worse. He, unlike other chief designers, using inertial control systems, managed to achieve amazing accuracy in hitting the head of the target, which is the end result of rocket firing. UR-100U, for example, with a flight range of 10,000 km, provided a circular probable deviation of the warhead from the target of 900 m.
The UR-100 missile came from the factory fully equipped and installed in a sealed transport and launch container filled with an inert gas - for the first time in the domestic rocket industry, the missile was isolated from the impact during duty external environment. Control technical condition, prelaunch preparation and launch were fully automated. A dozen missile launches and other operations were carried out from one command post. The missile could be on duty for up to 10 years or more. Mine launchers for his missiles also did not require sophisticated protection. The first launch took place in April 1966, and in the fall of 1966, the UR-100 complexes began to be placed on combat duty.
In the shortest possible time, OKB-52, with the participation of broad cooperation between industry enterprises, created Poljot fighter satellites, radar and electronic reconnaissance satellites, the latter with a nuclear power plant, heavy scientific laboratories"Proton" for registration of high-energy particles, etc. The satellites "Polyot-1" (01/01/1963) and "Polyot-2" (04/12/1964) were the world's first maneuvering spacecraft.
The development of a heavy universal two-stage ICBM UR-500 ("Proton") was started in OKB-52 in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 409-183 of April 24, 1962. Assessing the prospects for the use of the UR-500, V.N. Chelomey proposed creating a family of target loads for it, capable of solving problems of a scientific, national economic and military nature. The rocket was conceived as a means of delivering the most powerful warhead with a nuclear charge. The first launch of the Proton rocket took place on July 16, 1965. The heavy scientific satellite, after which the carrier was named, was also designed in branch No. 1 of OKB-52.
The three-stage launch vehicle UR-500K ("Proton-K") was developed according to the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 655-268 of August 3, 1964 as part of the lunar program. On March 10, 1967, rocket tests began. They confirmed the claims performance characteristics, significantly exceeding those of all missiles that existed at that time in the USSR and abroad. In the course of flight design tests, the three-stage Proton launched the 11F91 (L1) spacecraft into lunar orbit, which carried out an unmanned flight around the moon. On November 16, 1968, the UR-500K launch vehicle launched the Proton-4 automatic research station weighing 17 tons into orbit.

