In our vast country, rich in various natural materials and multinational human resources, over time a host of new handicrafts. Even the crafts borrowed from the "neighbors" acquired a certain uniqueness, motives, characteristic, at times, only in a certain area. The folk crafts of Russia are our heritage, which you must know and honor in order to preserve the traditional Russian culture and bring a lot of new things to it.

Artistic folk crafts need a separate description. There are innumerable types of crafts, but not all manufactured products are highly artistic. But here the border is very blurred, if it exists at all. Let's figure it out.

The lack of a clear definition of crafts and art products only means that fewer and fewer people are dealing with this issue. - the creative activity of artisans, aimed at creating unique and inimitable items using their hand tools, skills, ingenuity and inner sense of beauty. Accordingly, artistic products are the result creative work craftsman.

Why do I put creativity at the head of everything? I believe that as soon as products begin to be stamped, copied, they automatically cease to be artistic. How unpleasant it is for me to see copies of the same subject in the art store! It's stamping! The artist is always in search, he cannot have the same picture. Like any craftsman, each product is unique. The craftsman is able to define his work among the variety of seemingly identical items.

So, I was approached with a question by the master, who saw the photo image of the product in the gallery on the site. I took this photo in kindergarten his native village. The master identified his work and together we found out how this item could have ended up on my site.

Let's summarize. Among any craft, one can single out separate artistic directions, any art craft may be lost along with the creative vein. I'm not saying that the conveyor is bad. He also has a place, but you can not lose the craving for creating something new, unique.

Classification of types of crafts

You are already familiar with some types of crafts. Of course, you have heard about products made of birch bark, wood, metal. So, the types of folk crafts are primarily formed from product material. This includes the processing of metal, wood, stone, clay and other materials.

Another gradation of types of folk crafts is already narrower than the previous one - division by processing method of this or that material. In this article we will consider several main types of craft. In the future, this article will be supplemented with more detailed information, but for now it will only be a brief introductory material.

I don't think there is a clear division, and some crafts can only be relatively formulated. In addition, now the types of folk crafts in Russia have been supplemented with new directions. I don’t know whether it is already possible to call handicrafts that have taken root in our time a traditional craft. But back to what I know. I will build a list of craft types exactly the way I wanted: the main sections by the name of the material, and the subcategories - by the method of processing. All of these species can be artistic folk crafts.

1. Tree

There are many riches in the vastness of the Russian land. One of the available ones is undoubtedly wood. It is available not only because it covers most of the territory, but also in terms of processing methods. Agree, for some types of processing you do not need complex devices and fixtures. Hence the variety of types and subspecies of crafts associated with the use of wood.

• Woodcarving. There are several types of woodcarving:
  • Flat thread (contour, bracket, geometric, etc.);
  • Embossed carving ( relief carving, deaf, Kudrinskaya, etc.);
  • Through thread (cut and saw);
  • Sculptural carving (3D);
  • House carving (can combine several types);
• Milling. Processing on lathe, cutter;
• Birch carving;
• Birch bark embossing;
• Tues manufacturing;
• Souvenir production(amulets, jewelry, accessories, toys and pictures);

2. Metal

When the metal and its properties were discovered, a technological revolution took place. Many household items and tools were replaced with metal ones. This did not displace other materials, by no means - it made it possible to process them more efficiently. And thanks to the properties of the metal, the range of artisan products has multiplied several times. Metal processing is technically much more complicated than wood, but it's worth it. this moment metal processing methods can be clearly formulated:

• Forging;
• engraving;
• Chasing;
• blackening;
• Casting;
• Filigree(soldered, openwork, voluminous);
• Milling. Processing on a lathe, milling cutter.

3. Clay

A natural material that has received no less distribution than wood. This type of material suffers from a small number of types of processing, which also affects the variety of clay products. Most of the products are utensils, and the rest are sculptures and souvenirs. But the plasticity and ease of processing of the material, along with accessibility, allow a small number of types of products to give the most incredible shapes.

• pottery;

4. Stone.

Very difficult to process. Due to the rarity of some materials, difficulties in processing - such a high cost of products. Take a sculpture. The works of art of the Middle Ages are priceless, although they are made of marble or plaster. The number of craftsmen is much less than the number of, say, wood carvers. And not every stone is suitable for processing. Nevertheless, stone products, whether it be a precious stone or a huge granite, are truly impressive and delightful.

• Sculpture;
• Thread;
• Gypsum(ebb of reliefs and three-dimensional figures);

5. Bone

Bone carved caskets are amazing. Intricate patterns and plots can be considered endlessly. But the distribution of this type of folk craft is highly dependent on the territory. Not every bone is suitable for processing, not all animals have the necessary valuable body parts, and all this is aggravated by the fact that many animal species are rare and subject to protection.

