These are mammals of the camelid family of the callus-footed order. The undersurface of their foot is an elastic, calloused cushion. There are two types of camels: one-humped - dromedary and two-humped - Bactrian. Dromedaries live in more southern hot places - in India, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, North Africa, on the peninsula of Asia Minor.

Domestic Bactrian camels are bred in Mongolia, Western China and here, in the CIS - in Buryatia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, in the Astrakhan and Trans-Volga steppes of the Russian Federation, where there are dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. In the deserts of Central Asia, wild two-humped camels have survived. Camels are ruminants. Their body is adapted to the harsh conditions of dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. In the cells of the rumen of the stomach of a camel, the liquid is stored for a long time. Therefore, he can do without water, and also drink water that is unsuitable for other types of farm animals. Camels feed on saltwort and wormwood, as well as camel thorn, saxaul. In case of interruptions in feeding and watering, reserve fat stored in humps (up to 150 kg) is used.

Salt must be included in the diet. Water is drunk twice a day in summer, once in winter. Camels complete growth at 7 years of age. Camels give birth to one camel every two years. A camel breastfeeds for 18 months. In cold weather, camels are kept separately from their mothers in warm rooms and allowed to feed them 6-7 times a day.

In places with severe winters, camels are kept without a leash in barn bases with a walking yard, in the southern regions - in shed bases. The room should be dry, with regularly changing bedding (from the remains of hay, weeds, reeds). High humidity for a camel is detrimental.

Animals are used for various works in harness. The camel, especially the dromedary, as a beast of burden is far superior to the horse and mule. During long-distance transitions (passes 30-40 km a day and carries on (packs of 250-300 kg, i.e. almost half of its own weight. Under the rider, a camel can travel over 100 km a day, developing speeds up to 10-12 km / They also use camel's milk, wool, meat.Bactrians produce 600-800 kg of milk per year, and dromedaries - 1000-2 or more.The milk of camels is rich in fat -5-6%.In terms of vitamin C, it is much superior to cow's.C about 6-10 kg or more of wool is sheared from one Bactrian camel, and from dromedaries - an average of 2-4 kg.

They are sheared once a year, in the spring after molting, at the end of frost. High quality camel meat. In our country, one breed of one-humped camels is bred - Arvana and three breeds of two-humped camels - Kalmyk, Kazakh and Mongolian. The most valuable breed is Kalmyk. Hybrids of dromedaries and Bactrians (bunk beds and iners) are widely used. They are larger and heavier than other camels. The growth of dromedaries and Bactrians is on average 170-175 cm, weight - 550-700 kg. Camels live up to 30-35 years.

Raising sheep has long been practiced in a number of regions of Russia. Breeding and processing the wool of these animals on an industrial scale is considered a profitable direction for farmers, as well as in a number of countries that sell sheep products abroad. China has the most developed production, constantly supporting more than 100 million heads, Australia has 120 million heads, India and Iran have more than 50 million. New Zealand ranks fifth in terms of livestock - 47.4 million sheep, England - 42 million individuals, the top ten are Turkey, South Africa and Sudan.

In the Russian Federation, as a whole, the livestock reaches the volumes of Spain and Morocco - today it is about 25 million heads. Australia, as well as New Zealand and China, rank first in the processing and production of woolen raw materials in the world, a significant share is produced by the former southern republics of the USSR. Sheep breeding and wool processing for Russia can also become an export destination, for which government actions are being taken to support farming. First of all, high-quality woolen raw materials are necessary to saturate the domestic market and reduce the retail price of products for daily use.

Today, Russian textile industries are experiencing a serious shortage of high-quality natural raw materials, as a result, there is no possibility of producing inexpensive and affordable products for the population. This, of course, can be helped by the development of sheep breeding, oriented towards wool processing. The features of organizing such a business within the framework of a farm and its prospects will be discussed in our review.

Features of the process of organizing a sheep breeding business

In sheep farming, wool can be the main or secondary product. Traditionally, farms produce dairy products, dietary meat, wool, astrakhan fur (skins of newborn lambs astrakhan), natural sheepskin. Sheep breeding is developing well in those areas where there is a sufficient amount of pastures, and in the modern sense of business and an established marketing system.

Obviously, in the end, the efficiency of sheep farming will depend mainly on state regulation measures, on the assistance that a farmer can receive for his needs. For big business, who wants to integrate into the emerging infrastructure, the task is to establish sustainable corporate relationships such as "from primary raw materials to the end consumer." In this case, the end consumer of textile products is the population of the country, whose demand is not at all satisfied today.

Wool is a promising export product for network wool harvesting enterprises in the framework of public and private projects. Russia has the most important factor sheep-breeding production - these are vast and accessible pastures for private owners, suitable for sheep breeding. In addition, this farm business can be called one of the most accessible in terms of initial investment.