During the operation of the Proton launch vehicle in all its modifications, more than 300 launches were performed, a number of communication and television satellites, satellites of the Kosmos series, interplanetary stations Luna, Venera, Mars, Vega were launched into space ”, “Phobos”, spacecraft of the global navigation system “Glonass”, the main blocks of the orbital stations “Salyut” and “Mir” and modules for the international space station. Proton is the country's only mass-produced rocket capable of launching vehicles into geostationary orbit. And now Proton remains one of the most powerful, advanced and reliable carriers in the world.
In 1964, V.N. Chelomey proposed the concept of an orbital manned station (OPS) for solving various, primarily defense, tasks. He saw in the OPS the most powerful means of operational space reconnaissance. It was proposed to create an observation post with comfortable living conditions for a replaceable crew of two or three people, the life of the station is 1-2 years, the withdrawal by the carrier UR-500K.
In 1965, OKB-52 was transformed into the Central Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering of the Ministry of General Mechanical Engineering (TsKBM), in 1983, the Research and Production Association of Mechanical Engineering (NPO) was formed on its basis. Until his last days, this organization was headed by V.N.Chelomei.
Work on the Almaz orbital complex, which included the base unit, the return vehicle and the heavy transport supply ship (TKS), began in October 1965, the first version draft design was ready in 1966. To deliver information to Earth, an information descent capsule weighing 360 kg and containing 120 kg of photographic film (length 2 km) was developed. From interior the capsule was transferred to the airlock compartment by a manipulator. For the space technology of those years, these were innovations.
On April 3, 1973, the Almaz station (OPS-1) was launched under the name Salyut-2. However, the program of this flight was not carried out, because after two weeks of the station's flight in orbit, depressurization occurred, and communication with the station was lost. In 1974, OPS-2 Salyut-3 was launched into orbit, on which the crew of Pavel Popovich and Yuri Artyukhin were on duty. In 1976, OPS-3 Salyut-5 was launched, on which cosmonauts Boris Volynov and Vitaly Zholobov worked for 49 days, and then, in 1977, Viktor Gorbatko and Yuri Glazkov. According to V.N. Chelomey, the set of tasks in this flight was the most difficult, and the level of work of the last crew became a reference for those who were preparing for flights in the future.
An unmanned transport supply ship was launched four times between 1977 and 1985 under the name Cosmos. The first TCS (Kosmos-929) repeatedly maneuvered in orbit, so the Americans assumed that the Russians were testing an interorbital tug. The functional cargo block TKS-2 ("Cosmos-1267") docked with the Salyut-6 station, flew in its composition for more than a year, with the help of the block's engines, the station's orbit rose three times. TKS-3 (Kosmos-1443) docked with Salyut-7. On the TKS-4 ("Cosmos-1686"), instead of standard instruments, there were instruments for performing military-technical experiments. The spacecraft docked with Salyut-7 and was used for orbit correction.
All flights were successful, the ship showed high reliability and efficiency. In addition, its ability to dock with any vehicle with minor design changes was shown, which made it possible to use it as a lifeguard. Despite this, the TCS program was closed.
Since 1979, a difficult stage began in the life of the general designer and his enterprise. V.N. Chelomey was subjected to continuous pressure, restriction of his activities by the leadership of the defense industries, headed by D.F. Ustinov. After the prohibition of work on the manned program, the TsKBM team reoriented to work on the Almaz complex in an unmanned version. Due to the abandonment of the life support system of the cosmonauts, it was possible to place on board a powerful set of equipment for remote sensing of the Earth, including a unique high-resolution side-scan radar. However, the automatic station, prepared for launch in 1981, lay at the cosmodrome until 1985. The launch took place in November 1986, but was an emergency. A successful launch took place in June 1987 ("Cosmos-1870"). In March 1991, Almaz-1 was launched, a whole series of military experiments was carried out on it.
V.N. Chelomey devoted more than 30 years of his life to astronautics creative life. He is one of the glorious galaxy of chief designers of rocket and space technology. Perhaps he was the only designer of military intercontinental ballistic missiles in the world who brilliantly developed cruise missiles, spacecraft and long-term orbital stations. His ideas were often ahead of their time, at first seemed unrealizable and caused rejection by many leaders of the rocket and space industry and decision makers. However, a thorough study of the scientific justification of new proposals, well thought out experimental base, as a rule, paved the way for new ideas.
Brilliant organizational skills helped V.N. Chelomei to create a reliable creative team capable of solving not only the most complex scientific and technical problems, but also overcoming organizational difficulties caused by external factors. In difficult times, the team helped to survive and not lose creative potential variety of topics.
Closely engaged in the development and creation of samples of rocket and space technology, V.N.Chelomey did not leave scientific work. His main works are devoted to the theory of oscillations, the dynamic stability of elastic systems, the design and dynamics of machines, and the theory of servomechanisms. Significant results have been obtained in the development of applied mathematics methods.
One of his most important theoretical research concerns the problems of stability of elastic dynamical systems. For the first time in this field of mechanics, he compiled an infinite system of linear differential equations with periodic coefficients and developed a method for the approximate solution of this problem. Practical recommendations were offered to identify areas of instability complex systems. Later, Academician Chelomey expanded the class of systems under consideration, in a number of cases he obtained analytical solutions. Most of his theoretical works ended with the derivation of calculation formulas that are convenient to use in practice. The contribution of V.N. Chelomey to solving the problems of dynamic stability of elastic systems is recognized as fundamental in world science.
Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 9-11 convocations.
Died December 8, 1984. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
Awarded 5 Orders of Lenin (09/16/1945, 06/25/1959, 1964, 1974, 1984), Order of the October Revolution (1971), medals.
Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1959) and three State Prizes (1967, 1974, 1982).
In 1964 he was awarded the N.E. Zhukovsky Gold Medal for best job in aviation theory, in 1977 - the A.M. Lyapunov Gold Medal - the highest award of the USSR Academy of Sciences for outstanding work in the field of mathematics and mechanics.
Active member of the International Academy of Astronautics (1974).

Streets and squares in the city of Moscow and the city of Reutov (Moscow Region) are named after him, as well as a minor planet of the solar system, registered in the international catalog under the number 8608 and called Chelomey.
Busts of Academician V.N. Chelomey were installed in Moscow near the Bauman Moscow State Technical University and in Baikonur, memorial plaques - in Kyiv on the house where he lived and on the building of the Kyiv Institute of Civil Aviation Engineers (now the National Aviation University), in Poltava - on the school building No. 10, in which he studied. A memorial office of the Hero was created on the territory of NPO Mashinostroeniya. The memorial hall of V.N. Chelomey was opened in the Poltava Museum of Aviation and Cosmonautics. A medal named after V.N.Chelomey was established, which is awarded to scientists and technicians for outstanding work in the field of rocket and space technology. In 2000, the Union of Scientists and Engineers named after academician V.N. Chelomey was created.