• Thread;

6. Thread

Few types of folk crafts can be called exclusively female. Working with a thread can be classified as one of them. Making products from a thread is associated with incredible perseverance and concentration. When creating the most complex patterns and objects, one cannot do without arithmetic and cutting skills, since loops love counting, and most products are clothes that are subject to certain important requirements of fashion, convenience, practicality and beauty.

• Knitting;
• Weaving;
• Lace;
• Embroidery;

7. Skin

Leather products are becoming rarer and rarer. The price and the possibility of replacing with artificial polymers affected the spread of this type of craft. I don’t remember seeing a real work of art made of leather, made by hand, lately. Nevertheless, in recent times this material was used to manual creation artistic products. Ordinary objects were mainly decorated with inserts of multi-colored leather, compositions and patterns were created.

• Manufacture of clothes and shoes;
• Embossing;
• Thread;

Often, craftsmen combined several types of crafts in one product. So, birch bark tuesas could be decorated with embossing, carving, painting, as well as their wooden covers, carved stone was enclosed in a metal frame, and clay products were supplemented with various materials to create bizarre compositions.

This is not a complete list of types of crafts. There are a lot of subspecies, the features of which got their roots both in relation to the nationality of the peoples, and geographical location, and even species of animals and plants, common near the villages of masters.

We will try to consider many of the listed folk crafts using examples and master classes that reflect the features of technologies and methods of work. And I ask you, my dear reader, for a favor: if there is an opportunity to contribute to the development of traditional crafts and arts and crafts, be sure to tell others about it. You can do it on this resource. A site about folk crafts is looking for talents.

Folk crafts folk crafts

One of the forms of folk art (in particular, the manufacture of products arts and crafts). The traditions of folk art are rooted in antiquity, reflecting the peculiarities of the labor and everyday life, aesthetic ideals and beliefs of a certain people. The motives and images of folk art have been preserved almost unchanged for centuries, being passed down from generation to generation. Products of folk craftsmen (ceramics, fabrics and carpets, products made of wood, stone, metal, bone, leather, etc.) are designed primarily to bring beauty and joy to everyday life. In Russia, the most popular were Gzhel ceramics, painted with blue colors on white; Dymkovo clay toy; Vologda lace, Gorodets wood painting, lacquer miniatures of Palekh, Kholuy, Mstyora, Khokhloma, Veliky Ustyug blackening on silver, etc.

With the development of mass industrial production many ancient crafts and crafts fell into decay. In con. 19 - beg. 20th century on the wave of interest in the national past in many countries, the revival of folk art crafts began. In Russia, traditional crafts were deliberately cultivated in workshops Abramtseva and Talashkino. Nowadays, craftsmen working in the traditions of folk crafts create both unique works of art and sketches for the production of mass industrial products.

(Source: "Art. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia." Under the editorship of Prof. A.P. Gorkin; M.: Rosmen; 2007.)

See what "folk crafts" are in other dictionaries:

One of the forms of folk art, the production of art products. History Folk arts and crafts date back to antiquity, to domestic crafts and village crafts. Later ... ... Wikipedia

- ... Wikipedia

One of the forms folk art(in particular, the manufacture of decorative and applied arts). Many folk art crafts have their roots in ancient times, when home crafts and rural crafts developed ... ... Art Encyclopedia

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

FOLK ART CRAFT, one of the forms of folk art, the production of folk art products (in particular, the production of works of decorative art). They go back to antiquity, to home crafts and rural ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

One of the forms of folk art, the production of folk art products. Folk arts and crafts date back to antiquity, to home crafts and village crafts. Later, those working for the market were formed ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Folk art crafts- Products of Czech folk crafts. FOLK ART CRAFT, one of the forms of folk art, the production of folk art products (in particular, the production of works of decorative art). They go back to antiquity, to ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Folk art crafts- Nar. creativity, including the manufacture of household items that have the character of decorative works. appl. arts: embroidery, ceramics, carpet weaving, woodworking, stone, metal, bone, leather, lace making, etc. N.H.P., as a rule, ... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

One of the forms of folk art (in particular, the manufacture of products of decorative applied arts (See Decorative applied art)). Many N. x. etc. have their roots in ancient times, when they developed ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Folk art crafts- one of the forms of folk art (in particular, the manufacture of lace and lace products, embroidery, knitting, etc.). Many N.H.P. have their roots in ancient times, when home crafts and rural ... ... Encyclopedia of fashion and clothing

Books

• Folk crafts, Clients Alexey Evgenievich, The History of Russia series is the only series of books for children that most fully reveals to the young reader the whole unique world of Russian history. The series has been produced since 1998 and… Category: History Series: History of Russia Publisher: White City,
• Folk crafts, Alexey Evgenievich Clients, Bely Gorod Publishing House presents a new book for young and middle-aged children, part of the History of Russia series, beloved by many readers. The book Folk crafts is dedicated to ... Category:

Russian folk craft combines a huge layer of culture. The peculiarity of our country is also that almost every corner, region or autonomous region have their own kind of needlework. It could be a painting various materials, clay products and toys, lace weaving, pastries and much, much more.

painting

Since ancient times, Russia has been famous throughout the world for its artists. Such patterns, which were performed by our masters, could not have been invented by any European artist. Over time, even separate directions and schools have developed that continue the traditions of our people.

