Russian folk crafts for children. Folk crafts of Russia. Epigraphs for the lesson

Folk crafts of Russia

When asked about Russian folk art crafts, a Soviet person always had an answer ready: nesting dolls there, Khokhloma, Palekh, that's all. In the USSR, by the beginning of the 1930s, an interesting situation had developed with regard to arts and crafts. Noble and merchant estates were burned and plundered during the revolution. What of the things survived was taken to museums or sold abroad.

Peasant artels engaged in art crafts ceased their activities due to the collapse of the NEP. Realizing that Russian culture in the field of decorative and applied arts actually ceased to exist, the authorities began to hastily "revive" art crafts by creating state enterprises so that there is something to sell and give to foreigners as souvenirs.

Where the traditional production method was lost or turned out to be too complicated, a simplified Soviet method was invented. Before the war, not all had time to revive. For example, they began to “revive” Gzhel after the war, and therefore the modern technology for the production of Gzhel has nothing to do with pre-revolutionary technology.

gzhel

Gzhel has long been famous for its clays. Extensive mining of various types of clay has been carried out here since the middle of the 17th century. The great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov, who duly appreciated the Gzhel clays, wrote such lofty words about them: we have Gzhel ... , which I have never seen in whiteness more excellent ... ".

Around 1800, in the village of Volodino, Bronnitsky district, peasants, the Kulikov brothers, found the composition of a white faience mass. In the same place, around 1800-1804, the first porcelain factory was founded. The second quarter of the 19th century is the period of the highest artistic achievements of Gzhel ceramic art in all its branches. In an effort to obtain fine faience and porcelain, the owners of the factories constantly improved the composition of the white mass.

Russian wooden painted matryoshka appeared in Russia in the 90s of the XIX century, during the period of rapid economic and cultural development of the country. It was a time of the rise of national self-consciousness, when the interest in Russian culture in general and in art in particular began to show more and more insistently in society. In this regard, a whole artistic direction arose, known as "Russian". The restoration and development of the traditions of folk peasant toys was given Special attention. For this purpose, the workshop "Children's Education" was opened in Moscow. Initially, dolls were created in it, demonstrating the festive costumes of residents of different provinces, counties of Russia, and quite accurately conveying the ethnographic features of women's folk clothes. It was in the bowels of this workshop that the idea of ​​creating a Russian wooden doll was born, sketches for which were proposed professional artist Sergei Malyutin (1859-1937), one of the active creators and promoters of the "Russian style" in art. His nesting doll was a chubby peasant girl in an embroidered shirt, sundress and apron, in a colorful scarf, holding a black rooster in her hands.

Palekh

In the years 1762-1774, the Exaltation of the Cross Church was built in the center of Palekh, painted and richly decorated by Palekh masters. Since the 18th century, Palekh has been the center of icon painting in the traditions of Russian painting of the 15th-17th centuries.

In 1918, a decorative and artistic artel was organized in the village. In the 1920s in Moscow, in the house of A. A. Glazunov, the artist I. I. Golikov painted the first lacquer miniature "Adam in Paradise" in a unique style, which later became known as "Palekh". Since 1924 - the Palekh Artel of Ancient Painting, since 1932 - the Palekh Association of Artists, since 1953 - art and production workshops.

Palekh caskets appeared in the 20s, when the famous Palekh icon painters were left without orders for icons and, in order to feed themselves, they had to come up with a new application for their abilities.

Khokhloma

Khokhloma - old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.

Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in red, green and black on a gold background. When painting a tree, not gold, but silvery tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is covered with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a honey-golden color, giving the effect of massiveness to light wooden utensils.

The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.. An interesting fact is that after the revolution, traditionally handicraft Khokhloma developed in an organized manner on the basis of a painting school opened in 1916 in the city of Semenov by Georgy Petrovich Matveev. Matveev is a notable revolutionary, a member of the RSDLP, who at one time was patronized by Maxim Gorky and the famous industrialist, Old Believer Dmitry Vasilyevich Sirotkin.

Samovars

In Russia, Tula is considered the birthplace of samovars, however, historical facts indicate that the championship belongs to Suksun. In the documents of 1740, a 16-pound copper tinned samovar, made at the Suksunsky plant, is mentioned for the first time. And historians found the first mention of the Tula samovar only in 1746.

There was even a special Suksun form of a samovar - in the form of antique amphoras with high-lifted graceful handles. The samovar became the trademark and symbol of Suksun. At the end of the 19th century, the factory and local handicraftsmen produced up to 60,000 samovars a year.

Suksun samovars, produced in a handicraft way, were real works of art. They were so good that connoisseurs valued them higher than Tula samovars and were sold at the bazaars for fabulous money.

