The procedure for providing information on the state of health of patients. The right of the patient to receive information about the state of health The concept and types of environmental rights of citizens

Continues environmental and legal education of citizens and presents to your attention another infographic on the topic "Openness of environmental information".

First of all, it is necessary to understand what environmental information is and how its openness is expressed. According to the environmental handbook, environmental information is “any information in written, audiovisual, electronic or any other material form about the state of the elements environment; factors that have or can have an impact on elements of the environment; the health and safety of people; living conditions of people; state of cultural objects, buildings and structures. The openness of this information implies unhindered access to information about the state of the environment by the public, as well as the opportunity to participate in solving environmental problems.

In Russian legislation, unlike directories, there is no definition of environmental information, and the rules governing its receipt are more of a formal, declarative nature. However, the issue of obtaining environmental information is extremely important. First of all, because the right to receive it is enshrined in Article 42 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Moreover, concealment, distortion or non-provision of environmental information can lead to administrative and even criminal liability in relation to persons who are obliged to provide it.

What kind of environmental information and in what form should it be provided? Information about this can be found in federal law No. 7 “On the Environment” dated January 10, 2002 and in more than 30 special federal laws. The environmental information to which you are entitled, according to these documents, must have three essential characteristics - to be complete, reliable and timely. Without going into long reflections on this debatable and sometimes controversial topic, we decided to immediately tell you where to look for environmental information.

The existing information can be found in many sources. Both government agencies and the media publish new laws and documents in the field of environmental protection. Many government agencies have electronic reception desks where you can send an appeal yourself if you do not find the information you need in the public domain. The main sources of environmental information include:

- Ministry of Natural Resources and his departments Rosprirodnadzor, Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, Federal Agency for Subsoil Use, Federal Agency for Water Resources, Federal Forestry Agency);
- Roshydromet - the main body that monitors the environment;
- Rostekhnadzor, Rosselkhoznadzor, Rospotrebnadzor;
- help systems Consultant Plus and Garant . They partially provide free access, but a paid subscription is required to access the entire document database. These systems include legislation in all sectors, including those from the field of ecology;
- portals and sections of open data. There are federal level portals, for example, state or open government portal , as well as open data portals in individual regions and private;
- Rosreestr , whose website publishes information related to land monitoring and land management, including those that are part of nature reserves, national parks, etc.
- "Russian newspaper" , which promptly publishes the latest changes in federal legislation. Documents at the regional level are published in regional and local publications;
- in regional and municipal departments.
Also important information can be published by companies and organizations that somehow work in the field of environmental management.

Of course, getting the necessary environmental information is sometimes a little problematic, although the right to it is prescribed by law. Patience is required both in order to find the necessary information on some confusing sites, and in order to wait for an answer if you sent questions of interest through the reception (on average, the processing time for an appeal is 30 days).

When implementing the project, state support funds are used, allocated as a grant in accordance with the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated 01.04.2015. No 79-rp and on the basis of a competition held by the Movement "

Pension Fund Russian Federation currently does not send notices to insured persons about the status of their individual personal accounts.

In accordance with Article 14 of Federal Law No. 27-FZ of April 1, 1996 “On Individual (Personalized) Accounting in the System of Compulsory Pension Insurance”, the insured person has the right to receive free of charge from the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation at the place of residence or work at his request in the manner, specified by him when applying, the information contained in his individual personal account (the specified information can be sent to him in the form electronic document, the registration procedure for which is determined by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, using public information and telecommunication networks, including the Internet, including a single portal of state and municipal services, as well as in another way, including by mail).