It is almost impossible to list all types and techniques of painting in Russia. There are so many of them, and each carries certain features of the area and culture. The most famous Russian folk art crafts are:

• Gzhel. These blue patterns on white porcelain are known throughout the CIS and abroad. Initially, dishes made of special white clay were used for personal needs. Over time, it spread throughout Russia and even began to be used for "pharmaceutical needs." The original and memorable pattern on white dishes appeared much later - at the end of the 19th century.
• Artistic folk crafts - Khokhloma. This is another of the well-known symbols of Russia. This thought is already about 400 years old. It originated in Nizhny Novgorod. The peculiarity of the drawing is that various berries, flowers, birds and animals are depicted on a tree or dishes. In this case, predominantly red and black paint on a gold background are used. Sometimes green and yellow are used.
• Gorodets painting. This craft is unique in that different types of wood were originally used in its technique: one is light, the other is dark. Cut out parts were inserted into special recesses and a peculiar pattern was obtained. Later they began to use tint. In almost every picture, the main element is a horse with a beautiful elongated neck.

In addition to these techniques, which use artistic crafts and folk crafts, there is also a huge number of murals, which all of Russia is proud of to this day. They are a symbol of our country and a source of its pride. These are Zhostovskaya and Fedoskino and much more.

pottery

As you know, the Russians were mostly settled and hard-working people. In everyday life, a variety of clay dishes. Therefore, such a Russian folk craft was popular in those days - pottery.

Few people know that initially only women were engaged in this. And only much later this trade completely passed into the strong hands of men.

As a rule, they were engaged in this craft in places of natural accumulation of clay. As a rule, villages and settlements were formed near them. The secrets of pottery have been passed down from generation to generation.

Novgorod, Smolensk, Ryazan, Gzhel, Vologda and many, many others became the most famous districts in Russia, which were famous for their craftsmen who made wonderful products from clay. Usually, these were areas located near rivers and lakes.

Not only dishes were made from clay. Various toys, figurines, whistles, decorations and interior items were widely used. A vivid example of this is the folk crafts of Gzhel. Initially, various ceramic tableware. Now in any souvenir shop in Russia you can find a ceramic product with a signature unique blue pattern.

AT Nizhny Novgorod region pottery originated in the 16th century. One of its centers was the village of Bogorodskoye. Until now, there is a festival of masters and fans of this craft.

In the central part of Russia, clay tiles were widely known and used. Such art required special skill and endurance. The houses of wealthy boyars, as well as many churches and cathedrals, were decorated with clay cashiers.

Weaving and lace

This is practically the same traditional art for Russia as painting or woodcarving. However, this ancient Russian folk craft carried magical functions. After all, Slavic clothes are not only a way of protection from cold and bad weather, but also good way once again protect yourself from any evil eye, damage or disease.

That is why the pattern on the products of Russian masters is so important. For many centuries, it has not changed much. At the same time, it is also the calling card of every nation living in Russia. They also contain information about its development, about important events and heroes.

The most famous were such handicrafts:

• Royal items. In the Middle Ages, this craftsmanship was very much appreciated and often in the homes of rich boyars and princes one could see embroidered embassy tablecloths, patterned fabrics and special linen. The masters of Kadashevskaya Sloboda and Khamovnikov of the Moscow Region gained the greatest fame. Items from Cherkasovo and Breitovo in the Yaroslavl region were also valued.
• Down scarves. These products, like nesting dolls or Khokhloma, are calling card Russia. Orenburg downy shawls have gained the greatest popularity. For the first time, they became known at the dawn of the 18th century. They are made from soft and warm goat down, as well as silk, cotton and other threads taken as a basis. Half-woolen and woolen Pavlovo-Posad printed shawls are also known.
• Lace making. For the first time, this folk craft became widespread in the 17th century. Lace is made by hand using wooden bobbins. At the same time, they have special grooves for threads. It is with the help of these sticks that the craftswomen weave the necessary patterns. The original centers of lace-making in Russia were Vologda, the Mikhailovsky district in Ryazan, the Sovetsky district in the Kirov region and the Yelets district in the Lipetsk region.

Like many folk crafts in Russia, weaving and lace-making in the Soviet period and today is practically not developed. There are quite a few craftsmen left who could completely recreate the technique and patterns according to ancient customs.

blacksmith craft

Russia has always been famous for strong and healthy people. It is not for nothing that blacksmithing has become one of the most honorable and revered crafts among our ancestors. It was about these strong and hardy people that legends circulated and epics were compiled, as about the pride of the people and their heroes.