In order for the system to be stable, it must be shaken very often.

Social crises, high-profile scandals, revelations, "projects of the century", daring shocking, political and economic demarches...

From time to time, we, our life, social foundations are shaken and shaken by something. Neither morality, nor way of life, nor goal ideals manage to stay long in rest, or, in other words, "rest on their laurels."

An unexpected turn of someone's thought, a complexly inspired large-scale incident, widely disseminated by the media - a uniquely unnatural story - and everything that made up the foundation of our credo, our educational and "understanding" calmness, in an instant begins to bend and break (like trees into a storm) something introduced, unexpected, powerful.

Sensations of human abomination and grandeur of nobility, famously twisted plot of wise theorizing, amazing narration, breaking and crushing of idols and ideals by truth-seekers, truth-makers and prophets...

Does it go unnoticed? Doesn't that get stuck in us? Doesn't the world that changes us change us?

Perhaps the questions are rhetorical. Yes, and the answers will be noticeably banal - "yes", "of course", "well, what doubts can there be?".

You have probably already noticed that we are not talking about natural disasters, which are full of both nature and society, but about what people consciously "create", do and cause.

It seems that someone or something is methodically and steadily depriving us of complacency and peace.

The question is: why? and what is the role of such interference in our private and common being?

There is no lack of explanations, if taken globally and, so to speak, "ab ovo". Here is the accommodatingly helpful "theory of catastrophes" with its "it was and will be" and that it is inappropriate for the "small", "insignificant", "creature" to ask questions worthy of the creator. And the theory of "oscillatory systems", with the habitually transcendent instructive slyness: "This is, they say, this world, and why it is so, neither the smart nor the fool knows."

Yes it is. Probably so. Maybe so.

Doubts are inappropriate, there are no alternatives, only a madman does not accept.

And yet, and yet...

In 1956, Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomey (1914 - 1984) - academician, designer of military aviation technology, General designer of space technology - discovered a paradox: in order for the system to be more stable, it must be shaken very often.

Since childhood, we have become accustomed to the fact that heavy metal balls sink in water, while wooden objects, on the contrary, float. This is a manifestation of the well-known principle of Archimedes. But it is violated if the vessel with liquid in which these objects are located begins to vibrate. At a certain amplitude of vibrations, everything becomes the opposite: metal balls float, and wood sinks. Or another example. A washer with a hole, the diameter of which is slightly larger than the diameter of the rod, is put on a straight vertical rod, having one hinged support at the bottom. Under the influence of gravity, the puck falls. However, if the hinged support of this rod is given vertical vibrations, the washer does not fall, but remains in an almost immobile position on the rod, as if in weightlessness, while the rod stands almost vertically. Or here is an example of how vibrations can increase the stability of elastic systems. If a heavy weight is placed on a vertical rod, it will bend the rod. But if the load is made to vibrate, then the rod will straighten again.

Curious, isn't it? There is a lot to think about and ponder. But not only! There is something to remember, as they say, "in connection" and "on the occasion":

Socrates, questioning his compatriots in search of knowledge and bringing them to white heat with his sarcastic irony, showing that any knowledge turns out to be ignorance. And his favorite: "I know that I don't know anything" became the eternal chilling-pulling refrain of the sons of men.

The Liar Paradox: One of the most famous logical paradoxes. In its simplest version, a person says one phrase: "I'm lying." Or he says: "The statement I am now making is false." Or: "This statement is false." If the statement is false, then the speaker told the truth and, therefore, what he said is not a lie. If the statement is not false, and the speaker claims that it is false, then his statement is false. It turns out, therefore, that if the speaker is lying, he is telling the truth, and vice versa.

The traditional laconic formulation of the paradox reads: if a liar says that he is lying, then he is both lying and telling the truth.

The discovery of the "Liar" is attributed to the ancient Greek philosopher Eubulides (4th century BC). It made a huge impression. The Stoic philosopher Chrysippus (c. 281-208 BC) dedicated three books to him. A certain Philetus of Kos, desperate to resolve the paradox, committed suicide. Tradition says that the famous ancient Greek logician Diodorus Kronos (d. c. 307 BC) already in his declining years vowed not to eat until he found the solution of the "Liar", and soon died, nothing having achieved. In antiquity, "Liar" was viewed as good example ambiguous expression.

