Presentation on the topic of lake biocenosis. Presentation on the topic "biocenosis". E great species diversity

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Biotic community?

Biocenosis (community) - a set of plant and animal species that coexist for a long time in a certain space and represent a certain ecological unity.

Biogeocenosis is an evolutionarily formed, spatially limited, long-term self-sustaining homogeneous natural system in which living organisms and their environment are functionally interconnected. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms, together with their physical environment, united by the exchange of substances and energy into a single complex.

Biogeocenosis is determined by the boundaries of a phytocenosis and can only be a terrestrial community Ecosystem is a broader concept, it can be applied both to a natural community and to an artificially created one (aquarium, garden, field, kitchen garden)

Structure of biogeocenosis (ecosystems) Atmosphere Lithosphere (soil) Hydrosphere Phytocenosis (plants) Zoocenosis (animals) Microbiocenosis (microorganisms)

Biosphere?

Homework §5.1, ex. 172

Composition and structure of the community

The composition and structure of the community The composition of the biogeocenosis is represented by species diversity - the number of plant, animal and microorganism species that form the community.

Factors affecting the species diversity and richness of the biocenosis Geographical position (from north to south, the number of species increases)

2. Climatic conditions (in warm and humid conditions, more species live in the community)

3. Historical factor (the older the community, the greater the number of species it is) 4. Type of community Tundra Tropical forest

5. The presence of species - environment-forming (pines suppress, oak increases the number of species next to it)

Community structure Morphological structure - a set of certain life forms and their ratio Life forms of plants Life forms of animals, inhabitants of water bodies

Plant life forms Trees Shrubs Herbaceous plants

Life forms of aquatic animals Plankton - organisms that float freely on the surface of the water Nekton - organisms. Living in the water column, capable of active movement Benthos - a set of organisms that live on the ground and in the soil of the bottom of reservoirs.

Plants in relation to water Hydrophytes "hydro" - water Hygrophytes "hygro" - moisture Mesophytes "meso" - medium Xerophytes "xero" - dry

Spatial structure Vertically Horizontally Layered (ground and underground). In each tier, only certain organisms are found that are adapted to the conditions of the tier. Heterogeneity of open structures (natural elevations and depressions of the relief, different level humidity, oxygen concentration, pressure, etc.)

Layered

Trophic structure

Trophic structure Producers - green plants and photosynthetic algae and microorganisms - producers of organic matter

Trophic structure Consumers are organisms that are consumers of organic matter in the food chain (all heterotrophs). Consumers of the first order are herbivorous animals. Consumers of the second order are predators.

Decomposers are organisms that decompose the complex components of the dead cytoplasm, reducing them to simple organic compounds.

Tasks for consolidation Biocenosis is presented. Show its morphological, spatial and trophic structure (make a food network) Option 1. "Pond": bottom algae, mud on the surface of the water, duckweed, water lily, crayfish, crucian carp, frog, water strider bug, snail - reel, pike, bream fry, frog caviar, snake, dragonfly 2 option. "Broad-leaved forest": oak, poplar, barberry, burdock, strawberry, mouse, owl, weasel, snake, leaf beetle, worms in the soil, magpie, titmouse, butterfly, lizard, caterpillar.

Homework § 5.1, 5.2, question. pp. 158, 149.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Development of the lesson "Composition and structure of the armed forces of the world community"

The lesson is designed for 90 minutes of working time. Provides home training for students. Contains reference notes and maps - assignments....

Updating of basic knowledge

• 1. Define a population.
• 2. What determines the interaction of populations?
• (Determines the nature of the functioning of the natural community - biocenosis)
• 3. What is a natural community?
• (a set of plants, animals, microorganisms adapted to the conditions of life in a certain area, affecting each other)
• 4. What examples of natural communities can you give?
• (forest, steppe, desert, river, sea)
• 5. Name examples of artificial communities.
• (field, garden, park, garden)

Motivation of students' activities

• “…the accumulation of knowledge is like the growth of a tree…”
• (Vinson Brown)
• In this lesson, a powerful stem of biological knowledge of each of the students will grow with a new branch of knowledge about a complex natural system - biocenosis.