Enamel

Vologda (Usolsk) enamel is a traditional painting on white enamel. The direction appeared in the 17th century in the city of Solvychegodsk, which was then part of the Vologda province, then they began to engage in similar enamel in Vologda. Initially, the main motive was plant compositions (the main element is a tulip) applied on a copper base: the craftsmen depicted floral ornaments, birds, animals, including mythological ones, on white enamel using a variety of colors. However, at the beginning of the XVIII century. the art of multi-color enamel began to be lost, it began to be replaced by monochromatic enamel (white, blue and green). Only in the 70s of the XX century. the revival of "Usolskaya" enamel by Vologda artists began. Production continues to this day.

Rostov enamel - Russian folk art craft; exists since the XVIII century in the city of Rostov (Yaroslavl region). Miniature images are made on enamel with transparent refractory paints, invented in 1632 by the French jeweler Jean Tutin.

Russian folk crafts are a special art that has developed in the cities and villages of Russia, most often represented by figurines or paintings on the theme of folk life or folklore stories. This is the national treasure of the Russian people.

Russian folk toy

Russian toys in the form of people, animals or fairy-tale scenes used to be made for magical and ritual purposes, especially in the North and in the Center of Russia. Some crafts have existed for 700 years, for example, Filimonov's whistle toys, which are made of clay with subsequent paintings. Also, the famous clay Dymkovo toy originates from the 15th-16th centuries, and in the 17th century wooden toys, known as Bogorodsk toys, appeared from the village of Bogorodskoye Sergiev Posad.

The main toys of Russian folk craft:

Russian folk paintings

Traditionally, household utensils could be painted, so ordinary household items had a recognizable national pattern - painting. Of the known methods of painting Palekh , their motives are different - from biblical scenes and the faces of saints to paintings from real life or fairy tales. The style developed in the 18th century. Looks especially good on boxes. Zhostovo painting originates in the village of Zhostovo. It has existed since 1825. The main pattern is flowers. Suitable for painting dishes and wooden spoons. And a unique blue and white Gzhel painting ceramics and porcelain, mainly dishes and figurines.

The main paintings of Russian folk craft:

Russian crafts

Folk motifs in crafts are not only a tradition, but also an adornment of everyday life. Everyone knows some Russian crafts, nesting dolls are wooden dolls of a specific shape different sizes, but there are others: woolen shawls (Orenburg has been famous for them since the 18th century), Tula gingerbread (they are glazed and stuffed with jam or condensed milk) and samovars from P. N. Fomin’s factory, known since 1870 (everyone has heard the proverb about a trip “to Tulu with his samovar”, Kasli casting - specific cast-iron figurines (made in the city of Kasli, Chelyabinsk region).

From time immemorial, the Russian land has been famous for its craftsmen, people who are able to create and create real beauty with their own hands. Through the art of folk crafts, the connection between the past and the present is traced.
Russian folk crafts are represented by the production of porcelain, decorative painting, the manufacture of clay toys, knitting of down scarves, and lacquer miniatures. The soul of the people lives in Russian works of art.

Gzhel
Unusual blue-white porcelain ware captivates the eye, envelops in smoky fog - this is the famous Gzhel - folk ceramic craft. The picturesque Gzhel region near Moscow is located 60 km from Moscow. Gzhel is known and popular not only in Russia, but also far beyond the borders of the country. The blue fairy tale, embodied by the Gzhel masters in elegant teapots, cups, jugs, vases and plates, pleases the eye and warms the soul. The traditional ornament that adorns porcelain products is blue and blue flowers, leaves, cereals, and a Gzhel blue rose. Large dishes are decorated with blue paintings of outlandish birds, depicting everyday scenes. The history of Gzhel porcelain begins in the 14th century with the manufacture of household items, tiles and tiles. Then there was a difficult path to majolica dishes, faience, and in the 19th century Gzhel masters began to make dishes from porcelain. Today Gzhel produces not only dishes, but also toys, fireplaces, chandeliers. Masters paint their products only by hand, putting their skill and soul into every stroke.

Khokhloma
Since ancient times, people have been striving to decorate their homes and household items. In the city of Semyonov, which is located in the Nizhny Novgorod Territory, wooden utensils have been decorated with paintings since ancient times. This is how the "Golden Khokhloma" appeared - the art of painting with paints on wood. The technology of painting with gold paints appeared in the 17th century, and since then outlandish flowers have been living on a golden background - bright scarlet and thoughtful black. Golden ornament adorns wooden furniture. Painted spoons and matryoshka dolls are known all over the world. Today, craftsmen offer not only painted wooden utensils, but also children's furniture, candlesticks, and decorative dishes. A special lacquering technology gives elegance and special brilliance to wood products. Due to the drying of the lacquered product in ovens at high temperatures, the product acquires a special golden-honey hue.
Matryoshka - a wooden toy in the form of a set of several painted dolls, hollow inside, has become a symbol of Russian art crafts. Matryoshka appeared about 100 years ago in the city of Sergiev Posad. Traditional painting of Matryoshkas - outfits of peasant girls of ancient Russia. Modern Matryoshkas “wear” a wide variety of outfits, the colors of paints and painting options make her image unique.