• fine-fleeced - breeds characteristic of steppes and deserts are bred;
• semi-fine-fleece - the rate is made of breeds that live in areas with a mild, humid climate;
• semi-coarse-wool - sheep breeds characteristic of mountainous regions are taken as the basis;
• coarse-wooled, for example, smushkovoe - sheep of this type traditionally live in semi-desert regions and deserts.

The highest grades of woolen raw materials are obtained by growing sheep in mountainous areas with desert and semi-desert pastures (tropics, subtropics). At the same time, a number of breeds from which high-quality natural raw materials are obtained can also be bred in colder plains and mountainous regions. The coarse-haired direction includes smushkovo and fur coat breeding. To the north, mainly meat-fat and meat-and-milk livestock of coarse-wooled and semi-coarse-wooled sheep are bred. The infographic and table show the areas where sheep farming of various types is traditionally developed.

Explanation of sheep breeding zones in Russia and the CIS countries.

Marking	Specialization	Regions
Blue	Fine-wool sheep breeding	Altai region Stavropol region Rostov region Krasnodar region Kalmykia Dagestan Lower Volga Omsk region Novosibirsk region Kazakhstan South of Ukraine Kyrgyzstan
Green	Fine-wool and semi-fine-wool production	Middle Volga Republic of Bashkortostan Central regions of Russia Eastern Siberia Eastern Kazakhstan West of Ukraine Belarus
yellow	Fine-wool, semi-fine-wool, meat-wool-milk production	North Caucasus Transcaucasia
blue	Semi-fine-wool meat and wool production	Central regions of Russia Northwestern regions of Russia North-Eastern regions of Russia the Baltic States
Red	Fur coat sheep breeding	Northern regions of Russia Central regions of Russia Komi Republic The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
orange	Smushkovo and meat-fat sheep breeding	Orenburg region Ukraine Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan

Types of woolen raw materials

According to existing standards, the following types of raw materials are popular with buyers:

• homogeneous, obtained from sheep's hair of one type, for example, down or transition. It is divided into thin, semi-thin and semi-rough;
• fine fiber is obtained by shearing individuals of fine-wool breeds, their wool consists mainly of downy hair 25 microns. The length in the workpiece does not exceed 7-9 cm, and the yield of pure raw materials is approximately 45-50%. It is used to make premium soft textile products. Produced from merino and non-merino sheep;
• semi-fine fiber is coarse thick hair of transitional sheep's undercoat and coarse down. It is obtained from semi-fine-fleeced sheep and fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced hybrids common in Russia. It is mainly used as a raw material for the production of class 2 felt, including technical and industrial applications.

From the above list, it is obvious that for breeding in most areas Russian Federation breeds of a semi-fine fleece direction are suitable, for example: Soviet, North Caucasian, Kuibyshev and others. To increase the productive yield and unpretentiousness in farms, breeding is practiced by crossing with males of fine-wool sheep breeds.

It is worth paying the attention of future farmers that fine-fleeced sheep are well adapted to Russian conditions. According to the dissertation of I.E. Kremer, who defended at the Timiryazev Academy, fine-wool breeds in Russia account for up to 81% of the total volume of wool produced, and 76% for fine raw materials. Private sheep farms may well be engaged in the production of high-quality wool and finished consumer products.

Choosing a breed for an effective business

To obtain high quality raw materials, emphasis is placed on breeding long-haired semi-fine-fleece breeds. Such individuals give a sufficient volume of uniform white wool with a characteristic "luster" shine with a fiber length of 10-14 cm, in some cases the fiber length reaches 20 cm. The best long-haired species include Lincoln and Russian long-haired.

The Lincoln breed produces a woolen raw material with a strong "chandelier" (shine) and is highly valued. Differs in the big length of fiber and high durability. With the usual clipping, 8-10 kg of raw raw materials are obtained from rams and 5-6 kg from queens. The raw sheared mass consists of large-fiber braids, 55-60% of the purified wool fiber can be obtained from it. The breed is kept in a cool climate and is demanding on the conditions of detention.

The Russian Longhair was obtained by complex selection of coarse-haired individuals of local Russian breeds with Lincolns. Like all hybrids, they are distinguished by good health and endurance, and also have excellent wool productivity. Shearing from a ram is 6-6.5 kg of wool and 3.5-4.8 kg from females. Raw materials are homogeneous with crimped fiber and a beautiful luster shine.

Conventionally, the “second” grade of semi-fine-fleeced producers includes semi-luster wool of the Kuibyshevskaya, Romney-marsh, Corridel breeds. At the same time, for example, Romney-marsh allows you to get up to 8-9 kg of raw materials from a ram 14-16 cm long with a yield of finished wool fiber up to 60-65%.