Introduction to a new topic

• Decoding of new terms: "biocenosis", "dominant species", "tiered"
• Learning objective of the lesson:
• find out the structure of the biocenosis,
• the position of the species in the biocenosis,
• to establish the reasons for the stability of the biocenosis

Learning new material

• 1. Biocenosis as a supraorganismal level of life organization
• What reasons determine the species composition of the biocenosis?
• What types of interaction exist between organisms in a community?

Make a scheme "Biocenosis"

• Make a scheme "Biocenosis"

• Plants
• (phytocenosis)

• Animals
• (zoocenosis)

• Micro-
• organisms
• (micro-
• biocenosis)

2. Species structure of biocenosis

• 2. Species structure of biocenosis
• Independent work with textbook.
• Read the text of the textbook "The species structure of the community", consider fig. 59, 60.
• Analyze the curve of the ratio of species by abundance in the biocenosis.
• Make a conclusion.
• (according to these indicators, all species that form a biocenosis are divided into dominant and rare - both are important in communities)
• (the higher the species diversity, the more stable the biocenosis)

3. Distribution of species in space

• 3. Spatial structure of the community
• Working with fig. " An example of layering in the forest"

• Tiers
• big trees
• small trees
• shrubs
• Herbs and shrubs
• Mosses and lichens
• bedding

4. The ecological niche of a species is the totality of all living conditions necessary for the existence of a species. Student's message about forest insects Small group work

• Exercise 1
• Give evidence of the correctness or inaccuracy of the interpretation of the proverb of ecological patterns of the relationship of organisms in the community
• “A man cuts a birch, and the wood chips hit mushrooms and berries”
• Task 2
• What helps plants adapt to life in a single community?
• Task 3
• Compare the number of tiers in different forest biocenoses: in a mixed forest, in spruce, in a cereal-clover meadow
• Z assignment 4
• From the proposed list of organisms, make the "floors" of the forest

Homework

• Study § 15
• Task 1, 2 according to the options to § 15

Reflection

• Complete the sentences.
• 1. The most interesting thing for me was ...
• 2. I liked…
• 3. I would like...
• 4. I felt at the lesson ...
• 5. I was ...

Natural and artificial biocenoses

teacher: Anchukhina T.S.

• Expand the concept of "biocenosis";
• What does artificial and natural biocenosis mean;
• To study the components of biocenosis

BIOCENOSIS -

bios - life

koinos - common

set of interrelated

between themselves

living organisms,

living in the area

Types of biocenoses

Natural

artificial

Types of biocenoses

Natural

artificial

(made by man)

• Water
• Steppe

• Aquarium
• Garden

Tropical forests are the richest in species. Here at 1 m 2

account for several hundred thousand plants and animals.

The stability of biocenoses is ensured by layering.

• Spatial

layering

• Temporary

layering

tiered (by floors)

1. Spatial layering is characteristic of both animals and plants. Each tier is mastered by individuals of its own species, but this does not prevent different animals from being in other tiers. However, the main stages of animal life take place in certain tiers. For example, bird nests are located in some tiers, while foraging may occur in others.

Layering in the biocenosis

The stability of biocenoses is ensured tiered (by floors)

2. Temporary layering occurs in connection with the peculiarities of nutrition, the construction of nests and houses, and reproduction. For example, the timing of the arrival of birds depends on the availability of food. In addition, in cases of prolonged cold weather, birds do not start building nests and laying eggs for a long time.

In natural biocenoses, the species composition is preserved for a long time, and certain relationships are established between different species.

Biocenosis

Producers

Consumers

decomposers

Fizminutka. One two three four. We studied biofamilies, learned a lot of new things, and got a little tired. We turn our eyes, shake our heads. Hands, legs pulled, Good sigh, Bent over once and twice. Doesn't your head spin? Well, since everything is all right with you, Let's work in a notebook.