Orenburg downy shawl
Knitted goat down scarves are an ancient craft that originated in the Orenburg region 250 years ago. Scarves self made, bound by the hands of craftswomen, light as a feather, and warm, like the palms of a mother. Downy scarves live for a long time and are passed down from generation to generation, warming with their warmth and the accumulated energy of their ancestors. Russian craftswomen make three types of scarves: shawls, cobwebs and stoles. They are different in shape, knitting density, color and pattern. Downy shawls fulfill not only their intended purpose - to insulate and warm, but they are also an exclusive decoration. Openwork light shawls and white cobwebs will be an adornment for any woman, they will emphasize her grace and delicate taste.

Dymkovo toy
Sloboda Dymkovo in the Vyatka province (now the Kirov region) became the birthplace of a clay toy, painted and fired in a kiln. Dymkovo clay toy is a symbol of Russian craft. Toy craftsmen create various images: riders on horseback, elegant young ladies, painted birds. A clay toy is considered a talisman against evil. Since ancient times, toys in Russia have been participants in ancient rituals. In the forms of toys, paintings and decorative patterns traced the life of the people, the characteristic features of Russian nationality.

Palekh miniature
Palekh is the center of icon painting, located near the city of Ivanovo. At present, the Palekh miniature folk craft has been developed in the city of Palekh to replace the existing school of icon painting. In the painting of lacquer miniatures, the traditions of ancient Russian art and the skill of icon painters have been preserved. Miniature lacquer painting is done in tempera on papier-mâché. Caskets, brooches, ashtrays and pincushions are usually painted in gold on a black background. Russian lacquer miniature is distinguished by the elegance of forms, the mastery of the artist's fine brush, and the poetic nature of images.

The filigree jewelry technique is an openwork or soldered on a metal background pattern made of thin gold, silver or copper wire, smooth or twisted into ropes. Filigree products are decorated with small silver or gold balls (grain) and enamel. Artistic processing of metal - filigree filigree - has been known for a long time. This artistic and applied art appeared in the 9th century. The thinnest wire, skillfully twisted, makes each product unique. A wide variety of types of filigree allows you to create truly examples of art craft. Brazed filigree involves soldering wire and grains on sheet metal, volumetric filigree is used for volumetric items - goblets, vases, trays, openwork filigree - lace made of wire with soldered grain. Filigree openwork filigree burns and shimmers with all the colors of the rainbow, scattering gold, silver and copper sparks around.

Kasli casting
Garden furniture, lattices, tombstones, household items, sculptures made of cast iron and bronze, made at the Kasli iron foundry (Southern Urals), become a work of art. The traditions of Kasli casting are complex technologies for molding and casting products, hand-chasing, and graphic clarity of the silhouette. The plant was built in the 18th century, and since then the iron foundry has been a center for casting highly artistic products. Openwork lattices, ornamented slabs, bas-reliefs and sculptures, plates and candlesticks are not inferior in quality and artistic value to the best world samples. Well-known sculptors and artists, graduates of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, worked at the plant. With their participation, many projects were developed and implemented, incl. production of memorial plaques with portraits, monuments, architectural casting for the Moscow Metro.

September 4th, 2017, 10:26 am

I was looking for a complete list of folk crafts and did not find it. Wikipedia is not complete, so I decided to compile it myself. The structure of the text is a little strange, because it was originally compiled in the form of a table. The structure is composed as follows: Name / Place / Presence of factories, museums / Features.
If you remember more - write, I will add.

Toys
Wooden Toys
1. Bogorodskaya toy. The village of Bogorodskoye, Sergiev Posad district. The factory and museum, although in decline. Wooden toy with movements. Bogorodsk carving is performed using a special Bogorodsk knife "Pike".
2. Mazyk (Shui) toy. G. Shuya, Vladimir region The craft has not survived. Russian folk craft, consisting in the manufacture of toys with an ax. Ofeni did as amulets.
3. The Bird of Happiness. Arhangelsk region. Now produced in many places, even abroad. It is made from a solid bar, chips, without the use of glue and fasteners, by cutting thin petals and a special bending method, the petals of the resulting wings and tail can be connected with threads. Usually made from pine, spruce, fir or Siberian cedar wood.