It was necessary to come up with this! To the human mind, the mind also gave a resounding, indecently, slap in the face.

And here, as always, we, having lost, saw the light: we lost faith in the power of the word, but comprehended the nature and secret of the language.

Antinomy of Euathlus. According to legend, the philosopher-sophist Protagoras (5th century BC) concluded an agreement with his student Euathlus: Euathlus, who studied law, should pay tuition fees only if he wins his first lawsuit. After completing his studies, Euathlus did not, however, participate in the processes. Protagoras sued him, arguing his claim as follows: “Whatever the outcome of the trial, Euathlus will have to pay. He will either win this first trial or lose. If he wins, he will pay by virtue of the concluded agreement. If he plays, pay as ordered by the court. To this, Euathlus replied: "If I win, the decision of the court will release me from the obligation to pay. If the court is not in my favor, this will mean that I lost my first case and will not pay by virtue of the contract."

Well, what can I say?! Yes, nothing, except for what has already been said in the "golden law" of penetration into the secrets of the world - good luck where work began, where every day is always first.

The October (1917) revolution in Russia, which severely tested the foundations of capitalism and strengthened them indescribably. Caribbean Crisis (1961), when higher

the political leadership of the USSR planned and synthesized a situation in which the world shuddered, but firmly and finally embarked on the path of self-preservation.

Based on the above examples, two fundamental conclusions can be drawn. First, in each of these cases, the world turned, turned over, transformed. And secondly, the generalization of the "Chelomei principle" in its final and already social edition could sound like this:

In order for the system to be stable, it must be "shaken" strongly from time to time.

The Museum of the History and Achievements of the Military-Industrial Complex "NPO Mashinostroeniya" opened on the territory of the city-forming enterprise Reutov on June 5. The exposition presents all military and space developments created under the guidance of Academician V.N. Chelomey and his successors. The guests of honor at the opening ceremony were the leadership and veterans of the NGO, famous cosmonauts, representatives of the armed forces and the administration of Reutov.

wax figure

The first surprise was waiting for the guests in the memorial cabinet-museum of Academician Chelomey, opened on June 30, 2014, on the centenary of the scientist. The meticulously recreated atmosphere has not changed over the year, but now the table has appeared wax figure cabinet owner. The resemblance turned out to be so striking that the veterans of the NGO shuddered involuntarily and seemed to pull themselves up in the doorway.

“The creator of the figure of Vladimir Nikolayevich is Mikhail Yuryevich Nesterov, one of the best sculptors in this direction,” Anton Degtyarev, press secretary of the general director of the NGO, told the ProReutov newspaper.

The sculptor created a collective image, but, according to those who worked with Vladimir Nikolayevich, from certain angles the similarity is almost absolute.

And in a small cinema hall next to the cabinet-museum, guests of honor gathered at that time. Among them are pilot-cosmonauts Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Viktor Gorbatko, Boris Volynov and Vyacheslav Zudov. On the screen - footage of a large-scale celebration in Reutov of the century of Chelomey last year.

Holy places

The new exposition of the museum is located in the large hall next door. All the developments created over the 70-year history of the military-industrial complex "NPO Mashinostroeniya" have found a place here. Under the guns of television and cameras, General Director - General Designer Alexander Leonov and pilot-cosmonaut, twice Hero of the Soviet Union Vladimir Dzhanibekov cut the symbolic red ribbon. Applause.

- Dear friends! Today we opened a museum of the history and achievements of NPO Mashinostroeniya. We did not specifically select the date for this event, but it so happens that this happens in the double anniversary year - the location of the enterprise on the territory of Reutov and the city itself. In 1955, 60 years ago, a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued on the location of our enterprise in the city of Reutov. Over the years, the enterprise has become the center of the country's rocket and space industry, and Reutov has become a scientific city and subsequently a science city,” said Alexander Leonov.

According to the general director of the NGO, the first prototype of the museum was a secret exhibition, once created in the main building of the enterprise. Only the top leadership of the country and the military-industrial complex had access to it. Another exposition, with full-scale samples of rocket and space technology, opened in the mid-1990s. Young people, and even foreigners, have already been admitted to it. But the company realized the need to create a museum, where not only samples of technologies, but also documents would be presented. Such a museum, providing opportunities for scientific work, now "NPO Mashinostroeniya" has appeared.