Currently, the following methods have been implemented for obtaining by the insured person information about the state of his individual personal account:

• on-line via Single portal state and municipal services (EPGU) www.gosuslugi.ru, subject to the registration procedure in the Unified Identification and Authentication System (ESIA). This service involves the formation on the named portal of information about the state of the individual personal account of the insured person with the possibility of sending them to the address Email at the choice of the citizen. In the course of receiving the service, the citizen is informed that the document will be sent in a special format that guarantees the authenticity of the data. The insured person receives a package of documents containing information about the status of an individual personal account in xml and pdf formats, signed by an enhanced qualified electronic signature body state power in XMLDSIG format. The registration procedure and methods of obtaining public services are presented in detail in the form of training videos in the Information and Reference Section of the EPGU;
• independently on-line using the electronic service " Personal Area citizen" of the Internet portal "Pension Fund of the Russian Federation" www.website in the section " Electronic Services» if you have a verified account in the ESIA. However, in this case, the document will not be certified by a qualified electronic signature;
• by obtaining information about the state of the individual personal account of the insured person on the basis of an application submitted to any territorial Department of the PFR. Such an application can be submitted by the insured person personally (you must have a passport and insurance certificate with you) or sent to the territorial Office of the PFR by mail. In this case, the application must be accompanied by copies of the passport and insurance certificate, certified in accordance with the procedure established by law, and the application should indicate exactly how the insured person will receive information about the state of the individual personal account of the insured person (in person or by registered mail). If the insured person expresses a desire to receive them by mail, it is necessary to indicate the full postal address of the place of residence, to which information on the status of the individual personal account of the insured person will be sent by registered mail within 10 days from the date of application;
• by submitting a request for information on the state of the individual personal account of the insured person to the multifunctional center for the provision of state and municipal services (MFC). You must have your passport and insurance certificate with you.

RRS Ufa

UDC 621.317.3

OBTAINING INFORMATION ON THE STATE AND PARAMETERS OF COMPLEX HEAT-DEPENDENT OBJECTS

V. G. Gusev, A. Yu. Demin, T. V. Mirina

The issues of creating measuring systems for estimating the parameters of complex heat-dependent objects are considered. The research results are discussed.

Key words: measuring systems, measuring transducers, diagnostics, heat-dependent objects, specified electrical power.

Heat-dependent objects are those devices whose parameters depend on the power with which they are affected and the time during which the state of thermodynamic equilibrium occurs in the system, i.e., on the energy expended to obtain a new state of the object. These include both temperature-dependent elements and devices with non-linear current-voltage characteristics (CVC). Essentially, the terms "nonlinearity" and "heat dependence" characterize the same property of a physical body. Any real-life object with a nonlinear I–V characteristic is classified as a heat-dependent object, and any heat-dependent object has a nonlinearity in the I–V characteristic. At the conceptual level, the difference in these terms is quantitative.

With rapidly observed manifestations, one speaks of a nonlinearity in the object, and with slow manifestations, one speaks of a temperature dependence. In this article, this distinction is not made, but the single term "heat-dependent object" is used, regardless of the period of time during which the object's properties are revealed. Moreover, the phenomenological reasons for the manifestation of thermal dependence or nonlinearity are not considered.

In real-life heat-dependent objects, which include semiconductor devices, devices containing liquids, as well as living systems and organisms, it is necessary to evaluate the parameters characterizing their state or compliance with the declared properties and characteristics. With their help, certification is carried out and suitability for use for a specific purpose is determined. In biological objects, according to the values ​​of the parameters, they try to determine the causes due to which deviations from the normal functioning of the organism occurred, i.e., diagnostics are performed based on the principles of maximum likelihood.

For status information complex systems usually their equivalent circuit is considered and a measuring circuit is created, with the help of which it is possible to estimate the value or range of changes in the value

values ​​of the element that is most important for evaluating the properties or state of this object.

In the case of heat-dependent objects, the task is complicated by the fact that stable and reproducible results can only be obtained if the energy modes created by the measuring circuits are stable and unchanged for any object of this type, and the transient processes of establishing the state due to the energy interaction of the object with the measuring circuit, end by the time the result is received. The latter indicates that a state of thermodynamic equilibrium has come, in which there is a balance between the external energy introduced into the object and the energy taken from it. Only in equilibrium and certainty with the thermodynamic state of the system can reproducible results be obtained, and it becomes possible to quantify and normalize the values ​​of the corresponding parameters.

