Morality — is a set of norms, rules, principles, resulting from the inner conviction of a person or force exerted on him public opinion.

Moral culture is a "cut" of culture as a whole, all aspects and manifestations. It can be defined as the level of humanity, humanity in human relations achieved by society and individuals. Morality is based on the authority of public opinion and the moral convictions of the individual. Moral or moral consciousness includes moral standards and moral principles.

Moral norms are the rules for the behavior of people in a particular new life situations .

The purpose of moral standards is to enable people to determine the degree to which their actions conform to society's recognized ideas of good and evil, justice and injustice. These norms arise spontaneously, exist, as a rule, in oral form, reflected in the minds of people. Morality is formed and maintained by society itself, corresponds to the level of its development, to those social ideas that have developed historically and prevail in society. Moral norms are fulfilled only by those people for whom the rules contained in them are authoritative. So, the process of implementing these norms depends on the level of awareness, development and education of a particular person.

Moral principles are broader concepts, they are have a universal character and are usually formed as mottos, commandments, codes, according to which you need to behave not only in a particular life situation, but also in deep system of social relations. These include provisions such as “do not steal”, “do not lie”, “respect your neighbor”, “honor your father”, etc.

The moral culture of a person is embodied in the relationship of a person with other people, and the moral culture of a society is determined by the number of cultivated individuals.

The main moral concepts are:

• good andevil: opposite but related qualities. Good - positive, creative, harmonious quality of personality; evil - aggressive, selfish, destructive state of personality. A good person means good, an evil person means bad. The basic concepts of morality also include:
• duty — the need to obey a more significant will than one's own when fulfilling moral obligations;
• conscience - an internal prosecutor, "the own court of a just person", in other words, the correlation of a person's actions with generally recognized norms of morality;
• humanism - human recognition supreme value. The main feature of humanism is expressed in the so-called "zolot of rules of morality", which is formulated like this: treat others the way you would like to be treatedflirt with you. Or, as the Bible says, "love your neighbor,as yourself".

Morality is the basis of love, marriage and family. The relationship of people in society is regulated not only by moral norms, but also law .

Unity and differences of law and morality

There is unity and interrelation between morality and law:

• morality and law perform a regulatory function in society, that is, they are aimed at the social ties of a person;
• morality and law have similar structures, standards and principles;
• morality and law must correspond to each other and affirm the principles of goodness and justice in society;
• morality and law should not oppose each other.

At the same time, there are differences between morality and law:

• law- this is the sum of laws, regulations, regulations sanctioned by the state;
• moral standards- "sanctioned" only by public opinion , that is, they are formed in the process of direct communication between people;
• law always specific and unambiguous in interpretation (for example, the "Criminal Code");
• moral standards allow different interpretation and perception depending on the ethnic, religious and other characteristics of society;
• law form rules of conduct in the form of rights and obligations;
• moral standards exist not only in the form of rights and obligations, but also in the form of general principles, goals, slogans, etc.;
• law provided by state coercion;
• moral standards provided by habit, inner conviction, moral, public influence and other non-state methods.

Significant differences between law and morality allow society and the state to flexibly use the most appropriate means for a particular situation in the process of regulating social relations. So, for example, the obligation to give way to elders in public transport is moral in nature, and the obligation to pay for travel is legal.

So, morality and law have a common purpose in the process of regulating social relations and different impact and significance in ensuring the systemic nature of society.

Law in the system of social norms

Law is a system of obligatory, formally defined rules of conduct, established or sanctioned by the state and protected by the power of the state, which regulate the most important social relations.

Right called the social and legal claims of people: the right to life, the right to freedom, the right to work and education, etc. These are the so-called natural human rights century . Law, reflecting the moral attitudes of society, contributes to the legitimization of certain moral principles and the gradual narrowing of the scope of those of them that have lost their relevance.

The hallmarks of law are:

• expression of the general will. According to G. Hobbes, law is a product of the will of those who have power over others. For K. Marx, “Law is the will of the rulingclass",
• Normative regulation of public relations, that is, the law prescribes to a person: “do this, and not otherwise.” The rules of law are universal and binding. ("The law is harsh, but it is the law").
• Determination of the measure of freedom of human behavior. This means that the law expresses the measure of accessibility, the reality of the rights and freedoms of the individual and the measure of the permissibility of restricting freedom. The principle of freedom was formulated in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: "freedom consists in the ability to do everything that does not harm another."
• The cornerstone of law is that it mustachetanavlivaetsya, sanctioned and supported by the statedonation. Within the framework of a separate state, it acts as state will. AT real life this means that the state ensures the implementation of recognized and valid legal norms, since there are no other ways to elevate the general will of citizens into law.