- Believers have "prayer" places, and believers in our rocket business have holy places. I attribute this entire fourth building to the holy places of our enterprise, our team, - said Herbert Efremov, who headed the NGO in the difficult years of perestroika and collapse.

Herbert Alexandrovich recalled that in the hall where the museum is now located, designers used to work - the "guard" of the general designer. So in the fourth building, this place is the most sacred.

“Without a true past, there will be no normal future. I think the museum has a great and interesting creative future,” said Vladimir Dzhanibekov, president of the Association of Russian Cosmonautics Museums.

After a brief official part, it's time to take a closer look at the museum. The exposition is divided into three parts, each of which corresponds to its own area of ​​activity of NGOs: complexes with cruise missiles, space systems and strategic missile systems and launch vehicles.

Bastions of Crimea

An introductory tour of the first part of the museum was conducted by Admiral Fyodor Novoselov.

“The creation of cruise missiles for the navy served as a retaliatory measure against the dominance of the American navy on the oceans, whose aircraft carriers were an invulnerable target for our navy,” Fyodor Ivanovich recalled.

Cruise missiles of Academician Chelomey, still serving on our warships, aircraft and coastal complexes, solved the problem of destroying the ships of a potential enemy.

The coverage of the exposition is from the very first projectiles created by V.N. Chelomey back in 1944, before the modern Russian-Indian Brahmos missiles. The formidable Bastion anti-ship coastal missile system is also presented here. This name has recently been well known not only to specialists. As Russian President Vladimir Putin said in Andrey Kondrashov's documentary blockbuster Crimea. The Way to the Homeland”, it was the demonstrative deployment of the “Bastion” in the Crimea that cooled the bellicose fervor of the American sailors and made it possible to reduce the degree of military confrontation.

Globe for Khrushchev

The second part of the museum is devoted to space. Here are the first space developments of Chelomey - rocket planes and space planes.

One of the unique exhibits is a moon landing craft designed for the Soviet lunar program. The model was made specifically for the museum and has never been shown before.

Nearby is a globe made in 1963 to demonstrate N.S. Khrushchev the actions of the anti-satellite defense system. The movement of a spy satellite in orbit, its detection by a ground station, the launch of a rocket and the destruction of a space target are visually induced by multi-colored light bulbs.

The automatic station "Almaz" caused a storm of memories among the pilot-cosmonauts. Viktor Gorbatko, Boris Volynov and Vyacheslav Zudov noted the traditionally high quality of Chelomey's systems.

The heroes willingly shared space stories. Many stories could be plots for the works of Lem or Sheckley. With their mouths open, the “earthlings” listened to how the orbital station suddenly turned off and how its inhabitants were left without contact with the Earth for a whole turn and with oxygen running out. Only competent and decisive actions then saved both the crew and the station itself.

Another story is about an astronaut who fell seriously ill in orbit. The mission control center made a difficult decision - to curtail the flight program, return ahead of schedule. But there is still little hope, despite all the efforts of the second crew member: the patient is in a semi-conscious state, keeps on injections, there is a difficult night landing ahead ... Fortunately, this story has a good ending.

Chelomei vs. von Braun

The third part of the museum houses models of strategic missile systems and launch vehicles. The guide here was Lieutenant General Valery Dementiev. The main character of his story is the famous Chelomeevskaya “weaving”, the UR-100 silo-based intercontinental ballistic missile and its modifications. The deployment of a group of these missiles provided a guaranteed response to any enemy. In everyday life, we often talk about retaliation, but the military has its own terminology.

“Not just a retaliatory strike, but a retaliatory strike,” General Dementiev emphasized. Because readiness is a minute. At first there was readiness for three minutes, then brought to one.

The creation and deployment of "hundreds" has changed the regular structure of the strategic missile forces. As part of the Strategic Missile Forces, divisions of ten regiments appeared, in each regiment - 10 mines with UR-100. To avoid simultaneous destruction by one warhead, missile silos were located tens of kilometers from each other. At the same time, each regimental command post could replace two "neighbors", controlling the launch of 30 intercontinental missiles.

In total, according to Valery Alexandrovich, 1050 such complexes were deployed, which accounted for up to 70% of our missile potential. "Sotki" and now, after 35 years, are on alert.

In the same part of the museum there is an exposition of carrier rockets: the development of space rockets and intercontinental ones go hand in hand. And suddenly an unexpected inscription: "United States".

