What do you know about historical Quiz "What do you know about the history of the creation of the book?" educational and methodical material (grade 5) on the topic. What to look for when extracting information from a document

11.03.2021

Quiz "What do you know about the history of the creation of the book?"

(Scenario of an open event for grades 5-7)

Responsible: Fedoseeva I.N., Skvortsova L.M., Rodionova E.N.

the date of the : 29.10.2014

Location : interactive class.

Target: organization of educational and leisure activities for students in the GPA.

Conduct form: quiz.

Tasks:

- educational: enrichment of students' knowledge of the history of the creation of the book;

- developing:development of curiosity, cognitive interest, initiative and intellectual abilities of students; development of interest in history; improvement of speech skills; development of thinking, memory, imagination.

- educational: cultivating a respectful and careful attitude to the book.

Equipment:

interactive board, projector;

demo material: books from school library; audiobooks; electronic book;

chips for the quiz; prizes.

Event progress

slide 1. Hello guys, colleagues and guests of our event.Today we will have a fascinating journey through the history of the creation of the book, after whichWe are going to have an interesting quiz.

Slide 2.

Books are best friends.

You can turn to them in all difficult moments of life.

They will never change.

A. Dode

The book not only teaches, but also heals. A.S. Pushkin urged his readers to pick up a book if they were seized by an illness, and he was right. At all times people noticed positive influence books on human health and mood. In the 17th century in England, doctors recommended that their patients read two or three pages along with medicines. good text. Now this method is called "bibliotherapy". Where did such an amazing medicine for the soul come from?

At our meeting today you will learnwhen and where the first books appeared, what they were, about the history of the first printed bookand what she looks like now.

Slide 3. Wand knowledge about the history of the bookwe, guys, will go with you on a virtual journey on a ship, which we will call “The Book”. We will visit different parts of the world.We expect a lot of interesting and unexpected. Be on your wayattentive, collected andfriendly.

slide 4. How did the book start? What was she like? We can say that she was two-legged and two-armed, never wanting to lie on a shelf. She could speak, even sing, because this living book was ... a man. After all, in those days when there were no letters, no paper, no pen, there were already brilliant writers, poets, storytellers. However, their works were not stored in bookcases, but in human memory.

A person who is able to firmly remember and inspire to tell this or that work becomes a book. In Russia, for example, such a person was called a storyteller.

Incredibly, there was such a fact: one person got himself a library of human books. It happened in Rome. Wealthy merchant Itzel ordered to collect the most capable and intelligent slaves. Each of them was supposed to be some kind of book. Soon in Rome they were talking only about the living library. One day, after a sumptuous dinner, the merchant Itzel ordered the manager: “Bring the Iliad to me!” The manager, falling to his knees, reported in a trembling voice: “Forgive me, sir! The Iliad has a stomach ache and can't get up!”

Slide 5. In the pre-literate period, for the transmission of information, there wasknot letter , in which certain types of nodules denoted various information (a certain object or concept). How was the knot letter created? Multi-colored thin laces of different lengths were tied to a thick rope, and knots were tied on these laces: the closer the knot to the rope, the more important the information.

slide 6. The knot writing was owned by the ancient Chinese, Persians, and Mexicans. The inhabitants of Peru were especially successful in this matter. South America- Ancient Incas. Their knot writing was called kipu.

Slide 7. From the depths of centuries, from an ancient countryAssyria (Northern Mesopotamia) books written with reed sticks on clay ovens, like pots, have come down to us.The first clay books .

slide 8. 3000 years BC in the ancient country of Sumer (Southern Mesopotamia) a cuneiform arose- writing wedge-shaped dashes,which were pressed into the clay.

slide 9. Later, around 700 BC,in Assyria began to produce wholeclay books . Residents of the country from soft clay formed rectangular tiles. The peoples of the Ancient Mesopotamia used clay as a writing material because there was a lot of it in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates. Clay literally lay underfoot, and it cost nothing to get it.

To write a book, there were a lot of such tiles - several hundred. Clay books were very uncomfortable, bulky. You can’t take them home to read, because there are a lot of tiles. Each book weighed several tens of kilograms. Therefore, they read only in the library.

King Ashurbanipal created a large library of clay books in his capital, Nineveh. This is an excellent library with doublets, ciphers and catalogues. At one time, a fire destroyed the palace of Ashurbanipal. But books from his library have survived to this day. Their pages were not afraid of fire. The flame made them more durable.

slide 10. Let's continue our journey.In the neighboringEgyptian kingdom books were made frompapyrus.

slide 11 . In the valley of the great river Nile, river reeds grow in abundance with a tall and thick trunk. The ancient Romans called it papyrus.

Papyrus stems are stripped of leaves and thin bark to reveal a loose, porous core. It is cut into long thin plates, which are then laid in rows perpendicular to each other - and glued together. Wet sheets are pressed and then polished with pumice. Papyrus is fragile and breaks quickly when bent. Therefore, sheets of papyrus are glued together with the ends and folded into lengths.scroll.Scroll lengthcould reach several tens of meters. Papyrus scrolls are put away in cylindrical boxes and stand on the shelves of one of the largest libraries - Alexandriaslide 12 .

slide 13. ATAncient Greece used wooden planks covered with wax. Such a book consisted of a series of boards fastened together with a recess in the middle filled with wax.They wrote on wax with a steel stick "style". Until now, this name has been preserved - they say about the writer that he has a good style (that is, he writes well).