clay toys
4. Abashevskaya toy. S. Abashevo, Spassky district of the Penza region. In decline. These are whistles depicting animals, often taking on a phantasmagoric fairy-tale appearance.
5. Vyrkovskaya toy. village of Vyrkovo, Kasimovsky district, Ryazan region
Production has been interrupted. The toys were decorated with light brown glaze, as well as household utensils. Modeled toys were dried in Russian ovens in frying pans and covered with liquid glaze, which is a mixture of red lead and vitriol in water. Then the toys were fired in the forges. At the same time, watering streaks conveyed the spotty coloration of animals.
6. Dymkovo toy. S. Dymkovo, Kirov region. In decline. For production Dymkovo toys local bright red clay is used, thoroughly mixed with fine brown river sand. The figurines are molded in parts, individual parts are assembled and molded using liquid red clay as a binder. Traces of molding are smoothed out to give the product a smooth surface. Today, aniline dyes and soft kolinsky brushes are used for painting. The use of a wide range of colors, in which there is a lot of red, yellow, blue, green, scarlet, gives the Dymkovo toy a special brightness and elegance. A strictly geometric ornament is built according to various compositional schemes: cells, stripes, circles, dots are applied in various combinations. The decoration is completed by rhombus toys made of potal or gold leaf, pasted over the pattern.
7. Filimonov toy. S. Filimonovo, Tula region. Museum, only private production. The bulk of the products of the Filimonovo craftswomen are traditional whistles: ladies, horsemen, cows, bears, roosters, etc. Images of people - monolithic, stingy with details - are close to ancient primitive figurines. The narrow bell skirt of the Filimonovo ladies smoothly passes into a short narrow body and ends with a cone-shaped head, which is integral with the neck. In rounded hands, the lady usually holds a baby or a whistling bird. Cavaliers look like ladies, but instead of a skirt they have thick cylindrical legs shod in clumsy boots. The heads of the figurines are crowned with intricate hats with narrow brim. Interesting compositions, molded from several figures, for example, "Lyubota" - a scene of a date for lovers.
painting
woodwork
8. Khokhloma painting. Volga region, Nizhny Novgorod region. Now there are 2 centers: Semenov and Semino. Factories, private. painting school. It is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in red, green and golden tones on a black background.
9. Boretskaya painting. S. Borok, Shenkur district, Arkhangelsk province. Now no place. From the descendants of Martha Boretskaya, who fled to the Northern Dvina.
10. Gorodets painting. City of Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod region
Now no place. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free brushstroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
11. Mezen painting. Lower reaches of the Mezen River, Arkhangelsk region Now no place. The objects are densely speckled with a fractional pattern - stars, crosses, dashes, made in two colors: black - soot and red - "earth paint", ocher. The main motifs of geometric ornament - disks, rhombuses, crosses - resemble similar elements of trihedral-notched carving.
12. Permogorsk painting. Permogorye is a region in the Krasnoborsky district of the Arkhangelsk region. Now no place. The basis of the painting is a floral pattern. Three-lobed curved leaves with sharp tips and tulip-shaped flowers, as well as Sirin birds. In the 19th century, genre scenes from peasant life usually fit into the pattern. AT color scheme dominated by a white background and a red main pattern. The yellow and green background colors are complementary. Of great importance in the painting is a thin black outline. First, a black contour is applied to the white ground with a pen, then it is filled with color.
The range of painted objects is large - wooden and birch bark utensils, cradles, caskets, chests, headrests were covered with painting. Most of all, spinning wheels are painted.

13. P Olkhov-Maidan painting. A number of villages in Nizhny Novgorod region. A toy factory, but more of a family business. From the middle of the 19th century, unpainted turned wooden utensils began to be produced in the village of Polkh-Maidan, which was sold at fairs. Since the beginning of the 1920s, apparently under the influence of similar products of the Sergiev Posad masters, Polkhov-Maidan utensils began to be covered with a scorched outline pattern. Soon, burning began to be painted with oil paints, and in the mid-1930s. aniline dyes diluted in alcohol. Gradually, the burnt-out outline of the drawing is replaced by a more economical and easy-to-implement ink ink.

14. Rakul painting. Krasnoborsky district of the Arkhangelsk region. D. Ulyanovsk. Now no place. In the painting, the main role is played by golden-ocher and black colors, accompanied by green and brown-red. The ornament is very large, mainly in the form of leaves, bushes and birds (magpies, chickens). Not only the outline, but also the details are executed in black. The fishery arose in the middle of the 19th century and began to fade in the 1930s.
On wood with lacquer (lacquer miniature)
15. Master miniature. Mstera village, Vladimir region. Iconography Center. Looks like a factory. Painting has the abstract character of a kind of panel. A characteristic feature of Mstyora painting is carpet decorativeness, diversity and refinement of color shades with the unity of the overall tone of the composition. The color scheme is bluish-silver, ocher-yellow and red. The products combine floral and geometric patterns.
16. Palekh miniature. The village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. Iconography Center. Factory and school, but generally in decline. Typical plots of the Palekh miniature are borrowed from everyday life, literary works of the classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. A number of compositions are based on the traditions of classical art. The works are usually done with tempera paints on a black background and painted with gold.