It turned out that the layout of the American Saturn-5 rocket was made on the personal instructions of V.N. Chelomeya. As a designer, Vladimir Nikolaevich compared himself only with Wernher von Braun, an outstanding German designer who created the V for Hitler, and after the war was taken to the United States and became the "father" of American rocket science.

City and enterprise

Nikolai Kovalyov, First Deputy Head of the Reutov Administration, recalled another field of activity of Academician Chelomey. The founder of NPO Mashinostroeniya did a lot for the development of Reutov, the construction of residential areas, kindergartens, schools, a palace of culture, and infrastructure facilities. In the difficult time of the nineties, Herbert Efremov, who headed the enterprise, and Alexander Khodyrev, who then headed our city, developed the concept “Enterprise to the city, city to the enterprise”. This concept allowed the city to smoothly go through a difficult period and lay the foundation for today's socio-economic development and well-being. The result of successful cooperation between the city and the enterprise was the assignment of the title of science city of the Russian Federation to Reutov in December 2003.

— The current management in the person of General Designer and General Director Alexander Grigoryevich Leonov and Mayor Sergey Gennadievich Yurov continues these traditions and successfully implements the concept of interaction, the city and the enterprise are inseparable. The life of a museum is in its attendance. The museum should become a center for studying the history of the enterprise, a center for patriotic education of youth and a center for professional orientation. Every schoolchild who visits the museum should come out with a dream of becoming a designer, becoming a mechanic, becoming a rocket scientist, becoming an astronaut! — wished Nikolai Kovalev.

The first steps towards inspiring future Chelomeans with dreams of new scientific and technological breakthroughs have already been made. As Anton Degtyarev told the ProReutov newspaper, between the head of Reutov Sergey Yurov and CEO"NPO Mashinostroeniya" Alexander Leonov already has an agreement on the organization of school excursions. The program will start operating in September, to celebrate the city's 75th anniversary.

Students of Reutov schools will not only see unique exhibits, but also learn a lot of interesting things about NPO Mashinostroeniya and Moscow State Technical University. Bauman. But the Moscow schools, which also asked for excursions, have yet to promise anything. Children of Reutov residents will be the first to see the museum.

Instead of an afterword: Gagarin in Reutov

Barely opened, the NPO Mashinostroeniya Museum helped unravel one of Reutov's mysteries. Readers of the ProReutov newspaper are well acquainted with Antonina Chukanova, who regularly publishes articles on the history of our city. At the opening, Antonina Alexandrovna took the opportunity to find the answer to a question that had been worrying her for a long time. The fact is that in honor of the flight of Yuri Gagarin, one of the lagging brigades of the textile factory undertook the obligation to go to the forefront. The workers informed Yuri Gagarin of their decision, and invited him to visit - such a style of communication labor collectives with the heroes of the country was in the spirit of the Soviet era. The response letter of the first cosmonaut is still kept in the Museum and Exhibition Center on Pobedy Street, 2: Yuri Alekseevich promised to come as soon as possible ...

- And until 2014, until the centenary of Vladimir Nikolayevich, we believed that Gagarin was not with us. But at a solemn meeting in the Tchaikovsky Hall, one of the speaking cosmonauts said that Gagarin met with Chelomey and was in Reutov! Twice! Can you imagine? - shared with the newspaper "ProReutov" Antonina Alexandrovna.

Of course, when she saw the familiar face of pilot-cosmonaut Boris Volynov at the opening of the museum, Antonina Chukanova publicly asked an important question for the history of the city. And she received an affirmative answer: yes, Gagarin was indeed twice in Reutov.

The Taran project was developed, which provided for the use of the UR-100 for anti-missile defense purposes. The project was not implemented.

A sensational anti-missile project was Chelomey's proposal - "Taran". For the first time, I, yes, probably, and other deputies of Korolev heard about "Taran" when he, very excited, returned from one of the meetings that Khrushchev quite often held on various weapons. Usually Korolev spoke respectfully of Khrushchev's behavior at such meetings, did not allow himself to joke and criticize him, even when he was dissatisfied with the decisions being made. This time, Korolev was outraged that Khrushchev, without any serious consideration, approved Chelomey's proposals and in May 1963 the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers issued a resolution on the development of an advance project for the Taran system. To help the general designer Chelomei, the head of the development of the preliminary project, academician Mints, was appointed. Telling this, Korolev seethed.