Homework

Textbook § 53, learn new words with definitions, RT from 133 No. 5,6,7

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Biogeocenoses and biocenoses. Presentation by Klimova Irina Genrikhovna teacher of biology I qualification category MOU secondary school No. 11 of the city of Severouralsk, Sverdlovsk region

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Tasks: to study the structure of biogeocenoses and biocenoses, to consider indicators characterizing a biocenosis, to identify the productivity of biocenoses, to develop the ability to highlight the main thing, to draw conclusions. *

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Academician Vladimir Nikolaevich Sukachev - Soviet botanist, arborist, geographer. In (1880-1967) 1940 he gave a definition of biogeocenosis. *

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Biogeocenosis of coniferous (left) and mixed forests. Biogeocenosis is a biocenosis that is inextricably linked with inorganic components (soil, moisture, atmosphere, etc.). *

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Biocenosis of fresh water. Biocenosis is a community of plant and animal organisms inhabiting a part of the biosphere with homogeneous conditions of existence. *

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Within an ecological system, organic matter is produced by autotrophic organisms (eg, plants). Plants are eaten by animals, which in turn are eaten by other animals. This sequence is called a food chain; each link in the food chain is called a trophic level (Greek trophos "nutrition") *

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An example of a grazing chain (eating) Plant sap Aphid Ladybug Spider Insectivorous bird

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There is another group of organisms called decomposers. These are saprophytes (usually bacteria and fungi) that feed on the organic remains of dead plants and animals (detritus). Animals - detritivores can also feed on detritus, accelerating the process of decomposition of residues. Detritophages, in turn, can be eaten by predators. Unlike pasture food webs that start with primary producers (i.e. living organic matter), detrital food chains start with detritus (i.e. dead organic matter).

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The bodies of dead plants and animals still contain energy and "building material". These organic materials are decomposed by microorganisms, namely fungi and bacteria, living as saprophytes on organic residues. Fallen trees and branches can decompose for many years. A very significant role in the decomposition of wood (and other plant residues) are played by fungi that secrete the enzyme cellulase, which softens the wood, and this allows small animals to enter and absorb the softened material.

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Here are two typical detrital food chains of our forests (decomposition): Dead animal fly frog grass litter Earthworm thrush Sparrowhawk

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Biocenoses are characterized by certain indicators that have a quantitative expression: Species diversity - the number of plant and animal species that form a biocenosis. Density of species populations, i.e. the number of individuals of a given species, calculated per unit area or unit of biomass. Biological productivity - the rate of biomass production. Distinguish between primary and secondary productivity. *

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 2 Biocenosis (from the Greek. bios - life, koinos - common) - a historically established set of interconnected populations of plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms inhabiting an ecologically homogeneous habitat. The term biocenosis was first used by the German hydrobiologist K. Möbius in 1877.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 3 Karl August Möbius (German Karl A. Möbius, February 7, 1825, Eilenburg April 26, 1908, Berlin) German zoologist and botanist, one of the founders of ecology, the first director of the Natural History Museum in Berlin. In the years Möbius studied the ecology of the habitat of oysters, mainly in order to find out the possibility of oyster farming in the coastal zones of Germany. On this subject, Möbius wrote two works: Oyster and Mussel Farming in the Coastal Waters of Northern Germany (published in 1870) and Oysters and Oyster Farms, in which he summed up his research on oyster farming in Northern Germany is practically impossible. Möbius described in detail the interactions of various organisms living on the coasts, and introduced the concept of "biocenosis", which became the key term of synecology.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 6 The habitat of the biocenosis is called a biotope. Biotope (from the Greek bios - life, topos - place) - a piece of territory with homogeneous environmental conditions. The term "ecotope" is sometimes used in ecological literature. Ecotope - a complex of abiotic factors environment without the participation of living organisms.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 7 Phytocenosis (from the Greek phyton - plant, koinos - general) - a plant community in a certain area, changing both during the year and over the years. Zoocenosis (from the Greek zoon - animal, koinos - general) - a set of animal populations inhabiting a particular biotope. Mycocenosis (from Greek mykes - mushroom, koinos - general) - community various kinds mushrooms. Microbocenosis (from Greek micros - small, koinos - general) - a set of populations of viruses, bacteria and protists.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 10 The structure of the biocenosis is maintained in time and space due to various relationships between populations. Connections are made to satisfy certain needs one population at the expense of another population. Connections in the forest biocenosis