The Kuibyshev breed is bred mainly in the southern regions (mainly in the Middle Volga region) due to its good tolerance to high temperatures. From a sheep, up to 5.5 kg of raw material 12-17 cm long is obtained with a yield of pure fiber up to 54-56%.

A large cut is characteristic of the Corridel, as well as its subspecies - Tien Shan and North Caucasian, which can be kept on pasture all year round. The original type of Corridel is naturally obtained in New Zealand by crossing Merino sheep and Lincoln sheep. Blends produce a beautiful white or "warm" white coat.

Highly valued by buyers is the so-called cross-bred wool obtained from crossbreeds of fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced individuals. Hybrids make it possible to obtain raw materials with a long fiber length with good crimp, chandelier, and even fineness. The most popular is the crossbred Tien Shan breed, which allows you to get up to 8-10 kg per ram. The yield of washed raw materials is 69-70% with a fiber length of up to 12.5 cm. This breed is common in Kyrgyzstan.

Primary wool processing

In sheep-breeding regions, both raw sheared wool and ready-made washed raw materials can be handed over to procurement enterprises. Finished raw materials in wholesale quantities of guaranteed quality are accepted by textile factories that process raw wool into finished products - fabrics or threads.

For this reason, starting a wool processing plant in order to obtain a quality semi-finished product in a traditional sheep breeding area or on your own farm can be a profitable direction. Higher incomes are associated with bypassing procurement enterprises in the supply of raw materials that collect raw materials from the population. If they have their own processing industry, farmers will independently hand over their products and neighboring farms to factories, receiving higher incomes.

The standard production line includes washing machines and dryers. Please note that this equipment can be used to process raw materials from any fibers, such as cotton or linen. Small industrial lines allow processing from 15 to 400 kg per hour, also ensuring continuous production. The final stage involves drying and dehydration. Overall dimensions and complete set of the line will depend on productivity.

For a small farm, it makes sense to purchase a small washing line for processing with a capacity of 15 kg / h, which will meet the needs of a fairly large farm supplying the factory directly. Such equipment is produced, for example, Chinese company Zhengzhou Aslan Machinery Co., listed on Alibaba and offering to purchase lines with delivery within Russia. A closed supply cycle enables factories to produce products with guaranteed quality of wool, controlled by origin.

Video - Industrial line for washing and drying wool

Recycling Tools

In home and farm settings, tools help make wool processing convenient and fast. Sheep shearing is usually carried out with specialized machines, but in their absence, it is quite possible to get by with ordinary sheep shearing scissors.

To process raw wool by hand, you will need the following devices:

• scissors or clipper;
• comb for wool;
• carder for combing wool manual or mechanical;
• spindle;
• spinning wheel;
• loom.

The minimum set of tools for making the first wool products consists of only 6 items. With it, you can make a fairly large range of products, as well as exclusive design models.

If you keep goats or sheep on your farm, you can harvest wool yourself. And for these purposes, you will probably need a wool comb. You can learn more about it in our article.

Sheep clipper prices

Shearing

Hand processed sheep wool

In many traditional areas of sheep breeding, the practice of manual primary processing of wool has been preserved to this day. It consists of the following technological processes.

Step	Description
1	Shearing. During the shearing, the craftsmen sort the raw material into grades, setting aside the soiled pieces. At the next stage, raw materials with high contamination will be amenable to more thorough processing.
2	Combing and preliminary cleaning of raw materials. Comb it with a thick comb. As a rule, wool is combed only in industrial conditions to remove coarse dirt before washing.
3	The wool is dried in a dryer or in the sun until the smell of sheep fat disappears.
4	Washing and degreasing fleece.
5	The washed wool is wrung out with a terry cloth and dried. open way or in the sun. Large volumes are hung in a separate room, under a canopy or in the sun, and the washed fleece is laid out on a mesh for ventilation.
6	Easy combing of wool with a wooden comb.
7	The penultimate stage of processing is a light beating of wool with a wooden rod for softness.
8	Hand spinning of threads and then fabrics on manual machines and tools.

Video - Combing wool before spinning

Starting a Wool Processing Business

Starting a wool processing business is profitable in any format. It could be small production, aimed at meeting regional needs, or include the production of a full cycle with the cultivation of sheep. For large owners, it is advisable to create a network of workshops primary processing wool in order to create conditions for the development of farm sheep meat and wool production. For large farms, it makes sense to deploy their own wool processing production, which will allow them to buy significant amounts of raw wool from the population for wholesale trade.

by the most affordable option business is the opening of a small workshop that provides the primary preparation of raw materials, as well as a small production on its basis, manufacturing bedding, textile products from natural wool, tinted wool for felting. This direction requires a minimum of funds for investments, but allows to produce products that are in demand among the population.