Iron was known to our direct ancestors - the Slavs. And already in the XI century, this Russian folk craft was most widespread. Even the largest principalities were located precisely near the deposits of ore and clay.

Usually blacksmiths independently mined and processed metal. At the same time, the forging technique itself practically did not change until the 19th century. First, a piece of metal was heated with a forge, and then the metal was compacted with a hammer and all slag was removed.

Craftsmen made not only swords. They gave people locks and keys, axes and knives, nails and needles, boilers, weights and much, much more.

The main centers of blacksmithing in Russia were the city of Zlatoust, which was valued and revered by our tsars as the capital of weapons, Pavlovsky prison, Siberia, the city of Belev and many, many others. It was these places that glorified blacksmithing and forever included it in the folk crafts of Russia.

Wood and bone carving

Another ancient, but not completely forgotten craft. For our people, everything has its own sacred meaning. Even in ordinary everyday items, the ancestors tried to use special things. It was for this that various folk-applied crafts existed. Products made from natural materials were especially valued: stone, bone or wood.

In addition to the fact that various household items, art crafts, etc. were made from them, the facades of buildings were decorated with the help of carvings, sculptures were made, etc.

The following folk crafts have gained particular popularity:

• Shemogodskaya slotted birch bark. This art originates in the Vologda region. Birch bark, despite its apparent fragility, is a fairly strong and durable material. Vologda craftsmen make a variety of baskets, dishes, tuesas, jewelry, and even shoes and clothes. The peculiarity of these products is that a natural floral ornament, leaves and berries, flowers and stems are intertwined with the traditional pattern.
• Varnavinskaya bone carving. This is the art of folk crafts of Nizhny Novgorod masters. It arose on the basis of a special one performed on a tree. The peculiarity of such products lies in the absolute originality and individuality. After all, each item is made by hand, without any templates and stamps.
• This extraordinary art craft became widely known in the 19th century. Using this technique, they made ladles, dishes, vases and caskets, as well as any items of home decor and household items. The peculiarity of these products is the predominance of various curls, rosettes, twigs, tinting and polishing of wood.

In addition to these folk crafts, Russia is rich in craftsmen who can do more than simply apply patterns to stone, bone or wood. They seem to complement the natural pattern of the material. own work. That is why these products become so unusual and unique.

Folk crafts: toys

The main thing for any family is the continuation of the family. That is why children have always been given special attention. They were watched, trained and, of course, played with. In order to entertain the child, they made special crafts: from leather, fabric, wood, stone, etc.

Russian folk crafts for children:

It is endless to list all the famous and ancient dynasties that have dedicated their skills to children. And each toy had its own character, special features that were not characteristic of the rest.

glass production

This is one of the hardest and most interesting activities at the same time. In Russia, glass-blowing craft appeared not so long ago - in the 18th century. Its founder was Prince Menshikov. And, despite the fact that initially foreigners were invited to the production, later the occupation turned into our national Russian folk craft.

The city of Klin became the center of glass-blowing production. It is there that now you can get to the fabulous exhibition of Christmas toys and decorations. Why this particular town near Moscow? This region is rich in deposits of the most valuable sand for glassblowers - quartz, without which production is impossible.

Another place known throughout the country is Gus-Khrustalny. This town owes its name to an old glass-blowing factory founded in the 18th century and owned by the famous Russian businessmen Maltsov.

Now this wonderful factory produces a wide variety of products from this fragile material. These are wine glasses and glasses, vases and shtofs, as well as interesting souvenirs and even interior items.

Modern exhibitions of folk crafts

Now the main thing for many Russian crafts and craftsmen is to continue to develop. Popularity is the key to success. After all, the more people know and appreciate the craft, the better, the more orders the masters receive.

In addition, handicrafts help the new generation to understand the history and culture of their own country. It is not only interesting and informative, but also a lot of fun, especially for young children. After all, almost every our product uses bright colors, funny drawings with funny characters.

As a rule, in places where the production of certain crafts is concentrated, annual fairs and exhibitions are held. It is here that craftsmen bring their best products for display and sale.

The most famous and interesting fairs today:

• Exhibition of folk crafts "Rook". It takes place in Nizhny Novgorod every year. Artistic crafts are presented here not only by local masters, but also by the best craftsmen of Russia. This event takes place in mid-December.
• Ethnomir - masters and crafts. This exhibition takes place in the Kaluga region in September. It brings together the best masters of Russia and the world. Within the framework of this festival, very interesting and informative master classes are also held for everyone.

Solovetsky craft fair. This annual event is visited by craftsmen from Yaroslavl, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod and other craftsmen cities and villages. Folk crafts - Khokhloma, toys and Gzhel are especially appreciated by visitors.