17. Kholuy miniature. Kholui village, Ivanovo region. Iconography Center. Only a museum. The main difference between Kholuy painting is the use of bluish-green and brown-orange tones.
18. Fedoskino miniature. Fedoskino, Mytishchi district, Moscow Region. A factory and a school where they also study Zhostovo painting and Rostov enamel. The original Fedoskino technique is "writing through": a reflective material is applied to the surface before painting - metal powder, gold leaf or gold leaf, or mother-of-pearl inserts are made. Shining through transparent layers of glazing paints, these linings give the image depth, an amazing glow effect. In addition to miniature painting, products are decorated with “filigree” (an ornament of miniature pieces of foil of the desired shape is laid out on wet varnish), “tsirovka” (scratching a pattern using a pattern on varnish placed over a sheet of metal on the surface of a product), “tartan” (a complex grid , applied with liquid paints with a drawing pen using a ruler), etc.
For metal
19. Tagil painting. G. N. Tagil, Sverdlovsk region. Museum, institute and 6 factories in the Ural cities. Still in decline. Zhostovo's predecessor. In general, a very similar style. Feature - the technique of two-color stroke.
20. Zhostovo painting. Der. Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow Region.
There is a factory. On the rise, although recently still in decline. In the art of the Zhostovo masters, a realistic feeling of the living form of flowers and fruits is combined with decorative generalization, akin to Russian folk brush painting on chests, birch bark tues, spinning wheels, etc. The main motif of the painting is a flower bouquet of a simple composition, in which large garden and small field flowers. The painting is usually done on a black background (sometimes on red, blue, green, silver), and the master works on several trays at once.
By purpose, trays are divided into two groups: for domestic purposes (for samovars, for serving food) and as decoration.
The shape of the trays are round, octagonal, combined, rectangular, oval and others.
21. Enamel. 2 main centers: Vologda and Rostov. In Vologda, multicolored enamel was used. Painting on a metal substrate with enamel. Production of works of art using vitreous powder, enamel, on a metal substrate, a kind of applied art. The glass coating is durable and does not fade over time; enamel products are distinguished by their special brightness and purity of colors.
Enamel acquires the desired color after firing with the help of additives for which metal salts are used. For example, additives of gold give glass a ruby ​​color, cobalt a blue color, and copper a green color. When solving specific pictorial problems, the brightness of enamel can, unlike glass, be muffled.
Porcelain, ceramic, faience products with painting and enamel
22. Gzhel. Gzhel, Ramensky district of Moscow Region. Blossom! Factories and private production. Blue on white. Nowadays, in addition to painting ceramics, painting on wood
23. Sysert porcelain. City of Sysert, Sverdlovsk region. Factory in bloom. Modeling and painting of porcelain items 80% technological process the factory is manual labor.
Products are most often covered with underglaze painting with salts, less often with overglaze painting. Soft brownish-gray and light blue colors predominate. Ornamental themes are often Ural landscapes.
24. Kuznetsov porcelain. G. Likino-Dulyovo, Orekhovozuevsky district of Moscow Region. Kuznetsov acquired many other factories where he used the same technique. Museum and factory in Dulevo. On the rise. Kuznetsovsky porcelain was produced in impeccable technical performance and with exquisite decor. By the end of the 19th century, production became mass, images began to be made with stamps, stencils, layering and decalcomania. Scenes from porcelain paintings of the first half of the 19th century were used for decoration: romantic landscapes, genre scenes, bouquets of flowers framed by a stamped pattern in gold or other paint. Fashionable colors of those years were widely used: blue, pink, lilac and yellow. In addition, the emerging Art Nouveau style was used with images of nymphs, naiads and mermaids. Typical mass-produced porcelain ware was decorated with flat painting with simple plant motifs: roses, daisies with the indispensable addition of tendrils and twigs (the so-called "rokachka").
25. Tavolozhskaya ceramics. Der. V and N Meadowsweet, Sverdlovsk region. There is a factory and private. Black polished ceramics and malachite green. In this technique, fusible enamels are used, applied over high-temperature glazes with copper oxides, which gives the product a unique malachite color. Also widely used is another traditional this region technique - hand-painted with engobes using the fliandrovka method.
26. Skopiska ceramics. G. Skopin. Ryazan region There is a factory. Details of ceramics were formed on manual machine, then they were connected with liquid clay and decorated with relief and indented ornaments, dark brown glaze with the addition of manganese oxide, bright green with copper oxide, thick yellow with iron oxide, and less often blue cobalt. During firing, the glaze grains melted unevenly, spreading picturesquely.
Products are jugs, candlesticks, kvass pots, kumgans, mantel clock frames and small decorative sculptures (dragons, centaurs, fabulous lions, figures of fish, birds and domestic animals). The image of the Osprey bird was special, from whose name the name of the city was derived.
Carving on wood, stone, bone, birch bark
27. Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving. Manor Abramtsevo, Kudrino. Sergiev Posad region. Now there is a factory in Khotkovo. Founded by Mammoths with artists, local peasants took over. Vornoskovsky style stood out in particular.
28. Tobolsk carved bone. G. Tobolsk, a factory where everything is done by hand. Instead of mammoth bone, artificial - tarsus.
29. Ural stone carving. All pre-revolutionary large cities of the Urals. In its heyday, even private production in many villages. To XIX century a certain style of Ural stone carving has developed, a permanent canon for the manufacture of elements in compositions appears. For example, leaves and roots were made from serpentine, Zlatoust jasper, ophit, less often from malachite. Each berry had its own stone. At the end of the XIX-XX centuries. and the 21st century, one of the most popular subjects is the Ural folk tales of P. P. Bazhov. According to his stories, malachite products are made using metals (most often gilded bronze) and placers of various semi-precious gemstones. The most popular of them are the Mistress of the Copper Mountain, Danila the master at work.