The functions of law in society are as follows:

• bind members of society by legal bonds in the form of legal relations;
• coordinate the various interests of people, communities, organizations;
• fix economic fundamentals human activities (property rights);
• regulate by means of laws positive rules of conduct in order to consolidate and develop social relations;
• protect generally significant public and personal relations of citizens (with the help of prohibitions, sanctions and legal liability).

Law as the embodiment of social justice

Purpose of law - the implementation of one of the highest moral values ​​of universal human significance - justice.

The purpose of law as the embodiment of social justice is manifested in the fact that:

• law is based on the principles of humanism and justice;
• the rights and obligations of the subjects are in a relationship of fair reciprocity;
• the very process of developing law is characterized by the provision of just institutions of democracy;
• law ensures the equality of subjects in the process of exercising and protecting their rights, as well as establishing their obligations;
• law balances social interests different groups existing at the level of society;
• the law establishes the most expedient and fair means, forms and types of liability aimed at restoring violated rights, as well as the interests of society;
• performing a humanistic function, law provides an opportunity to implement in the specific behavior of people those principles of justice that most fully correspond to the level of development of society and the state.

So, by giving the subjects of law equal opportunities, imposing equal duties and establishing equal responsibility, law acts as a means of ensuring justice in real social practice.

The concept of political and legal culture

A look at the state and law as a historical achievement of civilization, their assessment from the standpoint of humanism and justice caused active use in the legal science of two interrelated concepts - "political culture" and "legal culture".

It comes from the Latin word "cultura", which translates as "tillage", "education", "development", etc. Today it mainly refers to a system of material and spiritual values ​​created by mankind, a kind of historical experience, which is passed down from generation to generation and influences people's behavior accordingly. The social purpose of law is detailed in the legal culture.

Political culture is defined as historical experience, memory social groups and individuals in the political arena that influence their political behavior.

This experience in a generalized form contains achievements both in the field of international relations as well as in domestic politics. On the one hand, political culture is part of the entire culture of society, on the other hand, it is associated with a particular political system.

Political culture can be characterized as the qualitative state of the political life of society and the degree of maturity political system society.

At the same time, political culture reflects not only objective political institutions, but also political views, ideas, ideas, feelings that characterize the attitude of the bearers of political culture to political life.

Legal culture, by analogy with the previous concept, can also be defined as a historical experience that influences the behavior of social groups and individuals, but already in the field of law.

Sometimes legal culture is understood in a somewhat simplified way - as a category indicating the level of understanding, recognition and conscious implementation of legal prescriptions. Based on this, the legal culture is divided into:

• public inherent in society;
• group characteristic of some social group;
• individual characteristic of the individual.

A certain level of legal culture is achieved with the help of objective and subjective factors. The objective ones are the conditions for the development of society, and the subjective ones are legal education .

The main tasks of legal education

Legal education is the activity of legal and individuals, purposefully influencing the legal consciousness and legal behavior of citizens.

The task of legal education is to ensure that, on the basis of common legal education goals, each person has formed:

• correct legal orientation and respect for laws;
• conscious choice of lawful behavior options;
• respect for law enforcement agencies;
• a sense of personal responsibility and awareness of the inevitability of punishment for an offense;
• critical attitude to violations and violators of the law;
• the need for personal participation in the fight against offenses;
• confidence in the need for legal norms for the normal functioning of society and its members;
• conscious habit of keeping the law.

Thus, legal education should influence the mind and feelings of a person, suggest to him the ways of correct behavior in a given life situation. Legal education directs the behavior and actions of people within the framework of the requirements of legality. That is why, along with the formation of legal consciousness, raising the level of legal culture of young people, legal education works for such an important social function as a warning of violations.

References:

1. Afonin V. A., Afonin Yu. V. Theory and history of culture. Tutorial for independent work students. - Lugansk: Elton-2, 2008. - 296 p.

2. Fundamentals of law: Prob. assistant for grade 9 mid. zahalnosvit. school / Ed. I. B. Usenka. - Kiev: Irpin: WTF "Perun", 1997. - 448 p.: il. — Ros. my

3. Fundamentals of jurisprudence. 50 lesson notes according to the program of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Grade 9 - Donetsk: Center for the preparation of applicants, 2003. - 328 p.

Ethics Question #8

Conscience - this is one of the oldest intimate-personal regulators of human behavior. Conscience is understood as a special moral and psychological mechanism by which we evaluate our actions and thoughts, realize and experience their inconsistency with the requirements of duty.