In addition to these fairs, there are many others that gather a huge number of people and contribute to the revival of long-forgotten folk crafts.

Knife craft

Artistic metalworking was widespread throughout almost the entire territory of Russia. And in different regions, entire centers for the production of knives, dishes, and various cutlery appeared.

Nizhny Novgorod masters were especially famous for their skill. The Pavlovskaya Sloboda became the center of artistic metal craft. The first reminder of it appeared in the 16th century. Then this art of folk crafts spread to other districts and regions. For example, this is the village of Vorsma. The art and skills of the local craftsmen were known far beyond the borders of Russia. During the years of the USSR, this place became the official capital of the Knife Industry.

Russian knives were decorated with a wide variety of materials: from bone to mother-of-pearl and jasper. A special engraving was displayed on them, which served not only as an ornament, but also as a kind of industrial brand.

One of the most famous houses that made these folk crafts a family affair and passed on technology and craftsmanship secrets from father to sons were the Ptitsyns, Zavyalovs and Biryutins. Their products made a huge impression at trade fairs in Philadelphia, London, Berlin and Paris.

Jewelry in Russia

This is one of the most valuable and sought-after folk crafts of our people. Until now, the products of ancient Russian masters amaze the mind and imagination of visitors and experts of numerous museums and exhibitions. Jewelery is notable for the fact that it is based on many artistic crafts and folk crafts. This is forging, carving, painting and much, much more.

Jewelry accompanied a Russian person from birth to death. Even a baby was wearing some kind of beads, and the girls' ears were pierced at the age of 6-8 years. Boys, as a rule, relied on one earring. In addition to these jewelry, a variety of bracelets, rings and precious rings, clasps and more were popular among the people. The most common materials in Russia were gold, silver and pearls. Later, during the development of active trade relations, rubies, emeralds, sapphires and garnets appeared.

Despite the fact that foreign masters were often invited by Russian princely houses, Russia had many of its own heroes. These are Gavrila Ovdokimov, who made the lid of the shrine for the deceased Tsarevich Dmitry, Moscow masters Ivan Popov, Tretyak Pestrikov and Afanasy Stepanov.

The centers of the jewelry craft were the central regions, which gave rise to folk crafts - Gzhel, artistic forging and painting, etc., Nizhny Novgorod, Veliky Ustyug and many others.

Acquaintance with folk art crafts (NKhP) of Russia will help to better understand the spirit and culture of the peoples of our country.

Folk art has evolved over the centuries through the efforts of masters of many generations. The secrets of craftsmanship were passed down from father to son. When making any thing, the folk craftsman not only thought about its practical purpose, but also did not forget about beauty. Beauty and usefulness in his work have always been inseparable. Is it possible to link folk art with a word like well-being? And if so, what well-being you can speak? The master puts a particle of his soul into the product that he creates. Isn't this good?

Work is good if it is useful and has a soul.

It is not that expensive that red is gold, And that is expensive that the master of the good.

You can fall in love with Russia only when you see all the beauty of the shy Russian nature, let the tragic and heroic history of the Russian people through your soul, marvel at the beauty of architectural ensembles and touch with your heart the wonderful creations of the Russian people.

Folk crafts and crafts of Russia

1 group- carving and painting on wood

1. Khokhloma is an ancient village, lost in the wilderness of dense Volga forests. Together with its history, the birth of art known throughout the world goes back to the distant past - Khokhloma painting. In the 17th century, a number of villages, together with Khokhloma, passed into the possession of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Perhaps already at that time, the production of gilded wooden utensils was born in Khokhloma. Wooden utensils have been used by Russians since ancient times. But it is inconvenient to use unpainted wooden utensils: wood absorbs liquid and quickly becomes dirty.

Khokhloma painting technique is associated with hot processing of products and requires great experience and skill. The work is very labor intensive. White unpainted dishes are first dried and then covered with a liquid layer of clay, which closes the pores of the wood. After drying, the items were smeared with raw linseed oil and put in the oven all night. Then they were carefully covered with drying oil, dried again. This operation was repeated 3-4 times. The entire surface of the object was rubbed with finely ground tin powder so that the wooden thing took on the appearance of a metal one. On the oiled surface, a pattern was applied with a thin brush with black and red paint. The painted thing was again oiled and put to harden in the oven, under the influence of high temperature the varnish darkened, and the silvery powder under the layer of varnish acquired a golden sheen. In the paintings of Khokhloma, images of plant forms or the so-called grass ornament, associated with the painting traditions of Ancient Russia, predominate. Despite the recent emergence of new centers Khokhloma painting, the leaders are still "indigenous": a factory in the village of Semino, Koverninsky district and an association in the city of Semenov, Nizhny Novgorod region.