In technical objects, the problem of thermal dependence of parameters is circumvented by introducing into them during measurements the minimum amount of energy that could change their basic properties, and by stabilizing the conditions under which they are evaluated. With regard to objects of wildlife, this is much more difficult to do due to the large dynamic range, in which sensitivity to external influences is manifested (up to 1012), uncertainties with a threshold value, after which the thermal dependence begins to appear, a large number artifacts that distort the information received. Without taking into account the actual thermal dependence of technical devices and especially in living objects, it is not possible to obtain objective and reproducible information about their parameters or state.

Let us explain the stated idea with an example. During the 1960s and 1990s, electronics experts tried to create diagnostic devices that would evaluate the condition of acupuncture points (TA) used for acupuncture. According to their parameters, diagnostics and

66 _ Beepvogv & Vuvgetv No. 8.2009

О 100 200 3 00 I, μA

Rice. 1. View of the CVC of the skin (1) and at the acupuncture point (2)

I-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-

100 300 600 900 1200 R, µW

0 300 600 900 1200 R, μW b)

Rice. 2. CVC at the acupuncture point (a) and for the skin (b), rearranged in the coordinates R = f(P)

optimize treatment regimens. Numerous conferences were held, doctoral dissertations were defended, devices for assessing the electrical conductivity of TA and diagnostic systems based on them were produced and are being produced. But they did not receive recognition from the scientific medical community due to poor reproducibility of the results obtained. It is now clear that positive results could not be obtained due to the fact that any living organism is a complex non-linear heat-dependent system. So, the I–V characteristics of the section between two electrodes, obtained in the thermodynamic equilibrium mode, including with the measuring circuit, have the form

shown in fig. 1. Moreover, curve 1 characterizes the CVC for the skin, and curve 2 - for the acupuncture point.

I–V characteristics, rearranged in the coordinates R = /(P), where R is the resistance of the zone between the electrodes, P is the electrical power dissipated in this area, are shown in Fig. 2. It can be seen here that the value of the resistance between the two electrodes varies significantly depending on the electrical power dissipated during measurements by the measuring circuit. Thus, the electrical resistance in TA varies from 510 kΩ at a dissipation power P = 50 μW to 41 kΩ at a power P = 1980 μW. For the skin outside the TA, the resistance varies from 1400 kOhm at P = 35 µW to 5700 kOhm at P = 275 µW and 70 kOhm at P = 2800 µW.

Estimated resistance values ​​at one of the acupuncture points, obtained by processing the data given in the work, are presented in the table. The given data clearly show that for heat-dependent objects, the results obtained are highly variable and depend on the electric power at which they were evaluated. Consequently, any normalization of the values ​​of the electrical parameters of heat-dependent objects is possible and rational only for cases where the value of the electrical power involved in the process of interaction with it is clearly defined. Moreover, if the result is obtained during a short time of interaction with the measuring circuit with a shorter duration of setting the parameters than is necessary to establish the state of thermodynamic equilibrium, then the data obtained will characterize the state of thermodynamic equilibrium in the system that existed before the connection of the measuring circuit. After a period of time, determined by the object's own properties, the process of establishing a new state of thermodynamic equilibrium will occur. The obtained data will characterize the properties of the object in the new thermodynamic state of equilibrium.

From this follow the following conclusions:

The parameters of a heat-dependent object should be determined using technical means, which

The values ​​of resistance in the TA and outside the TA zone, depending on the value of the electric power P (P = O/)

At the zu-san-li point Outside the acupuncture points

R, μW R, kΩ R, μW R, kΩ

300 330 171 2100

552 130 230 2300

1260 39 950 3800

1980 41 1020 283

there is a constant known thermodynamic perturbation in the object;

The duration of the thermodynamic perturbation should be such that the state of thermodynamic equilibrium is established in the object, therefore, the results obtained for a certain time will depend on the value of the energy A = P-1, which is introduced into the heat-dependent object.

Only when these circumstances are taken into account, it is possible to create devices that allow obtaining stable, reproducible and metrologically reliable information about the properties of a heat-dependent object or its state.