In this context, it is worth noting the ongoing reorganization of worsted production in Russia. After a protracted crisis, many manufacturing enterprises that produced woolen fabrics and products were closed. Now the revival of the textile traditions of Russia is beginning. The Bryansk Worsted Plant is actively operating on the market, which will restore production capacity a similar Tver plant, closed in 2006. These factories will become major buyers of primary raw materials in the near future.

It is impossible not to note the thoughtful work of the Troitsk worsted plant. If the main problem of many enterprises in previous periods was the lack of sufficient competitive raw materials, as well as the inability to compete with Turkish and Chinese manufacturers.

At the moment, there is an activation of domestic producers in all areas of the production of essential goods, in connection with which the need for the production and primary processing of wool is increasing.

This business can be deployed in the following formats:

• network company with own production for the procurement and processing of raw wool purchased from the population and farms of the regions for the purpose of wholesale deliveries to factories and exports of products;
• a small workshop for processing raw wool in places of traditional sheep breeding for the needs of the region;
• full-cycle wool processing enterprises with spinning production in areas of traditional sheep breeding to meet regional needs.

In the near future, experts expect an increase in business activity in this area, which implies both the actualization of the processing business and an increase in the profits of sheep farms. The largest consumers of wool in the Russian Federation are:

• Alekseevskaya factory of artistic weaving;
• Resurrection felt factory;
• Spinning and thread plant named after Kirov;
• Bor felt factory;
• Kineshma spinning and weaving factory;
• Yuryev-Polskaya weaving factory;
• Factory "Red weaver".

Active consumers of washed wool also remain: spinning production in Ermolino, Pekhorsky textile, Moscow wool-spinning factory, Reutov manufactory, Krasnaya Polyana factory.

Merino wool yarn prices

Merino wool yarn

Organization of production

The production of raw wool processing consists of the following stages, which involve the organization of premises and production lines:

• acceptance and sorting of raw materials;
• wool processing on a providing machine;
• tangle processing line and debris removal line;
• area of ​​immersion baths and squeezing machines providing 5 washing cycles;
• drying the washed fiber;
• package;
• stock finished products.

Depending on the performance of the equipment, production can be located on an area from 30 to 250 m2. Production areas include a site for receiving and primary processing of wool, washing and drying, packaging and storing finished products. Such production, depending on productivity, can serve from 5 to 25 people, the production process is characterized by a small number of workers.

In addition, a felting workshop is organized for the manufacture of felt and felt, as well as a spinning production, a workshop for the production of textile products is completed in a separate room. The cost of equipment will depend on the supplier and production capacity.

Manufacture of various products from sheep fiber

Non-factory production of sheep wool products, including primary processing of raw materials, spinning, felting and weaving, may be partially based on manual labor. Handcrafted production becomes a key feature and the product is labeled as premium and handcrafted.

Felting sets, ready-made wool for sewing products, felt for making hats, sets for saunas and baths, medical clothes - knee pads, wristlets, lumbar belts for warming up, various accessories and household items, for example, designer slippers, as well as various warm clothes made of wool.

Among consumers, bedding with wool filler, such as pillows, blankets, mattress covers, is also in demand. This list of products on your farm can be expanded and supplemented, for example, with designer outerwear, traditional felt boots and fashionable felt shoes. The livestock complex can be expanded with other animals, such as Angora rabbits, Alpaca goats and others. That will allow to produce a variety of premium products.

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07.11.2017

(lat. camelus, the camelid family) - large mammals artiodactyl animals adapted to existence in a dry and hot climate (steppes, deserts, semi-deserts) - were domesticated by man in the period of about 2000 BC. e. In nature, camels are represented by two types: camel(lat. camelus dromedarius) or dromedary, Arabian, dromedary and Bactrian camel(lat. camelus bactrianus), also known as Bactrian.

In the past, herds of wild dromedaries were widespread in North Africa and the Middle East, while Bactrians lived mainly in the eastern parts of Central and Central Asia, Mongolia and the adjacent territories of China, Kazakhstan, Buryatia, Uzbekistan, where a sharply continental climate prevails (dry hot summers and cold, snowy winters). Unlike the one-humped camel, the two-humped camel has survived in wild populations, albeit very small (several hundred heads found in natural reserves in China and Mongolia). The life expectancy of camels is 40-50 years.