2. Born 30 kilometers from Khokhloma Gorodets painting immediately chose its course. Gorodets paints blazed with the whole palette. Khokhloma paints were heated and subjected to heat treatment. Gorodets painting is cold. Berries, leaves, flowers - at Khokhloma; plot pictures of "philistine life" - at the Gorodets painting.

3 . One of the oldest in time of occurrence near Moscow fishing wood carving located in the village of Bogorodskoye. Here at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. began to carve a toy out of wood. In the 19th century, multi-figured compositions appeared in the toy, and the images of the figures themselves became more dynamic. Linden, alder or aspen wood has long been used to make toys.

From the beginning of the emergence of the Bogorodsk craft, local handicraftsmen made only separate parts for the Posad toys, from which the Sergievites assembled whole toys. Then the Bogorodsk people began to make toys "in linen", i.e. without painting them, and in this form they delivered them to the toy makers of Sergiev Posad, who painted the toys and put them on sale. The Bogorodsk fishery has an active tendency to develop. The cadres of craftsmen are trained at the local vocational school and art school, located in the Zagorsk region.

4. In the mid 90s. In the 19th century, the wife of the Russian philanthropist I. Mamontov brought from Japan a wooden turning detachable doll, which was a figurine of an oriental sage. The brought doll interested the members of the Abramtsevo circle, and it was decided to create their own, Russian Matryona, modeled on a Japanese toy. It is believed that the first samples of nesting dolls were painted by the artist S. Malyutin and turned by the turner V. Zvezdochkin. Russian Matrena was featured on world exhibition in Paris. Matryoshka appeared in Sergiev Posad in 1902. The Malyutinskiy version of the matryoshka painting became a model for mass repetition.

Group 2- artistic ceramics

1. To the southeast of Moscow is the former volost center - Gzhel. I associate the origin of this name with the word "burn", which is directly related to the local craft. Clay products were necessarily fired in a kiln at a high temperature.

Gzhel was first mentioned in written sources in 1339 in the Spiritual Diploma of the Russian prince Ivan Kalita. In the middle of the 17th century, white-burning clays were discovered in these places. These clays were the best suited for apothecary utensils. In the second half of the 18th century, the production of Gzhel majolica was established here - glazed red clay products painted with white, yellow, blue, green and brown paint. The painting was carried out on a soft, unfired shard - this is the name of a formed clay product covered with white enamel.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Gzhel people decided to add lime to their clays, so they got semi-faience. From this moment, the famous blue flowers begin to grow. Leaves and buds on a white background are an exceptional Gzhel tradition that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. The original style of painting with cobalt - blue paint - becomes classic. Thirty different shades, from an almost transparent light blue to a rich dark blue. But the shades of color appeared only after firing, in its raw form the cobalt pattern looks gray-black. Having learned how to make fine faience in 1820, the Gzhel masters began to comprehend the secrets of porcelain. Due to mass production, Gzhel porcelain became available to many. There was a time when the Gzhel craft fell into decline, and factory production also decreased. The reason for this is the war of the beginning of the 20th century, the devastation after the revolution, the lack of raw materials and fuel. By the beginning of the 80s, Gzhel porcelain was gaining recognition in our country and abroad.

2 . Many regions of Russia are famous for clay toys. The most famous toys, of course, dymkovo. They are made in the Dymkovo settlement near Vyatka. Back in the 19th century, many travelers enthusiastically described the funny Vyatka holiday "Whistle". During this holiday, the inhabitants of Vyatka walked, danced, sang and whistled into painted clay whistles.

Dymkovo toys are large, complex, with many details. Clay is specially prepared, the “dough” is kneaded, from which the figures are molded, then they are fired in a special oven to make them stronger, a hole for the whistle is pierced with a wooden stick. Brown clay is covered with white paint made from milk and chalk, painted with bright colors and decorated with thin squares of real gold. Traditional for Dymkovo toys riders, roosters, turkeys, ladies, nannies are considered.

3. The village of Filimonovo near Tula is also famous for its toys. The clay here is not brown, but white, it stretches easily, like plasticine. That's why Filimonov toys are so elongated: these are cows, deer, goats with long striped necks and large colored horns. And how many different patterns of dots, stars, stripes and circles are invented by Filimonov masters!

4. In the north of Russia, not far from Arkhangelsk, in the city of Kargopol, completely different toys are made. Kargopol masters like to sculpt peasant women in headscarves and ladies in hats coming from the market with purchases, accordion-players in bast shoes and caftans.

Group 3- artistic processing of metal

1. Metal products are an important and indispensable part of people's daily lives. The variety of artistic and technical techniques allows you to make things from it for various purposes.