However, if a heat-dependent object has a rather complex internal structure, then the amount of information obtained with the help of technical means operating in the mode of a given value of the electric power of interaction with the object of measurement will not be enough for an unambiguous interpretation of the reasons for the deviations that have arisen, i.e., identification of the main indicators of the "black box", which is the object of study. To increase the reliability of the assessment, it is necessary to use the operations of interaction between the object and the source, which ensures the dissipation of a constant average value of electric power in the load (in this case, the frequency of exposure may vary). This will give certainty and reproducibility of the electrical regime in which information about the parameters of the heat-dependent element is obtained.

Additional information about the state of a heat-dependent object is provided by measurements of the object's properties in the mode idle move electrodes and when they are short-circuited, at which the electricity flowing in the circuit. When using a combination of these modes, carried out in a certain sequence, it is possible to obtain a large amount of information about the parameters and the state of heat-dependent objects. Moreover, the metrological reliability of information will be much greater than is currently obtained using traditional approaches and applied methods. To obtain the maximum amount of information about the properties of a heat-dependent object, which in the general case can be classified as electrically active, it is advisable to carry out assessments in the following modes:

Idling measuring

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FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION OF DEVICES FOR LOCAL QUASI-RESONANT IMPACT ON A BIOORGANISM

GUSEV VLADIMIR GEORGIEVICH, MIRINA TATYANA VLADIMIROVNA - 2004

Many citizens do not know what rights they have in the field of health protection. Description of the fundamental rights of citizens. The right view on the safety of information that is not subject to disclosure. The patient's right to information about his health and treatment methods is enshrined in the legislation of the Russian Federation.

By legal aspect The patient's right to information includes:

• the obligation of state bodies to create such conditions for people so that they have the opportunity to familiarize themselves with documents relating to civil rights and freedoms;
• the right to freely use lawful means of collecting, transmitting and disseminating information;
• the right to know the state of the environment and in the event of an adverse impact on health to receive compensation for damage;
• the responsibility of civil servants in case of concealment of factors that may pose a threat to human health.

If we consider the rights and obligations in the field of informing about personal data, we can distinguish the following:

• free receipt of information that affects information about another person only if this is part of the obligation;
• obtaining information related to the processing of his personal data;
• clarification of a person's personal data in cases where the information is outdated or it is not provided in full.

Legislative acts that operate in the field of health relations establish the following rights of people:

• the right of the patient to information about the state of health;
• share your health information with other selected individuals;
• have authorized access to information about their health that is held by a medical institution;
• obtaining accurate information needed in order to take measures to preserve health.

The last point concerns the general norms of possible danger from work, the environment in locality, food safety.

Information on permission to process your personal data must be provided only if there is such a request from the proper persons with such authority.

This document contains:

• a link to an identity document;
• information that confirms the legitimacy and necessity of having access to personal data;
• signature and date of completion of the document.

Request permission to process personal data medical institution, an insurance company, for example, to draw up and enforce a health insurance policy. All issues related to obtaining personal information about citizens are regulated by the articles of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Personal Data".

Citizens who applied to the hospital have the right to receive information about their state of health. Also, such information can be obtained by the attending physician, the representative of the insurer and the hospital. If the patient wants to exercise his right on his own, he needs to know what options he has in doing so.

Information rights include:

• familiarization with medical papers, extracts, certificates, analyzes that have information about his health;
• expert advice;
• obtaining documents that reflect information about health.

Cases when the doctor must inform the patient about his health:

• the patient chooses a specialist and a hospital;
• permission of the patient is required for the operation;
• during treatment and examination.

According to the established rules, a person who has reached the age of fifteen can receive information. If treatment fails or results in the patient's death, the medical condition that led to this outcome should be reported by the physician to close relatives (eg husband, wife).

Legislative acts define the following list of responsibilities of a medical institution:

1. Informing a representative of a medical institution about the activities of the organization, specialization, and the level of qualification of employees.
2. Provide patients with accurate information about the care that has been provided.
3. Report on what methods were chosen, methods for the implementation of treatment.
4. Inform patients about their right to receive assistance under the terms of the current insurance policy.
5. Report on medicines, materials, goods that will provide a decent level medical services and proper assistance.

Also, the patient can contact the hospital representative in order to find out the rules and conditions for the effective and safe use of the products.