30. Shemogod carving. Shemogodsk volost Velikoustyugsky district of the Vologda province. There is a plant and a museum in Veliky Ustyug. Ornaments of Shemogoda carvers, called "Birch bark lace". The pattern of Shemogoda carving consists, as a rule, of a creeping stem with elongated leaves and spirally twisted branches. At their tips are round rosettes, berries, shamrocks. Often, masters introduced geometric patterns from circles, rhombuses - “gingerbread”, ovals, segments into floral ornaments. The composition was built on the principle of clear symmetry. They completed the drawing with a border of leaves, triangles, wavy lines, mesh. Images of birds or animals, architectural motifs, and sometimes even scenes of walking in the garden and drinking tea can be inscribed in this ornament. Another characteristic feature of this carving is the frames with geometric ornaments surrounding the design.
Metal products
31. Scan, filigree, granulation. There is no specific place. Known in Russia since the 9th century! Type of jewelry technology for metal. Openwork or soldered on a metal background pattern of thin gold, silver or copper wire, smooth or twisted into ropes. Filigree products are often complemented with granulation (small silver or gold balls) and enamel.

32. Frost on a tin. Great Ustyug. Lost. Tin processing. A thin sheet of tin was processed in such a way that a durable floral pattern was formed on its surface, similar to that with which frost “paints” windows in winter. The drawing had different shades - gold, orange with mother-of-pearl tints, silver and malachite. Such tin was upholstered with decorative boxes, chests with a secret, sometimes in combination with punched iron.

33. In Yelikoustyug blackening on silver. Veliky Ustyug, Vologda region. Silver items. Ustyug blackening is always quite noticeably different from the works of Moscow and St. Petersburg masters: plot engraving has a lot of weight; the pattern is quite saturated, with much more dense color. The background, made with strokes, forms a kind of grid. Often the image is complemented by carved or chased details. In most cases, the general outline of the object is depicted, without fine detail.
34. Kasli casting. G. Kasli Chelyabinsk region. Cast iron products. Traditions of Kasli casting (graphic clarity of the silhouette, combination of carefully finished details and generalized planes with an energetic play of highlights, coating finished products black paint of a special recipe - Dutch soot) developed in the 19th century.

Crystal products
35. Gusevsky crystal. G. Gus Khrustalny, Vladimir region There is a museum, a factory and a college. There are paintings by Vasnetsov. Opened again since 2013. Focused on individual orders. In decline.
36. Dyatkovo crystal. Dyatkovo, Bryansk region Focused on individual orders. In decline. College and Factory Museum.
37. Pervomaisky crystal. Pos. Pervomaiskoe (Nikolskoe), Smolensk region Crystal products In 2013, the products of the plant were recognized as examples of folk art craft.
Embroidery, sewing, etc.
38. Vednovskaya line. S. Vednoe, Remeshkovsky district, Tver province. Now no place. Differs in the use of small cells. The main color is white, sometimes with a colored lining fabric, with a predominance of flooring, combined with hemstitches. The most famous Vednov hemstitches are “bug”, “column”, “sheaf”, “goat”
39. Vologda lace. Vologda and region. All the main images in the Vologda coupling lace are made with a dense, continuous, uniform in width, smoothly wriggling linen braid, “vilyushka”; they clearly stand out against the background of patterned lattices, decorated with inlays in the form of stars and rosettes
40. Vyatka (Kukar) lace. Center in Sovetskoye (former Kukarka) Kirov region Only private artels now. Traditional paired dimensional laces of the Kirov region are very diverse in the use of overlays (lace element), simple nets, rhombic motifs and angular zigzag stripes are often found in them. Braids with air loops give them a special pattern. In coupling laces, the central lattices are sometimes more active than the edge ornament. Star-shaped, sharp-toothed shapes are characteristic of Kirov coupling lace, large and medium piece items. Intricately patterned dynamic floral and leafy ornaments predominate, the decorative expressiveness of which is largely created by the different density of weaving of the parts of each element.
41. Yelets lace. Yelets, Lipetsk region Factory and private production. Blossom! Yelets lace is thinner and lighter than Vologda lace.