- Chelomey wants to be general in missile defense. Therefore, he proposes to use the UR-100 missile. Wonderful! But the system, and this is precisely the main thing in missile defense, the system should be done by Mintz! A rocket for a system or is the system made for a finished rocket? But there is also the general designer Kisunko. He makes a system, and Grushin makes a rocket for his system. That's how it should be! No sooner had Vladimir Nikolayevich proved that his "hundred" is the best intercontinental missile in the world than he already found another job for her. You see, he claims that it can also be an anti-missile. If you put a warhead of 10 megatons on it and release it towards American warheads, then when they meet at the height of the apogee of the trajectory, so as not to spoil the eyesight of the Soviet people, a hundred "hundreds" will arrange such a nuclear fire that supposedly not a single warhead will break through it. It turns out that the trajectories of all American missiles that decide to attack the Soviet Union pass (as if on order!) Through a small spatial area, which is a convenient place for their interception. Super-powerful nuclear charges detonated in this area are capable of destroying dozens, and maybe hundreds of warheads flying at us, along with all decoys.

I spoke with Keldysh, - continued Korolev, - his guys figured out, given that the Americans are not such fools as they are reported to Nikita Sergeevich: to destroy 100 Minutemen warheads, one megaton each, it will take at least 200 Taran anti-missiles 10 megatons each - a total of 2000 megatons of nuclear illumination! But Chelomey's main task has already been solved. The first "hundred" has never flown, and the production should already be planned for thousands! She's "universal"!

V. N. Chelomey. Biography touches

Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomei was born in 1914, studied at the Kiev Polytechnic until 1937, during his studies he published a solid textbook on vector analysis, and his works on the theory of dynamic stability became classics. In 1936 Chelomei passed industrial practice at an aircraft factory in Zaporozhye. It was at this time that an emergency happened at the plant. The shaft of one of the aircraft engines designed for fighters could not withstand the calculated loads and broke. The designers tried to prevent breakdowns by increasing the thickness of the shaft, but even after that the engine regularly failed. You can guess what it threatened the plant in those years. Chief Engineer was already preparing for arrest, when student-trainee V. Chelomey offered him his own way to eliminate the accident: to reduce the thickness of the shaft. A paradoxical decision: not to increase, but, on the contrary, to decrease! A drowning man clutches at a straw: “Do it, but under personal responsibility!” And the engine is running! The student gave a course of brilliant lectures at the plant on the dynamics of aircraft engines, presenting the results of his own research. (The glory and power of paradoxical decisions - decisions that seemed absurd, illogical to others, decisions that do not advance, but push forward, so that the movement of V. Chelomey's thought now seems explosive, pulsating - from now on did not leave him ... until the last moment, understand this literally.) 1939: defense of the candidate's thesis, 40th - invitation to the "Stalinist" doctoral studies (50 doctoral students in total). 1942: The first tests of a pulse jet engine, the result of the main studies of 1936-1940. (Author's certificate was received by Chelomey in 1938. In Germany, the Argus company instructs P. Schmidt at the beginning of the war to create a pulsating engine for an unmanned aircraft, at the end of the 42nd, such an engine and apparatus were created, this is the V-1, the creators of which for a long time cannot eliminate the effects of vibration on the instrumentation of the projectile aircraft. Tests of the Chelomey engine, devoid of this shortcoming, were carried out in Lefortovo and frightened Moscow with sounds similar to the firing of anti-aircraft batteries. The tests were attended by the commander of the Air Force, General A. A. Novikov and the people's commissar of the aviation industry A. I. Shakhurin.) After it became known about the creation of a German projectile aircraft, the young designer Chelomey was appointed chief designer and director of the plant, which until then had been led by the famous " king of fighters "N. N. Polikarpov (in last years his life was hard: the planes did not go, it is not known why. Maybe they were in too much of a hurry...). The new chief designer is thirty years old. His character is not easy: the story is known of how he rolled out of his hangar a captured aircraft, the prey of Tupolev. Tupolev, furious, called Stalin. Stalin inquired how old the impudent one was. That is how the matter ended. Miraculously. In 1944, Chelomey began to create the first cruise missile on the basis of a pulsating engine. Further, very briefly: doctoral defense - 1951, corresponding member - 58th, General Designer - 59th, academician - 1962. Launch of the world's first maneuvering satellite - 1963. Start named in the West " aerobatics in space." Four space laboratories"Proton", which were launched by the carrier rocket of the same name, fundamentally new in contrast to the royal design. (Until now, Proton launches lunar satellites, Cosmos, Mars, Vega .....) space, very soon manned space and almost immediately public space (yes, Korolev was classified, but the world guessed about the sole rule in Soviet space), then Vladimir Chelomey's company did not start as a space company.