When a citizen receives free medical care, hospital staff must report:

• the procedure, rules and amount of services determined by the medical policy;
• a complete list of services that the organization provides;
• types of medical care;
• indicators of the quality of services provided to the patient.

These obligations are spelled out in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Compulsory Medical Insurance" and the Law of the Russian Federation "On Health Protection".

Insurance companies in the process of informing citizens

Accompanying and informing the patient should be provided by a representative of the insurance company with which the citizen has concluded an agreement.

The law imposes on insurance company the following responsibilities:

• inform about all rights and obligations when contacting a medical institution;
• provide a list of hospitals that provide assistance under a valid insurance contract in this locality;
• inform about the type of assistance provided medical organization;
• about violations by the hospital that were previously identified.

Before concluding a contract with an insurance company, you must carefully read the list of situations for which the policy is not provided.

When a citizen applied to a medical institution in order to receive paid assistance, the representative of the organization is obliged to inform him of the following points:

1. Availability of the opportunity to receive the required assistance in the right amount.
2. List of services that are provided on a paid basis.
3. Application procedure Money for the services rendered.
4. Conditions, methods, procedure for the implementation of treatment.
5. Information about the personnel of the medical center (education, qualifications, work experience).
6. Working hours of the medical center.
7. The mode of operation of specialists who provide paid services.
8. Information about the level of his health.
9. Information about medications that will be used during treatment.

Information about medicines includes: expiration date, description of cases of prohibition of use and indications for use. Notifying the patient about his state of health, it is necessary to inform about the results of the study, the diagnosis.

Citizens have the right to apply to a medical institution if there are such grounds:

• the terms established by law for the provision of medical care or a specific service were violated;
• emergency assistance was not provided on time;
• documents were requested that, under the law, are not supposed to be required;
• it was refused to accept documents that, according to legislative norms, must be accepted for the provision of medical care;
• no medical assistance was provided;
• medical care was of poor quality;
• the actions of specialists without complying with the current legislation;
• the patient is dissatisfied with the decision that was made regarding the provision of medical care;
• lack of attention, ethics, morally bad attitude of a medical institution specialist;
• requests to pay for a service that is not included in the list of paid services.

Appeals received from citizens must be registered within one day. If the medical institution is not authorized to respond to the appeal, it needs to redirect the request to the appropriate authority. The applicant must also be informed of this. If the written application contains questions that only other competent authorities can answer, they need to send copies of the application. The law establishes a twenty-day period for consideration and response. In cases where additional time is required to study the materials or carry out certain actions, it is permissible to send a response thirty days after the request. In this case, the applicant must be informed of the need additional measures.

An application that can be submitted if there are grounds must contain the following information:

• introduction, name of the medical institution or personal data of the official;
• personal information about the applicant;
• contact details (phone, email);
• the address to which the written response will be sent;
• description of the stated requirements;
• painting and date of compilation.

The applicant may attach accompanying papers. He also has the right to send them to the organization's email. When an appeal is submitted by a third party, confirmation of the relevance of his rights is required. To do this, you need to issue a power of attorney. In addition, you must attach a document that certifies his identity. All applications received must be accepted.

The appeal may not be accepted if it does not contain the following information:

• personal data of the applicant (full name);
• address.

Also, the appeal is not accepted when it contains information about the upcoming illegal action. Such a document is sent to the departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Reasons for rejection may include the following factors:

1. The text of the statement is unreadable.
2. The medical institution cannot give an answer, because for this it is necessary to disclose the secret.
3. The appeal contains demands and questions that until now medical Center provided an answer.

Another reason for refusing to accept documents will be the lack of papers that confirm the authority of the representative.

A responsibility

When a person is not aware of the course of treatment and his state of health, his expectations diverge from reality. If you properly fulfill your powers, such situations may not arise. The law provides for sanctions against officials who fail to provide information.