As a category of ethics, conscience characterizes a person's ability to exercise moral self-control, internal self-assessment from the standpoint of the compliance of his behavior with the requirements of morality, independently formulate moral tasks for himself and demand from himself their fulfillment.

A lawyer, conducting proceedings on a case or performing other functions, acts in an area that affects the vital benefits of people, faces many conflicts, and is faced with the need to make responsible decisions, often in difficult moral situations. And only employees with a developed sense of conscience, capable of correctly, self-critically and fundamentally judging their motives and actions, can effectively fulfill their high mission and maintain the prestige of their profession and personality.

Conscience includes:

– internal(rational and emotional) assessment of the moral dignity of their intentions and actions taking into account the moral norms and ideals of the given personality acquired by the personality, acting as its internal "law" and "judge";

– a sense of personal moral responsibility for one's behavior before people, society and oneself.

Forms of manifestation of conscience can be : moral satisfaction, doubts, indecision, remorse, repentance, confession and, as a result, shame. Shyness, shyness, internally connected with sacrifice and compassion, the ability to forget oneself for the sake of a lofty goal are characteristic features of Russian culture.

Question number 9.

Honor and dignity are a form of moral self-awareness. They tell us about the special value of the human person. The concepts of honor and dignity develop in the history of culture in unity and parallel to each other.

As a category of ethicshonour means the moral attitude of a person to himself and the attitude towards him on the part of society, those around him, when the moral value of a person is associated with the moral merits of a person.

Honour is an assessment of a person in terms of the norms of a social group. Therefore, there are such concepts as the honor of an officer, the honor of a judge, the honor of a scientist, doctor, entrepreneur, etc. A sense of honor encourages you to do certain things in order to achieve primacy, a high appreciation of your activities precisely within the social group to which a person belongs. The concept of honor is associated with mandatory requirements for members of this community, strict standards of behavior, which are called the “code of honor”.

If the concept of honor is associated with the desire to achieve high marks from others, then dignity denotes a combination of high moral qualities, as well as respect for these qualities in oneself and in others, colleagues. It obliges to perform moral deeds, to conform one's behavior with the requirements of morality.

concept personal dignity is based on the principle of equality of all people in moral terms, is based on the equal right of each person to respect, the prohibition to humiliate his dignity, regardless of what social position he occupies.

Dignity acts as an element of moral culture, having, however, moral character. On the one hand, dignity is a moral value and, as a result, is most directly related to morality. At the same time, dignity is also related to law, since the protection of dignity is carried out on the basis of legal acts specially developed and fixed in the legislation.

There is a right to honor and dignity; the right to have an opinion and express it without fear of persecution; the right to free thought; the right to dissent; the right to opposition; the right to national dignity; the right to know everything about the life of their state without ridiculous censorship restrictions; the right to the need for human cultural life; the right to protect their human and civil rights -

In the Civil Code of the Russian Federation adopted October 21, 1994 , to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the court decision, a special article 152"Protection of honor, dignity and business reputation."

Moral norms are similar to legal norms in that both of them play the role of the main mechanism by which human behavior is regulated. are unwritten laws that have developed over the centuries. In law, however, laws are enshrined legally.

Moral culture

Moral norms, values ​​are the practical embodiment of morality. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they determine the consciousness and characteristics in all spheres of life: life, family, professional activity, interpersonal relationships.

Moral norms are a set of rules that determine human behavior, the violation of which causes damage to society or a group of people. They are formulated as a specific set of actions. For example:

• you need to give way to those who are older;
• say hello when meeting another person;
• be generous and protect those who are weaker;
• arrive on time;
• speak civilly and politely;
• wear certain clothes, etc.

The Foundation for Building a Healthy Personality

Spiritual and moral norms and values ​​make up the image of a person who is perfect in the sense of conforming to the pattern of piety. This is the portrait to strive for. Thus, the ultimate goals of this or that act are expressed. In the form of an ideal, such an image as Jesus in Christianity is used. He tried to lay justice in human hearts, he was a great martyr.

Moral rules and norms play the role of personal for a particular person. The personality sets its own goals, in which its positive or negative side is manifested. Most people strive for happiness, freedom, knowledge of the meaning of life. Moral standards help them regulate their moral behavior, thoughts and feelings.

Morality functions in society as a combination of three structural elements, each of which represents one of the aspects of morality. These elements are moral activity, moral relations and moral consciousness.

Morality past and present

These phenomena began to appear for a long time. Each generation and community of people formed its own understanding of good and evil, own ways interpretation of moral norms.

If we turn to, we will see that there the moral character was considered as an invariable phenomenon, actually accepted in the conditions of absence. The man of that time could not between acceptance and non-acceptance of the prevailing trends, he had to unconditionally follow them.