In addition to the number of humps, Bactrians differ from dromedaries in larger sizes (height at the withers up to 210 - 230 cm, with humps - up to 270 cm), weight (up to 800 - 1000 kg) and coat density (average pile length is about 7 cm). It is thanks to the dense fur protection that Bactrian camels are able to exist in harsh climatic conditions. The coat of dromedaries is much less dense and shorter, but it helps to protect the animals from the scorching sun and keep them from losing moisture. Camels are perfectly adapted to existence in a hot and arid climate. At the same time, they serve as a reliable means for a person to cross a desert area. No form of transport can replace camels in such conditions. Their extreme endurance allows animals to stay on the road for a long time, carrying not only riders, but also heavy luggage (the total weight of the load can be from 200 to 400 kg).

The body temperature of camels ranges from +34°C (at night) to +41°C (during the day). Camels can eat any herbaceous food unsuitable for other animals, including thorns (sand locust, saxaul, camel thorn), saltwort, wormwood, onions, brambles, astragalus branches, ephedra bushes, etc. Their lips and mouth are not sensitive to thorns. Camels digest dry food much worse, so it is necessary to provide them with fresh herbs from time to time, in which there is moisture. It is known that camels can go without food for a very long period (about a month) and even consume salt water. The loss of up to 25 - 30% of moisture by the camel's body does not affect the well-being of the animal, which can go without water for 8 - 15 days, but at the first opportunity it restores the balance by drinking more than 100 liters of water in the shortest possible time. Long and thick eyelashes protect the large eyes of camels from dust and sand getting into them, and the special shape of the nostrils helps prevent the loss of moisture released in the form of steam during breathing and protect the airways from sand or dust storms. The excellent eyesight of these animals is able to distinguish objects located at a distance of about 1 km, and a subtle sense of smell captures the smell of water and fresh greenery of oases in the desert, more than 40-60 km away.

Camels are grown not only as a means of transportation in desert areas, but also as a valuable source of food - milk and meat. Camel milk is distinguished by its rich vitamin and mineral composition. The amount of iron in it is ten times higher than in cow's milk, and vitamin C - three times. It is a white, easily foaming liquid of thick consistency with a sweetish or sweet-salty taste. Can be stored fresh for about 5 days. Camel milk contains amino acids that promote hematopoiesis, therefore it is used as a healing and strengthening agent for anemia, pregnancy, and in the postoperative period.

Sour-milk products (cheese, cottage cheese, curdled milk, butter) made from camel milk are known for their dietary properties. Freshly sour milk quenches thirst very well, helps with diseases of the stomach and pancreas, and various forms of tuberculosis are treated with it. Both milk and products of its processing are recommended for diabetes mellitus as insulin replacement agents that help lower blood sugar levels. One Bactrian camel produces from 500 to 800 kg of milk per year. The milk yield of dromedaries is much higher (1000 - 1200 kg or more).

Camel meat is gaining more and more popularity in the world. Due to the low fat content (1.2 - 2.8%), its consumption does not lead to the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The meat of young camels (not older than 2.5 years) is very much appreciated by gourmets, it is served in some restaurants in Europe and the East as a delicacy (steak, goulash, pate, camel sausages, etc.). When prepared properly, it has a delicious taste. In older animals, the meat is fibrous, stiff and wiry, so it is used only chopped (in sausages).

The use of camel meat is very common in Australia, where a rationed shooting of the natural population of animals is periodically carried out. Since the number of feral camels grows uncontrollably every year and requires an increase in pasture areas, their herds cause significant damage to the Australian landscape. wildlife. Camel meat is healthier than beef, its calorie content does not exceed 160.2 kcal. It is rich in vitamins A, B, C, E, PP, has a high content of natural antioxidants. It can be baked, boiled, stewed, fried, dried and smoked. Camel goes well with herbs, vegetables, rice, mushrooms, seafood.

The fat found in the humps of a camel is highly valued in cooking, cosmetology and folk medicine. It is used as an external wound healing agent, to soften and restore the skin. Internal use of camel fat is recommended for coughs, bronchitis, inflammation, fever. This product improves immunity, protects against the development of cancer, helps reduce sugar levels. It is also known as a strong aphrodisiac.

To all the listed products that can be obtained from an amazing animal camel, you must add camel hair. High quality, unsurpassed insulating properties, hypoallergenicity, antistatic properties, strength and lightness have earned her extraordinary popularity all over the world.

Even the waste products of camels do not remain without use. Due to the extreme dryness, their excrement is used as an efficient biofuel. Urine, which is a thick, dark, syrupy liquid, is used as a folk remedy in the treatment of hair loss, improves their condition and growth, and helps get rid of dandruff. It contains natural antibiotics, so it is used to disinfect wounds. Camel urine is used to treat hepatitis, edema and critical changes in the liver (cirrhosis), as well as to lower blood sugar levels.