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 12 Trophic connections (from the Greek trophe - food) - connections between populations, when individuals of one population receive food at the expense of individuals of another population. This can occur by eating individuals, feeding on dead organic residues or waste products of individuals of another species.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 15 Topical connections (from the Greek topos - place) - connections between populations, when individuals of one population use individuals of another population as a habitat or experience their influence on their habitat. Birds use trees and shrubs as nesting sites.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 17 Phoric connections (from the Greek. fora - carrying) - connections between populations, when individuals of one population participate in the dispersal (distribution) of individuals of another population. The term proposed by V. N. Beklemishev (1951). Animals act as carriers. The transfer of seeds, spores, pollen by animals is called zoochory, the transfer of other, smaller animals is called phoresia (from Latin foras - out, out). The long-tongued leaf-bearer feeds. Plants use everything from bees to bats to carry pollen and seeds.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 18 Animal phoresia is distributed mainly among small arthropods, especially among various groups of ticks. It is one of the ways of passive dispersal and is characteristic of species for which the transfer from one biotope to another is vital for conservation or prosperity. For example, many flying insects - visitors to accumulations of rapidly decomposing plant debris (animal corpses, droppings of ungulates, heaps of rotting plants, etc.) carry mites, migrating in this way from one accumulation of food materials to another. Dung beetles sometimes crawl with raised elytra, which are not able to fold due to ticks densely dotting the body. Phoresia Phoresia of ticks on insects: 1 - the deutonymph of the uropod tick is attached to the beetle with a stalk of hardened secretory fluid; 2 - phoresia of mites on ants. It's interesting to know!

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 19 Zoochory The transfer is usually carried out with the help of special and various devices. Animals can capture plant seeds in two ways: passive and active. Passive capture occurs when the body of an animal accidentally comes into contact with a plant whose seeds or fruit have special hooks, hooks, outgrowths (sequence, burdock). Their distributors are usually mammals, which sometimes carry such fruits on wool over quite considerable distances. An active capture method is eating fruits and berries. Indigestible seeds are excreted by animals along with litter. It's interesting to know!

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 20 Examples of phoric relationships Not only birds are engaged in the distribution of plant seeds, but insects, in particular ants, play a huge role here. There is even a special term myrmecochory, which refers to the spread of plant seeds by ants. Some tropical bats feed on nectar. The flowers bloom a lot of cactus / psi at night and exude a strong smell that attracts bats. Pollen is transferred to the fur of the animal. Many plants, such as (Luffii acutangula), have bright large flowers that attract insects. Mature pollen sticks to the body of the insect and is thus transferred from one flower to another.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 21 Factory connections (from lat. fabriso - to make) - connections between populations, when individuals of one population use the secretions or dead parts of the body of individuals of another population as material for building nests, burrows, shelters, etc. For example, beavers build beaver huts from tree trunks and branches. Some birds line their nests with moss, fallen leaves, dry grass, feathers and down, etc. beaver hut finch nest