In our time, unlike legal norms, moral norms are more considered as recommendations for achieving happiness for oneself and the surrounding society. If earlier morality was defined as something given from above, prescribed by the gods themselves, today it is something similar to an unspoken social contract, which is desirable to follow. But if you disobey, in fact, you can only be condemned, but not called to real responsibility.

You can accept moral laws (for your own good, because they are useful fertilizer for the sprout of a happy soul), or you can reject them, but it will remain on your conscience. In any case, the entire society revolves around moral norms, and without them its functioning would be incomplete.

Variety of moral standards

All moral norms and principles can be conditionally divided into two groups: requirements and permissions. Among the requirements are obligations and natural duties. Permissions can also be divided into indifferent and overdue.

There is public morality, which implies the most unified framework. There is an unspoken set of rules that operates in a particular country, company, organization or family. There are also settings in accordance with which a separate person builds his line of behavior.

In order to know the moral culture, not only in theory, but also in practice, you need to do the right things that others will accept and approve.

Perhaps the value of morality is exaggerated?

It may seem that following the norms of morality shackles a person into a narrow framework. However, we do not consider ourselves prisoners using the instructions for this or that radio device. Moral norms are the same scheme that helps us build our lives correctly, without conflicting with our conscience.

Moral norms for the most part coincide with legal norms. But there are situations when morality and law come into conflict. Let's analyze this issue on the example of the norm "do not steal". Let's try to ask the question "Why does this or that person never steal?". In the case when the fear of the court serves as the basis, then the motive cannot be called moral. But if a person does not steal, based on the belief that theft is bad, then the act is based on moral values. But in life it happens that someone considers his own that, from the point of view of law, is a violation of the law (for example, a person decides to steal a medicine in order to save the life of a loved one).

The Importance of Moral Education

Do not wait for the moral environment to develop by itself. It also needs to be built, cognized, that is, to work on oneself. Simply, along with mathematics and the Russian language, schoolchildren do not study the laws of morality. And, getting into society, people can sometimes feel as helpless and defenseless as if they went to the blackboard in the 1st grade and were forced to solve an equation that they had never seen before.

So all the words that morality fetters, enslaves and makes a slave out of a person are true only if moral norms are perverted and adjusted to the material interests of a particular group of people.

social hunger strike

Nowadays, the search for the right path in life worries a person much less than social discomfort. Parents care more about their child becoming a good specialist than happy man in future. It becomes more important to enter into a successful marriage than to know true love. Giving birth to a child is more important than realizing the true need for motherhood.

For the most part, moral requirements do not appeal to external expediency (if you do this, you will succeed), but to moral duty (you need to act in a certain way, as this is dictated by duty), thus having the form of an imperative, considered as a direct and unconditional command.

Moral norms and human behavior are closely interrelated. However, thinking about the laws of morality, a person should not identify them with the regulations, but fulfill them, guided by his own desire.

"Spiritual education" - Kruzhkovaya. Know the world and yourself! Moral norms and rules. Stock. Spiritual and moral education is one of the lines of development of a preschooler. Do not be lazy and do not look for excuses for your weaknesses! Games. 1 page - informational: Children's project activity. What advice would you give to such parents? Patriot. Understanding and definition of empathy and empathy by a preschooler.

"Spiritual life" - Labor. Reasons for the appearance of art: Magic. Spiritual life in Russia has always been distinguished by its originality. What is art? Art and spiritual life. Main features. Game. Features of art. Spiritual Life Trends modern Russia. Biologonization. Labor is the source of art. 5. Individuality of perception, i.e. "every man to his own taste".

"Spiritual singing" - New chants that arose in the 16th century on the basis of Znamenny singing. I want to believe that there is a future life.” Saint John of Damascus (676-780). The samples for songs 1-3 of the canon were: “The Savior sang that we should sing in a similar way” St. John Chrysostom. The great Russian composer M.I. Glinka about sacred music:

"Spiritual culture" - Spirit "commands" the soul! Material values ​​- ? Spiritual culture. Why is religion one of the forms of culture? How to understand the statement "the priority of education"? The inner world of man: body, soul, spirit. Spiritual values ​​- ? How is knowledge different from scientific knowledge? What is spiritual values? Self-knowledge is the study, the study by a person of himself.

"Moral test" - Humanity Humanism Morality Morality. 4. Choose the correct answer. Social studies tests for grade 8. Morality is based on: Humanism Responsibility Morality. 3. The criteria of morality are determined by: The period of history The people themselves The policy of the state. on the topic "Personality and Moral Responsibility".