The importance of camels in human life is enormous. This is not only an exotic mode of transport, a means for transporting goods, but also healthy food, valuable wool, and a source of medicinal components. Today, camel breeding can turn into a very promising and profitable business. It should be borne in mind that animals do not take root well in humid climatic conditions and in mountainous areas. From the main areas of cultivation and breeding of camels, either milk production or meat production is chosen. In the first case, preference is given to dairy breeds of camels (high milk yields are inherent in representatives of dromedaries). Bactrian camels (Bactrians) have more muscle mass, large sizes, so they are better suited for growing as meat breed. Bactrians also give more wool. Unlike dromedaries, they can adapt to cold climates. in great demand breeders use hybrids of dromedaries and bactrians (nar, iner). These are large, strong and hardy animals, combining the best parental qualities.

There is a successful experience of growing camels not only in their natural habitats, but also in the Trans-Volga and Astrakhan steppes, in Altai and even in Holland. The main thing is to provide the animals with dry rooms protected from cold and precipitation. Hay, straw, reed, etc. can be used as bedding. In hot weather, camels are given water twice a day, in cold weather - once. If it is not possible to carry out free grazing of camels (in winter), then plant residues, vegetable and crop processing products, grain, and hay can serve as food. In addition, each adult animal additionally needs salts and minerals (about 70 kg per year).

One camel gives birth to a camel every two years. The cub feeds on mother's milk for 18 months. In the initial period of life, he especially needs warmth and protection from drafts. Animals that have reached the age of seven are considered adults. Camels are sheared once a year, in spring, after molting. They are used in various jobs, including for the transport of goods. As a beast of burden, the camel is superior to horses and mules.

* Calculations use average data for Russia

Camel breeding is uncharacteristic for Russia, but these animals tolerate the climate well even in central and northern regions. Of course, it is best to engage in this type of animal husbandry in the regions of dry steppes, deserts and semi-deserts, but camel farms can be founded and generate income in other places with the right approach to organizing your business. At the same time, it must be said that there is also a demand for camel products in Russia, and the unpretentiousness of these animals allows you to maintain a fairly large farm at low cost, that is, such a business becomes a very profitable undertaking. The number of farms in Russia is very small, so there is virtually no competition in this market, you can become the first not just in your region, but in a significant part of Russia, and even several nearby farms are unlikely to interfere with each other's work today.

First you need to register your peasant farm (KFH), for this you need to contact the local tax authority. There is, of course, the opportunity to work and how individual entrepreneur, but there are no significant advantages in this form, even a simplified taxation system, or rather its analogue - a single agricultural tax - is available to the peasant farm. If we take into account legal entities, then it is better to choose a non-public company, a company with limited liability the best choice, but this is only suitable for the largest farms. Peasant farming is also attractive in that today the state is trying to somehow support agriculture, and, working in the KFH format, one can count on benefits and assistance. In some cases, when opening a very small farm, you can work in the format of a personal subsidiary farm(LPS), which, in fact, does not apply to business entities and is not taxed. True, private household plots can be considered a very small farm. In addition to simple registration, you need to contact the local veterinary service to be able to sell your products. If it is planned to produce camel meat, then it will even be necessary to slaughter animals under the supervision of a specialist, but all camel products must be transferred to laboratory research, only after that you can count on obtaining a veterinary certificate, which makes it possible to engage in camel breeding and sales of products. There are special requirements for milk, for meat, but there are also local requirements that take into account the characteristics of the region. Therefore, it is best to find a competent lawyer who is well versed in local legislation and apply directly to local regulatory authorities - then there will be no risk that any licensing and certification obligations will not be met. The process of resolving all bureaucratic issues will take a couple of months in the worst cases, and you need to allocate no more than a couple of tens of thousands of rubles for it (for example, the amount of the state fee for registration legal entity is 4 thousand rubles, and individual entrepreneurs or peasant farms - even less).

The next step is to find a place to work. For a small herd of camels, a few ares of land will suffice, it is better to start with a hectare, because the cost of renting such an area is not high, especially since you do not have to rent agricultural land. In the southern regions, you will have to pay from 1.5 to 3.5 thousand rubles per hectare per year, and this is precisely for good land, which is completely uninteresting to plant growers, you can rent even cheaper, and in other cases you can negotiate with local authorities to get land for long-term lease at a very low price or even free of charge. On one hectare, you can grow a sufficient number of camels in pens, as well as enough space for the construction of auxiliary buildings. It is also optimal to open your farm on the basis of a farm that grows fodder crops. Then you can significantly save on feed for your animals, that is, the feed will be delivered conditionally free of charge. The biggest costs can be precisely in the construction of the facilities necessary for the maintenance of camels. These are the animals that should be kept in heated rooms during the cold season, so you need to build appropriate pens. It is rather difficult to calculate the exact amount of funds for the construction, but you need to count on several million rubles for an average farm. A small farm, of course, can be equipped for an amount within one million. In general, a farmer can save a lot if he independently takes care of the improvement of his territory, in the case of a small farm, this is quite within his power. That is, a lot depends on the chosen format of work and the entrepreneur himself. Also, in some cases, it is necessary to equip premises for butchering carcasses, for shearing camels, for milking them, and also to purchase the appropriate tools. But these expenses cannot be called significant.