In March 1945, Chelomey was summoned to a meeting at the Defense Committee: the issue of using a projectile aircraft was being decided. The cruise missile was called 10X: the tenth modification of an unknown weapon. The Americans had nothing of the kind. The Germans had a V-1 projectile. There is a year ahead until the day when Korolev is urgently delivered to the Peenemünde training ground captured by the Allied troops to select some of the equipment - the Americans will get the father of the V-2, Wernher von Braun. (There is an assumption that Brown, with a bandaged broken arm, was already in our hands, but did not arouse interest and hobbled to the Americans, after which the history of rocket science developed as it developed: many Germans worked for us, but Brown was not among them , which was, so to speak, by the nature of the results the German counterpart of Chelomey ...) During the 45th 10X, it was supplied to the arsenal of the Soviet Army. The film where the rocket starts has been preserved. The meeting with Stalin on the use of 10X included moments that were dangerous at that time. Beria asked a tricky question: "So who - who?" This meant, obviously, the parallel movement of the design ideas of the creators of 10X and V-1. Chelomei coolly replied: “The fact that I could not borrow is obvious. Well, could the Germans have me - this is a question for you, Lavrenty Pavlovich. Further, Stalin asked the question: is it possible to use 10X already now? The designer gave a firmly negative answer, noting that the accuracy of the projectile hit would not make it possible to avoid casualties among the civilian population. Had the answer been different (in other words: had ambition mastered the designer for a moment, ambition and fear...), the horror of the bombing of Dresden by American aircraft would have been surpassed by us. Thus fate revealed the character of the future General.

The projectile was tested at Kapustin Yar, on the Black and North Seas. And Novikov and Shakhurin, who supported the designer, were arrested on charges of supplying defective aircraft to the front: Vasily Iosifovich Stalin, during a meeting with his father, praised American cars in Potsdam! .. It is known that the arrested Novikov was forced to testify against Marshal Zhukov.

Two professional leaders of the aviation industry waited for release until the death of Stalin. In 1953, another test of 10ХН was going on in Kapustin Yar, when, ten days before his death, Stalin signed a decree of the Council of Ministers on the liquidation of a number of enterprises. Undoubtedly, death did not allow the scenario to unfold. Chelomey's "firm" was also on the black list. That was the first, but not the only case when Vladimir Chelomey was excommunicated from his work, giving him to another. (For memory: the 53rd, 70th, 81st, and all of them were a separate story.) Everything that had been worked out was given to Artem Mikoyan, who wanted to make a cruise missile, replacing the pilot in the MIG with an automatic system. Sergey Beria was also involved in the massacre, who did not get along with one of former employees designer of cruise missiles (approved by G. Boltyansky and V. Avduevsky). There is another guess: by the time of Stalin’s decree, Beria’s son already had some kind of his own company, which was also related to rockets ... wasn’t the selection of the most important topics from the same Chelomey dictated by the paternal care of Lavrenty Pavlovich? After all, Mikoyan was engaged only in manned aviation, the idea of ​​​​combining a machine gun and an airplane mechanically does not stand up to criticism, but it could belong to an imperious non-professional ... What happened to Chelomey's company during these years leaves a feeling of ambiguity. The small design team that remained at Chelomey was located in Tushino and stubbornly continued its work - it was engaged in work to reduce the guides along which the 10X launched (the guides were reduced from 30 to 7 meters). Chelomey did not reconcile himself, he tried to get an appointment with Beria, which amazed him. Finally, he personally proposed to the head of the navy the idea of ​​​​re-equipping the fleet and equipping it with cruise missiles (from this day the latest history of the Navy is counted). In the summer of 1955, Keldysh called the disgraced designer: “A decision has been made to create large enterprise for the implementation of your proposals, a place for construction has been allocated. So, on the outskirts of Moscow, the “Chelomey firm” began.

Three years later, the enterprise, barely getting on its feet, begins to design and create ballistic missiles: in December, a decision was made to create the Strategic Missile Forces. At the firm, on the initiative of the General Designer, lectures on the aerodynamics of hypersonic speeds were organized, remember the lectures of a Kyiv student at an aircraft factory in 1936: he was tireless as a teacher, his favorite expression: “Think! Think!