"The Spiritual Life of Man" - "I will not do that. What is entrepreneurship? The spiritual sphere is one of the subsystems of society. What does human dignity? Example. What does it mean to be a spiritually rich, whole person? What rights belong to the owner? 1. Human right to spiritual freedom. Name the types of property relations.

"All people on earth are equal"

The relationship between people at the present time is increasingly becoming tragic. Lies, betrayals, hypocrisy, hatred, anger, arrogance, greed, cruelty - and this is not the whole negative list of what the heart is filled with modern man. And the thing is that people forget to comply. Some don't even know what it is.

Moral standards- this is a set of all types of relationships between people that arise in the process of communication, living together (pastime).

Starting from early childhood, a person develops his own ideas about good and bad; about what is good and what is evil. Of course, the first ideas about moral standards parents lay the child, telling him what is right and what is wrong (or not telling, then the child draws conclusions himself from what he saw and heard). When a child grows up, his parents are replaced by society. And the more parents and (or) society are morally developed, the closer a person is to creating a virtuous personality, healthy family and harmonious society.

But at the present time, a person (and, accordingly, society) is degrading. People stop developing spiritually and forget about moral norms. Their ideas about life are gaining a negative character, which affects their norm of behavior in society.

Morality in the Spiritual Life man is very numerous. Below is a list of some moral standards which a person must observe:
1. Truthfulness. It is very important to always be honest and tell the truth.
2. Reliability and loyalty- a positive spiritual and moral quality of a person, expressing perseverance and immutability in feelings, relationships, in the performance of one's duties, duty. We feel calm when there are reliable and loyal people nearby. So you try to become also a reliable person for other people.
3. Sincerity- the absence of contradictions between the real feelings and intentions regarding another person (or group of people) and how these feelings and intentions are presented to him in words. Sincerity is one of the most difficult qualities and must be taken very seriously. Expressing your sincere attitude to a person “in the eyes”, it is important not to cross the line of politeness. This applies to your negative assessments, which may be offensive or offensive from the point of view of the interlocutor. In this case, it is better to refrain from your negative statements and simply stop communicating with the person who is unpleasant to you.
4. Politeness, correctness- the rules for conducting a conversation and a dispute that characterize the behavior of a person who outwardly shows respect for the people around him. Whatever the nature of your conversation (pleasant or unpleasant), always show respect for the interlocutor. Be correct in your statements and polite to people.
5. Expulsion of vices from the heart. Free your heart from malice, hatred, envy and other vices. Meditation helps a lot with this. Hang out with people who make you happy and inspire you to take positive action. Fill your heart with positivity!
6. Strength moral and physical. Courage is one of the virtues that reflects moral strength in overcoming fear. By developing moral and physical strength, you can easily learn to endure suffering or not experience it at all. Temper your spirit, mind and body.
7. Tolerance and forgiveness- a conscious decision not to do and not to commit all kinds of persecution (punishment). The ability to forgive is characteristic of a spiritually developed person. It is important to remember that in order to learn to forgive - you must first learn not to be offended! And this will help you tolerance. It is also inherent in people with a very developed moral strength. Each person must understand what can be tolerated and why to endure. Sometimes you just need to say goodbye to a person so as not to hurt yourself mentally. And then there will be no need to endure anything, and there will be no one to be offended by.
8. Modesty- a character trait of a person, expressed in the following:
- moderation in all requirements;
- lack of desire for luxury;
- lack of desire to excel, to show oneself;
- observance of the limits of decency;
- degree in communication with other people.
9. Dignity and self-respect- an objective assessment by a person of himself as internally positive or negative to some extent. Develop spiritually and self-actualize. Become a worthy person.
10. The search for wisdom and knowledge, the desire for self-education and intellectual self-improvement. Always learn something new. Read more.
11. Desire to devote all your time and your life to good deeds. Either do it with a good and pure heart, or don't do it at all. If you have already decided to develop spiritually, then kindness is the first thing you should fill your heart with!
12. Generosity- important moral standard person. It consists in openness towards other people, the ability to share with them both your material wealth and your abilities, knowledge, and spiritual strength.
13. Patience- calm transfer of pain, misfortune, sorrow, misfortune in one's own life.
14. Prudent management of your funds. Don't spend money on something that won't benefit you.
15. Sociability, kind attitude towards others.
16. Passion for purity and beauty.
17. Aversion to evil and sin.

Each person is obliged to constantly purify and improve spiritually, morally and physically, striving to become impeccable. People should refrain from actions that can corrupt and destroy the personality. Also, everything that can harm the soul and body should be avoided.

P.S. Extramarital affairs are considered the main source of the complete decomposition of the individual and society, leading to the moral and physical degradation of people.

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