In the middle of the 18th century, it developed in Veliky Ustyug northern black art. Engraving is performed on the metal surface of an object with special tools - engravers. The engraved drawing is filled with niello powder, that is, an alloy of sulfur oxides of silver, copper and lead. After that, the product is fired, while the high temperature melts the black and firmly fills the recesses. Then the surface is polished. The Vologda Oblast still produces highly artistic items: boxes depicting historical events and fairy tales, cups, glasses, jewelry (brooches, cufflinks, bracelets, earrings and pendants).

2. Enamel, ancient Greek name enamel,- a technique used in jewelry art: low-melting glass, which, after firing, forms a thin transparent or opaque, colored or colorless monochromatic film on the surface of the object being decorated. Artistic enamel - a means of color enrichment metal product. Enamel appeared, apparently, in the 1st millennium BC. e. in the Eastern Mediterranean. In Russia, the original cloisonné enamel appears at the beginning of the 10th century. In the 16th-17th centuries, multi-colored transparent enamel, picturesque Ural enamel, was developed in Russia. Cups, dishes, plates, crowns, gospel frames for gifts were made. In Rostov in the 17th-19th centuries, icons and other items were made using the technique of painted enamels.

3. Mstera craft The Vladimir region developed in the 19th century, where metal processing began with the manufacture of chased settings for icons, made by local painters. To decorate trays and glass holders, an engraved ornament in the form of modest bouquets, twigs, and rosettes was used. The areas of the engraved design, as a rule, were gilded and polished. The rest of the metal surface remained matte. Working with filigree expanded the decorative possibilities of products. The openwork ornament began to be used as an overhead decor in vases and metal stacks.

Group 4 - decorative painting on metal and lacquer painting

1. More than a hundred years ago, the Vishnyakov brothers, peasants near Moscow, paid off some

own workshop. They decided to paint metal trays. Zhostovo trays

can be oval, rounded, rectangular and curly. The metal blank is no longer knocked out by hand, as before, but is pressed on the machine. And the background is not only black, but also gold, green, cream. The background is made with all care, following a certain sequence: the surface is smeared twice with oil and drying oil, dried and sanded, three layers of black primer are applied, covered twice with black varnish and lightly sanded again. The trays are painted only with oil paints and only with a squirrel brush. The master works on several trays at once and uses each paint in turn. At the same time, he strictly adheres to the sequence of operations, each of which has its own purpose.

2. Fedoskino lacquer painting throughout the history of its development, it was guided by samples of Russian classical painting. From her, she adopted the technique of multi-layered writing with oil paints. On caskets, snuffboxes, the plots of Russian popular prints, old engravings, translated into the language of miniature writing, were reflected. Plots of summer and winter trips in a team of three horses were fixed in Fedoskino painting for many years. "Troikas", "tea parties", landscapes of the Moscow region have become unique symbols of Russia. The Fedoskino miniature is always executed surrounded by a black background of the box. In the art of Fedoskin, there are also methods of frankly decorative ornamental design of products: a colored check - "plaid", painting "under the turtle", inlay with filigree, piping, reminiscent of the play of a pattern engraved on metal under a layer of transparent enamel.

3. Nowadays Palekh not just popular, he's famous. Glory to this small village of the Ivanovo region was brought by the elegant and delicate art of lacquer miniature, rooted in the artistic culture of Ancient Russia. Products of Palekh artists made of papier-mache: caskets, boxes, powder boxes, brooches, caskets, painted with tempera in a bright decorative style and intricately ornamented with gold, disperse all over the world. Lacquer painting on papier-mache flourishes in the four main centers of folk crafts in Russia: Fedoskino, Mstera, Kholui, Palekh.

The composition of the miniature is boldly laid out on a plane in the form of a curly colored mosaic. The drawing is always expressive in silhouette and concise, inside it is worked out with golden lines. This shading gives the whole product completeness and resembles a notch in gold, also jewelry enamels.

Group 5- embroidery, lace, scarves

1. There are such crafts that can be found in any corner of Russia - this is embroidery and lace.

Embroidery in the past was inherent in each person as the most affordable way creation. In the northern regions of Russia, a pattern was embroidered - they depicted animals, birds, people; more typical for the middle band geometric figures, and for southern Russia - an abundance of flowers.

embroidery cross has long adorned the national costumes of all Slavic peoples. Towels embroidered with a cross ornament or a pattern depicting everyday scenes (towels) were obligatory in every dwelling and were a necessary ritual item. The complexity of cross-stitch is that you need specially designed patterns for the cells.

satin stitch called embroidery with straight or oblique stitches that fill the plane of the pattern. Multi-color artistic smoothness is necessary when embroidering according to patterns that are close in shape and color to natural objects, with the transfer of tonal transitions, and is used in the decoration of dresses, tablecloths, pillows, it creates panels, paintings, portraits, landscapes.

Many centuries ago, an amazing gold embroidery art. The traditions of Novotorzhsky gold embroidery have evolved over the centuries. The main pattern here was made up of branches with roses, buds, oak leaves, ears of cereals. Plant motifs included images of birds. Gold embroiderers carried out various orders of military departments, embroidered banners, belts...