42. Kadom veniz. Pos. Kadom Ryazan region Now a factory. Type of Russian needle embroidery in white on white, combined with lace. Rollers are made on a sewing machine, and then the bridles that tighten the rollers are cut out by hand. Lace weaving is carried out on these breeches. This is the main difference from weaving on bobbins.

43. Mtsensk lace. G. Mtsensk, Oryol region Museum and studio. Opened lace school. A distinctive feature is the use of geometric motifs. Compared to Vologda lace, the pattern is less dense and saturated, there are almost no background gratings, so the pattern is more airy.
44. Orenburg shawl. Orenburg region. Factory and private Embroidery Three types: shawl, gossamer and tippet. The cobweb and stole are very thin, like cobwebs, scarves. Thin cobwebs, as a rule, have a complex pattern and are used as decoration.
45. Orlovsky spis. Oryol Region. There is no separate factory. The list includes a combination of "setting" and "painting". The contours of the composition are outlined by a "tambour stitch".
The predominant color is red and its shades, achieved due to the density of the flooring of various "branques" - patterned fillings inside the contour. Blue was also added, and later (XX century) - black, yellow, green.
The characteristic features of the Oryol copy are the unusual outlines of the pattern and big variety branok: "stack", "crow's eye", "bag with a poker", "wave", "fragments", "pine", "horseshoe", etc.
46. Pavlovo Posad printed shawls. G. Pavlovsky Posad, MO. Factory.
On the rise, a large assortment, many shops. The design of Pavlovsky Posad shawls developed from standard designs typical for the fabrics of the Moscow region and ascending to oriental shawls (“Turkish pattern”).
In the 1870s, there was a trend to expand the range of handkerchiefs with naturalistic floral motifs. Preference was given to garden flowers, especially roses and dahlias.
At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, the final design of the style took place: a three-dimensional image of flowers collected in bouquets, garlands or scattered across the field of a scarf on a black or red background, sometimes with the addition of an ornament and stylized plant elements. Scarves were made of translucent or dense woolen fabric.

47. Torzhok golden embroidery. City of Torzhok, Tver region. School, factory. Now emblems for the army and church vestments. In the 19th century, for dense fabrics, mainly the “forged seam” and the “attachment” seam along the flooring were used. The most characteristic were floral patterns, the main motif of which was a rose branch with flowers, buds and leaves, complemented by curls, tendrils, sparkles, which softened the transition from the relief ornament to the background. In the late 1940s - early 1950s, elements of Soviet symbols - stars, hammer and sickle - also began to be introduced into floral patterns.

What fresh, bright and lovely bouquets of flowers. Roses - white, tea, Scarlet - opened their delicate petals, peonies flaunt with lush hats, fiery poppies and asters, like big radiant stars, colorful dahlias and some other unfamiliar, unusual, but no less beautiful flowers.

All these wonderful bouquets… are painted on the famous trays from Zhostovo.

Zhostovo art craft is decorative painting on metal trays. The emergence of the craft dates back to the beginning of the nineteenth century, when in the village of Zhostovo, Troitskaya volost (now the Mytishchi district, Moscow region), a workshop was opened for the production of papier-mâché lacquerware with picturesque miniatures. But soon the Zhostovo craftsmen began to make metal trays painted with oil paints and varnished. In 1928, an artel was founded, now the Zhostovo factory of decorative painting.

The Zhostovo craft developed under the influence of the Ural decorative painting, the Fedoskino lacquer miniature, and the porcelain painting of factories near Moscow. But by the middle of the nineteenth century, an original art style Zhostovo masters. Painting subjects - floral, floral ornaments, everyday scenes from folk life, landscapes. Various forms of trays.

Dymkovo toy

The name of this folk craft is associated with the village of Dymkovskaya Sloboda, which is on the outskirts of the ancient Russian city of Khlynov (later the city of Vyatka, now the city of Kirov).

Dymkovo toy is a decorative clay sculpture up to 25 centimeters high. The painting is made on the product burned in the furnace with tempera paints, gilding is applied. Riders, ladies, gentlemen, fairy-tale characters, animals, everyday scenes are depicted. The poses and movements of the Dymkovo toy are somewhat arbitrary, simplified, according to the ancient tradition of making folk toys and sculptures.

Bright, colorful "haze" is popular not only in Russia, but also abroad.