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 22 Birds use dry twigs, grass, fluff, wool to build nests. For example, storks build nests from tree branches and line them with dry grass. Examples of factory relationships Ants use the litter of coniferous trees as the main building material for anthills.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 23 The species structure of the biocenosis is the species diversity of the biocenosis and the ratio of species by their abundance. Species diversity Species richness is the total number of species living in a biotope. Each species in the biocenosis is represented by a population. Species saturation is the number of species per unit area or unit volume of a biotope.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 24 The ratio of species by their number. In any biocenosis there are species that prevail in number and occupy large area biotope areas. These species are called dominant or dominant. For example, in a pine forest it is a pine, in a birch grove it is a birch.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 25 Dominants that participate in the formation of the environment for the entire community (environment-forming species) are called edificatory species. The edificators of the raised bog are sphagnum and cranberries, steppes - feather grass, oak forests - oak, etc. Sometimes animals can also be edificators: beavers form beaver landscapes, ungulates form steppe landscapes, etc. Sphagum and cranberries are edificators of raised bogs.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 26 Depending on the percentage of individuals of a given species in total strength individuals of the biocenosis - the degree of dominance, they are divided into categories: subdominant species - these are quite numerous and often found in the biotope species, but noticeably inferior in number to the dominant ones; small species are species with a small number, occasionally found in a biotope; rare species are species with very small numbers, found only in certain places of the biotope; random species are species that are atypical for a given biocenosis, and are represented here by single specimens.

Biocenosis. Biocenosis structure 27 Spatial structure of biocenosis Vertical structure (tiered) Horizontal structure (mosaic) The spatial structure of biocenosis is the regular arrangement of species in the biotope, both in vertical and horizontal directions.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 30 Layered Above ground Underground In a deciduous forest, it usually includes five plant layers. The 1st tier is formed by trees of the first size (oak, birch, etc.). Tier II includes trees of the second magnitude (bird cherry, mountain ash, etc.). Tier III is an undergrowth of shrubs (hazel, buckthorn, euonymus, etc.). Tier IV is represented by tall grasses and shrubs (ferns, nettles, etc.). The V tier is made up of low grasses and shrubs (blueberries, lingonberries, strawberries, etc.). Due to the different depths of the root system. The number of tiers in it is less than in the ground. The underground layers include: litter, root space and mineral layer. In the litter, the transformation of dead organic matter into humus (humus) begins. Here are mosses, mushrooms, lichens, ants, beetles, snails, spiders, worms.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 33 In the vertical direction, under the influence of vegetation, the microenvironment changes, including not only evenness and temperature increase, but also a change in the gas composition due to changes in the direction of carbon dioxide flows at night and during the day, the release of sulfur dioxide by chemosynthetic bacteria, etc. Changes in the microenvironment contribute to the formation and a certain layering of the fauna from insects, birds and up to mammals.

Biocenosis. The structure of biocenosis 34 Animals are confined to certain tiers of phytocenosis. The 1st tier is inhabited by leaf-eating insects (inhabitants of the crown of trees). The second layer is inhabited by birds and stem pests (bark beetles, barbels, borers). In the III and IV tiers there are ungulates and carnivores, some rodents. Tier V is rich in various centipedes, ground beetles, bumblebees, ticks and other small animals.

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 36 Epiphytes are extra-tiered organisms Epiphytes (from epi... and Greek phytón plant), plants that settle on other plants, mainly on branches and trunks of trees, as well as on leaves, the so-called epiphylls, and receive nutrients from the environment environment. The moist warm regions are the richest in them, especially tropical forests, in which both lower and higher epiphyte plants (mainly from the orchid and bromeliad families) are found. In epiphytes, in the process of evolution, adaptations have been developed to capture water and minerals from the air. It's interesting to know!

Biocenosis. The structure of the biocenosis 37 Horizontal structure of the biocenosis (mosaic) In addition to layering in the spatial structure of the biocenosis, there is a mosaic change in vegetation and wildlife horizontally. Areal mosaic depends on the diversity of species, their quantitative relationship, and on the variability of landscape and soil conditions. Mosaic can also arise artificially as a result of deforestation by humans. A new community is being formed in clearings. Mosaic in the forest biocenosis