Thus, if the population was not informed about the services and their cost, patients can demand a reduction in the amount of payment for the services provided. When a citizen enters into an agreement for the provision of paid medical care, but it is not provided to him on time or the patient was not informed about medicines and other related products for treatment, he may claim compensation for damages that have been caused due to non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract. He can also terminate the concluded contract and demand the return of the money that was deposited. Failure to notify the public of the operation of the free medical care program by a representative of public hospitals may lead to demands from citizens to compensate for the damage they have received due to lack of information. When a person is denied medical care, a specialist can be held administratively liable. In certain cases, criminal liability may arise.

Case Studies

A citizen Miroshnik A.V. applied to the court with a statement. She stated that the medical institution had transferred information about her illnesses to the social security authorities and now this is a problem for her. The woman did not provide permission to disseminate information. During the court session, representatives of the hospital explained this by the fact that they took care of the health of the plaintiff and her unborn baby. They went to all methods and were for truthfulness. Nurse the hospital believes they were doing their job. After hearing the parties and considering the evidence base, the court satisfied the claims.

The concept and types of environmental rights of citizens.

Under environmental human rights understood the rights of the individual recognized and enshrined in legislation, ensuring the satisfaction of various human needs in interaction with nature.

The fundamental rights are enshrined in the Constitution:

1. the right to a favorable environment,

2. the right to reliable information about her condition

3. the right to compensation for damage caused to his health or property by an environmental offense

The Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" partially reproduces constitutional environmental rights, but in a worse version. According to Art. 11 analysis of environmental rights enshrined in legislation, i.e. human rights to nature or related to nature, allows them to be grouped into the following groups:

Rights aimed at meeting human needs at the expense of natural resources. These include right to a healthy environment and environmental rights(water use, subsoil use, forest use).

Rights aimed at protecting health from the adverse effects of the environment. the right to health care (art. 41), to work in conditions that meet safety requirements(art. 37), as well as radiation safety

Rights that serve as a means of enforcing and protecting the rights to a favorable environment and protection of health from the adverse effects of the environment.

the right to reliable information about the state of the environment,

ü for compensation for damage caused to human health or property by an environmental offense,

ü to protect the environment from the negative impact caused by economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, to compensate for damage to the environment

ü create public associations, foundations and other non-profit organizations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection;

ü take part in meetings, rallies, demonstrations, marches and picketing, collecting signatures for petitions, referendums on environmental issues

The right to apply for information about the state of the environment.

Citizens own the right to submit applications to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, bodies local government, other organizations and officials on obtaining timely, complete and reliable information about the state of the environment in their places of residence, measures for its protection.

Information - any information, regardless of the form of their presentation.

The object of relations arising in the course of the implementation of the right of citizens to environmental information is itself environmental information, which may contain information:

On the state of the earth, soil, subsoil, water, atmospheric air, flora and fauna, natural complexes;

About an environmental threat or risk to human health and life; on chemical, physical and biological impacts on the state and objects of the environment and their sources;

On activities that adversely affect or may affect natural objects and humans;

On measures for the protection of the environment, including legal, administrative and other;

On the activities of state bodies, legal entities and citizens-entrepreneurs in the field of natural resources management, nature management, environmental protection, enforcement and protection of environmental rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities, if the need for such activities is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The guarantees of the rights of citizens are the timeliness of the provision of environmental information by official bodies, its reliability and completeness.

So, credible undistorted environmentally significant information is recognized that is or should be available to specially authorized state bodies in the field of nature management and environmental protection and other subjects of law within their competence.

Complete can be considered information that is transferred to interested parties to the extent that a state body, local government body or other owner (owner) of information resources can or should possess it.

timely information transmitted to the person who applied for it may be recognized as soon as possible from the moment of the request and, without fail, before the expiration of the period specified in the legislation, if any. In the event that the authorities do not respond within 1 month to the request of citizens to obtain information about the state of the environment in their places of residence, citizens in such a situation have the right to file a complaint with a higher authority or court

The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation (Article 8.5) provides for administrative liability for “hiding or distorting environmental information”. ( Concealment, deliberate misrepresentation or untimely communication complete and reliable information on the state of the environment and natural resources, sources of pollution of the environment and natural resources or other harmful effects on the environment, and Natural resources about the radiation situation, as well as the distortion of information about the state of lands, water bodies and other environmental objects by persons obliged to report such information).