Gorodets painting

This folk art craft developed by the middle of the nineteenth century in the ancient Volga city of Gorodets, known from the annals since 1152. Gorodets was famous for its woodcarvers and skilled shipbuilders. The custom of decorating household items, spinning wheels, shutters of houses, gates with carving and inlay served as the source of the birth of folk craft.

The features of Gorodets painting are pure, bright colors, a clear outline, white strokes that create a conditional volume and picturesqueness. Gorodets masters depict not only floral ornaments, fairy tale characters but also genre scenes. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the fishery was revived. An artel has been operating since 1938, and the Gorodets painting factory has been operating since 1960.

Russian nesting doll

Matryoshka is a real Russian beauty. Ruddy, in an elegant sundress, a bright scarf on her head. But the matryoshka is not a lazy person, in her hands she either has a sickle and ears of corn, or a duck or cockerel, or a basket with mushrooms and berries.

But, most importantly, this doll - with a secret! Cheerful sisters are hiding inside it. Compared to other toys, the wooden young doll is young, just over a hundred years old. For a folk toy, this is not age.

The prototype of nesting dolls could serve as "pysanky" - wooden, painted Easter eggs, they have been made in Russia for many centuries. They are hollow inside, and less is invested in more. At the end of the nineteenth century, in Abramtsevo, according to the sketch of the artist Sergey Malyutin, the local turner Zvezdochkin carved the first wooden doll. And when Malyutin painted it, it turned out to be a girl in a Russian sundress, in a headscarf, with a cockerel in her hand. According to legend, when someone saw the doll, laughingly exclaimed: “How similar to our Matryona!”. Since then, this toy has been called a matryoshka.

Matryoshka is one of the most popular Russian souvenirs. In the Moscow region, mass production of nesting dolls began in Sergiev Posad in 1890, and already in 1900 a toy from Russia was international exhibition in Paris was awarded a gold medal.

Soon, nesting dolls began to be made in other regions of the country, for example, in the city of Semenov, in the village of Polkhov-Maidan, on Vyatka land, in Bashkiria and Voronezh.

Today, the traditional art of matryoshka is experiencing its second birth. It's just that her appearance has changed.

Khokhloma painting

Already in the 17th century, fairs were held in the village of Khokhloma, where they traded wooden painted utensils made in the villages and villages of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory.

Khokhloma painting is distinguished by a characteristic combination of gold with black, red, green, sometimes brown and orange. The image of plants, berries, fruits, birds and fish form a whimsical patterned ornament. The secret of the “gold” of Khokhloma is the use of an aluminum (formerly silver or tin) coating, a drawing and varnish are applied on top. The product is dried at a temperature of 100-120 degrees. Under the influence of temperature, the varnish acquires a yellowish tint, and through it the aluminum layer sparkles with “gold”.

Modern Khokhloma products - dishes, furniture, souvenirs - are created by the masters of the Khokhloma Artist factory and the Khokhloma Painting association in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Gzhel ceramics

Gzhel is one of the most famous folk art crafts in Russia. Gzhel craft unites two dozen villages and villages near Moscow. Since the 14th century, pottery has flourished in this area. Since the middle of the 18th century, Gzhel masters have mastered the production of majolica with multi-color painting on a white background. The painting was often supplemented with sculptural images of people, animals, and birds.

In the nineteenth century, Gzhel became famous for its faience and porcelain. Since that time, painting in cobalt blue on white has prevailed. A variety of products with a "signature" floral pattern, sculptures amaze with the imagination and skill of artists who have preserved folk traditions. Today, Gzhel ceramics is known all over the world and still adorns our lives.

Skopino ceramics

Skopinskaya ceramics as a folk art craft gained fame from the second half of the nineteenth century. Archaeological research confirms that in the 12th century in the area of ​​​​the city of Skopin, Ryazan region, pottery already existed.

The peculiarity of Skopino ceramics is that, as a rule, handmade products are complemented by stucco images of birds, fish, and fantastic animals. A magnificent floral ornament makes Skopino ceramics a real work of art. It is covered with colored glaze of brown, green or yellow tone.

In 1934, an artel was founded, since 1976 - Skopinsky factory of ceramic products.

Filimonov toy

This folk craft is associated with the village of Filimonovo, Tula region. For a long time in these parts, dishes were made from local light pottery clay. The appearance of the Filimonovo toy is striking in its originality, unusual forms. According to experts, the original, ancient traditions of folk culture are preserved in the Filimonovo toy.

The figurines are somewhat elongated, three or four colors predominate in the painting. The painting itself is an alternation of horizontal stripes on a white, yellow background. The ornament is dominated by circles, rosettes, triangles, zigzags, dots. Faces on toys, small details are barely marked, like in ancient, pagan idols. Sizes of toys from 3-5 to 25-30 centimeters. For the most part, these are whistles.

Filimonov toys are unpretentious. But the toy pleases - it means that good hands made it.