2. In Russia, lace-making spread closer to the 17th century, that is, much later than embroidery. Lace craft in Russia flourished in numerous workshops at manor estates. Serf peasant women were obliged to follow Western European patterns.

Vologda lace- the most famous, it has been woven there since 1820. Special attention is given to piece goods: the famous collars, capes, scarves, gloves, napkins. The technique of lace weaving is complex, it requires skill, great experience and patience. From the drawing, from lines and dots, the craftswoman creates lace by rearranging numerous pins with twisted threads. Lace is woven using pairs of smooth wooden bobbin sticks. Bobbins have special recesses at the ends, on which threads are wound. The more complex the pattern, the more bobbins required.

3. In the 19th century in Russia arose production of scarves and shawls. Fashion for them came from France. She is alive to this day. In Pavlovsky Posad, near Moscow, craftsmen make beautiful shawls and scarves that are in demand both in Russia and abroad.

No less famous in Russia and in the world Orenburg scarves. The Ural Cossacks, who knew lace and embroidery, began to use floral ornaments in knitting - living motifs of nature. On long winter evenings they knitted delicate steps and thin, like cobwebs, snow-white openwork shawls.

Publications in the Traditions section

Riddles of patterns of Russian paintings

Have Gzhel dishes always been blue and white, what traditional painting was born after the October Revolution, and why do the painted caskets glow? We understand the secrets of folk art crafts.

Golden bowls. Khokhloma painting

Golden bowls. Khokhloma painting

Golden bowls. Khokhloma painting

The master began his work by beating the buckets - he prepared wooden blocks (buckles) from linden, aspen or birch. They made wooden spoons and ladles, cups and salt shakers from them. The dishes not yet decorated with painting were called linen. The linen was primed and dried several times, and then painted in yellow, red and black tones. Floral ornaments, flowers, berries, lace twigs were popular motifs. Forest birds on Khokhloma dishes reminded the peasants of the Firebird from Russian fairy tales, they said: “The Firebird flew past the house and touched the bowl with its wing, and the bowl became golden”.

After drawing the pattern, the products were covered with drying oil two or three times, tin or aluminum powder was rubbed into the surface and dried in an oven. After hardening with heat, they acquired a honey hue and really shone like gold.

At the beginning of the 18th century, dishes began to be brought to the Makariev Fair, where sellers and buyers from all over Russia gathered. Khokhloma products were known throughout the country. Since the 19th century, when guests from all over Europe and Asia began to come to the Nizhny Novgorod fair, painted dishes appeared in many parts of the world. Russian merchants sold products in India and Turkey.

Snowy background and blue patterns. Gzhel

Snowy background and blue patterns. Gzhel. Photo: rusnardom.ru

Snowy background and blue patterns. Gzhel. Photo: gzhel-spb.ru

Snowy background and blue patterns. Gzhel. Photo: Sergey Lavrentiev / Photobank Lori

Gzhel clay has been known since the time of Ivan Kalita - from the 14th century. Local craftsmen used it to create "vessels for apothecary's needs", dishes and children's toys. At the beginning of the 19th century, factories appeared in the Gzhel volost, where porcelain was made. The first enterprise here was founded in 1810 by the merchant Pavel Kulichkov. At first, painting on porcelain dishes was colored, but in the middle of the 19th century, the fashion for white and blue Dutch tiles and Chinese porcelain of the same shades came to Russia. Soon the blue patterns on the snowy background became hallmark Gzhel painting.

To check the quality of porcelain, before painting, the product was dipped in fuchsin - red aniline paint. Porcelain was painted in an even pink color, and any crack was noticeable on it. Masters painted with cobalt paint - before firing it looks black. With the help of special techniques, working only with a brush and paint, the artists created more than 20 shades of blue.

Gzhel plots are lush roses (they were called "agashki" here), winter landscapes, scenes from folk tales. Children go sledding, Emelya catches a pike in the pond, the villagers celebrate Maslenitsa ... After drawing the picture, the dishes were covered with glaze and fired. Pink products with black patterns acquired their traditional look.

Luminous brooches and jewelry boxes. Fedoskino lacquer miniature

Luminous brooches and jewelry boxes. Fedoskino lacquer miniature

Luminous brooches and jewelry boxes. Fedoskino lacquer miniature

“When we organized the artel, we had only one collection of Pushkin’s works for seven people ... This largely explains the fact that we wrote most of our miniatures on Pushkin’s stories.”

Alexander Kotukhin, miniaturist

In 1932, Palekh artists met with Maxim Gorky, who called the Palekh lacquer miniature "one of the miracles created by the October Revolution". At his request, Ivan Golikov painted miniatures for the deluxe edition of The Tale of Igor's Campaign.