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The next stage is the acquisition of breeding animals. You can also buy a camel in Russia, several farms that breed these animals supply young individuals at significantly reduced prices compared to foreign companies prices. One young camel can be bought for about 70 thousand rubles, adult animals are more expensive, but they are usually sold to circuses and zoos, they are no longer of interest to the farmer. At this stage, the entrepreneur must either understand camel breeding himself, or find a capable livestock breeder who can accurately calculate the required number of animals and the ratio of females and males. True, some farms do not buy males at all, bringing them only at certain times for mating, that is, they manage only one camel, which brings more profit. Bringing one camel from abroad will cost about 100 thousand rubles, however, if you buy several animals at once, then the cost of one in terms will be somewhat cheaper. Let's take 10 animals for calculation, then you need to allocate at least 700 thousand rubles, but it is better to count on a slightly larger amount, because you need to have funds to transport these animals, although some farms take on the responsibility of delivering camels.

The next moment is the search for personnel for your farm, while even a relatively large herd can serve 1-2 people. Ten animals do not need to hire additional staff, unless, of course, the entrepreneur himself can maintain his farm. This is not specifically taught anywhere, so it often makes sense to just find experienced people to get necessary knowledge. There is no point in hiring a veterinarian, especially in regions with a stable situation where there are no epidemics. That is, it is better to find a specialist in order to involve him only when necessary. In general, the payroll can be more than 100 thousand rubles per month, and in some cases you won’t need to pay at all - if you manage on your own. As experienced people say, this is quite real. At the same time, it is also better to outsource some duties, for example, bookkeeping, because it is not economically profitable to have your own full-time accountant. When working in rural areas, it can be difficult in general to find employees for your farm, so sometimes you have to rely on providing your workers with optimal conditions.

Now you need to consider how much it will cost to maintain your herd. Camels are quite unpretentious animals, while they live relatively long (30-35 years), and one animal can bring profit to its owner for a long time. At the same time, camels breed for a relatively long time, so one camel will bring cubs only once every two years, and only one. Camel food, as already noted, can be free for the owner, but only if there are crops that are unnecessary for sale. In general, it is not necessary to buy exactly traditional crops in the diet, for one camel a year it will take no more than 600 kilograms of any grain crops, 4.5 tons of hay and, which is very important, about 70 kilograms of minerals and salts. It is believed that it is generally possible to feed camels almost once a week, but in fact this is not the case, animals must receive good food all the time. Water is especially important for them, camels are watered twice a day, that is, you need to take care of supplying clean water directly to the pens. Thus, in order to feed one animal, you need to have funds in the amount of an average of 40 thousand rubles, on the basis that one kilogram of salt costs 50 rubles, one kilogram of hay costs 7 rubles, and 6.5 rubles costs a kilogram of oats, plus additional funds for water supply. Thus, 400 thousand rubles will be required for 10 animals, while 10 camels is a very small farm, that is, for large enterprises, the amount of expenses will be many times higher.

You can earn money in several ways. The first and most obvious is the sale of camel products. This includes milk, meat and camel hair. It must be said right away that it is the wool of these animals that is especially valued, some consider it even more valuable than sheep, it is often used in the textile industry, and camel wool products are expensive. There is a demand for the milk of these animals, it is considered healing and very useful, although its taste, of course, differs significantly from the types of milk familiar to Russians. Finally, meat, which is consumed very little. There is practically no demand for camel meat in Russia, although some farms still sell it in large quantities. As for export, there is also no interest in this product abroad. In general, it is still better to raise camels for the sake of milk and wool, this will bring much more profit. Moreover, it is milk that turns out to be a very expensive product, it almost belongs to scarce products. Some farms sell it at a price of more than one thousand rubles per liter, while one camel gives more than a thousand liters of milk per year, the exact amount depends on the breed. That is, with one milk, under ideal conditions, you can get more than one million rubles from just one camel. Of course, these are simple calculations, because the market will not consume that much milk, and moreover, there are competitors in this area, and you have to reduce the price of your product. It is easier to deal with the sale of wool, because it is in great demand in textile enterprises. One camel gives about 7 kilograms of wool per year, some breeds even up to 10 kilograms, the cost of one kilogram is about 300 rubles, that is, from one camel you can get 2.1 thousand rubles, from ten - 21 thousand. Of course, this is much less than when selling milk, so camels are bred exclusively for wool only in very large quantities. Although it must be said here that the price can vary greatly depending on the quality of the goods, sometimes it is possible to sell especially good wool for 2 times more, that is, 600 rubles per kilogram. If we assume that there will be a good demand for camel meat, then we can expect a good profit due to the fact that in some regions it is sold really very expensive as a delicacy. So, the starting price is about 200 rubles, but sometimes it reaches 1.5 thousand per kilogram, that is, almost 10 times more. Even if you count at the most modest price, then one camel can give up to 300 kilograms, that is, you can get 60 thousand rubles from it (large animals have a mass of more than 500 kilograms). Thus, it turns out that with constant study of the market and with an accurate definition of its needs, you can quickly receive three different products, earning on each, and the profit will be very significant.

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Other ways to earn money are breeding breeding animals and renting grown animals, as well as selling them to circuses and zoos. Camels are of interest to people, so they are used relatively often in performances and just for walks. True, in order to engage in this direction, a camel needs not only to be raised, but also trained, which will require the involvement of a new employee, namely a trainer. However, many circuses are ready to buy small cubs, just weaned from their mother, in order to raise them on their own. But still, it should not be surprising that some companies require animals that are already somehow tamed to humans, and are not just domesticated. The camel is also a riding and pack animal. Here the price depends on many factors, varies depending on the region, but as a source of additional income it can be considered on farms. The sale of breeding animals can even bring a lot of money, because you can sell a year-old camel for an amount twice as much as was spent on its maintenance. However, given the low fertility of these animals, it makes sense to engage in exclusively breeding breeding only on very large farms, otherwise you have to deal with other areas. For some entrepreneurs, breeding camels for the sale of live animals simply becomes a source of additional income, because they can be raised while doing other species. Agriculture, fortunately, camels can be grown on the same farm with horses (but not in the same pens and not even too close to each other), as well as doing crop production.

Growing sheep and using them in the household has long been used in many regions of Russia. China is considered the most developed region in this line of business, they have about 25 million head of livestock.

Processing of raw materials in different regions

Wool processing, as a branch of business, began to develop in Russia relatively recently, but has already reached the level of Spain and Morocco. The state wants sheep breeding to become the leading areas in the country over time, and for this, various government programs. High-quality woolen raw materials are needed for the market for daily use products.

Features of the process of organizing a sheep breeding business

The extraction of sheep's wool is often a secondary or additional product, in addition to this, milk and meat are usually obtained from sheep. The requirements for wool processing in Russia are quite high and are carefully controlled by the state, especially in certain regions. In Russia, you can easily hand over processed raw materials to various textile factories - this makes the business more promising. For high-quality work, special equipment is required, without which production will be ineffective.

When working, you can not do without:

1. Drying equipment.
2. Ironing equipment
3. Machines from mats
4. washing machine

This equipment can also be useful in other industries, as it is suitable for working with any fibers. A small production processes on average from 15 to 400 kg per hour. The final stage is the drying and ironing of raw materials. An obligatory requirement for wool processing is ironing and drying. Without such processing, textile factories do not accept raw materials.

Starting a Wool Processing Business

With the right business plan, recycling becomes a very profitable business. It can be both a small production and a full-fledged factory. For large business owners, it makes sense to create several workshops for primary processing, as well as the extraction of meat and milk.

For larger factories, it is worth paying attention to small regional factories, since it will be possible to buy initial raw materials from them in the future and process them into textiles.

The most budget option for starting a business in this direction- this is the opening of a small workshop in which primary processing will take place. Subsequently, on the basis of this workshop, you can open a small textile production, which over time will be able to move to the regional level.

In favor of opening a business in this industry is the fact that in the post-Soviet period it was closed a large number of productions. Currently, this industry has begun to revive, little competition makes this area very promising and in demand.

This business plan can be developed in the following formats:

• A network enterprise that processes wool, which is bought from the local population and small farms. For the purpose of further delivery to larger factories.
• Processing of raw materials based on local small factories to meet the needs this region.
• Large enterprises with a full production cycle, created to supply products outside the region.

Organization of production

Proper organization of production is the key to success. Wool processing production consists of these stages:

• reception and sorting of initial raw materials;
• processing of wool from burdocks on special equipment;
• tangle and wool cleaning in general;
• a line of wool washing machines, a total of five cycles;
• drying the washed fiber;
• package;
• storage of finished products.

Depending on the volume of production, space from 30 to 250 square meters will be required to accommodate the equipment.