But clay tiles, and papyrus scrolls, and tablets covered with wax bore little resemblance to the books that we are accustomed to holding in our hands.

slide 14. The way we know herthe book became afterAncient Greece city of Pergamon(modern territory of Turkey)learned how to make a special material from animal skin -parchment slide 15 . It was made from the skins of calves and sheep.It took a whole herd of sheep to produce one book. It has been handwritten for several years. Parchment books were very expensive.

A sheet of parchment was folded in half, and four pages were obtained. Each quarter in Greek was called "tetrados", and together they made up a notebook. Several of these notebooks were sewn together, and a book was obtained, on the sheets of which one could write and draw.slide 16 .

slide 17. Our ancestorsVeliky Novgorod, Vitebsk and other citiesKyiv Russia , wrote onbirch bark - outer layer of birch barkSlide 18 . The works of Russian archaeologists created the richest collection of birch bark letters.

slide 19. And now we are met by an amazing country -Ancient China . At first, in China, the first books were written on thin bamboo plates, which were strung on strong twine.

Slide 20. Later, the Chinese wrote their books with a brush and ink on silk.

Slide 21. But in China they came up with a recipe for making paper. It is believed that this was done by a Chinese scientist named Cai Lun. He made a sticky mass of bamboo and water, rolled it into a flat sheet and left this sheet to dry in the sun. The secret of making paper has been kept for almost five centuries. Only in the 6th century did the Japanese learn about it. In 751, near Samarkand, the Arabs managed to capture several Chinese craftsmen, who were forced to discover the secret of paper making. So paper penetrated into Persia, then to Arabia, from where the Arabs brought it to Europe in the 11th century.

Many years later, parchment was replaced by a cheaper material - paper, but the book was still sewn together from separate notebooks and dressed in hardcover or in paperback. In addition, some of them were dressed in expensive leather, brocade, and sometimes silver. Often the owners of such books chained them to the shelves so that they would not be stolen. It was, however, a very long time ago, more than 500 years ago.

slide 22. It took months, or even years, to write or rewrite some thick book, and even decorate it with drawings.No wonder handwritten books were very expensive.slide 23 .

slide 24 . Now guys let's move onto Germany . The inventor of the printing press was one of the inhabitants of the German city of Mainz - Johannes GuttenbergSlide 25 .

He also inventedletters - metal bars with a convex image of a letter or number at the end, as well asmatrices - special molds for casting these very letters.The letters were placed in a type-setting cash desk - each letter in its own box. To type a word, they took letters from different boxes and laid them on a special board with sides -workbench .

I typed one line, followed by another, a third ... That's itprinted form . It remains to cover it with paint, put a sheet of paper on top and press firmly on the machine. Sheet printed. With the help of a printing press, it was possible to quickly reproduce a book in hundreds and even thousands of copies.

slide 26. People immediately appreciated the new invention. In different cities, one after another, workshops began to open, and then entire factories for the production of books -printing houses .

slide 27. Printing house openedRussia , in Moscow. Tsar Ivan the Terrible ordered "to build a house from his royal treasury, where the printing business is built"Slide 28 .

This home is long gone. But there is a bronze figure of Ivan Fedorov standing at the ancient gate on a high pedestal.Slide 29 , creator of the first printed book in Russia. And nearby, in the Historical Museum, this book itself is stored (the first Russian printed book - “Apostle” - was released on March 1, 1564)slide 30 along with machine modelSlide 31 , on which it was printed, and an ancient printing board.

The student reads the poem.

Well, listen, here's my story:

I have read books since childhood

I saw the source of wisdom in them.

And from an early age already dreamed

But here was the problem:

Not every book has seen

And to take in hand -

It's rare luck.

It takes a long time to write them by hand.

That's why we decided

Start book printing in Moscow.

I was lucky, our Tsar Ivan,

What among the people was called Terrible,

He gave permission for the printing press -

And with God's help, our work began.

We letters, fonts cast -

The new business was not easy,

Didn't sleep at dark nights.

And a new book came out - "Apostle".

Slide 32. Typography XX century. Drawers with letters - a type-setting cash desk. Workbench - a special board with sides. And in the printing shop, huge machines with metal drums and inking machines filled with ink stand ready. There is also paper, folded into thick, heavy rolls. Printed forms are put on the drums.Printer worker turns on the motor - and off we go!

The car rumbled, dozens of shafts, large and small, spun. Some paint on printed form, others unwind paper rolls, others pull the paper, the fourth presses it against the image drums.

A paper tape moves quickly, and yellow, blue, red, black paint falls on it one after another. Here is a printed sheet with text and drawings assembled from multi-colored pieces.

Slide 33. In the 21st century book publishing and the production of page layouts for newspapers and magazines are increasingly using a computer and special programs.

slide 34. Along with the usual books, people are increasingly usingelectronic and audio books .

slide 35. QUIZ among students.

Now we will check whether you were attentive during the trip.

slide 36. Solve the CROSSWORD and find out the "key" word.

Crossword questions:

How were papyrus books stored in ancient times? (Scroll)

What was the name of the writing material made from animal skins? (Parchment)

What material was used for cuneiform writing ? (Clay)

The invention of what material for creating books belongs to the Chinese? (Paper)

On the What did the ancient Egyptians write about? ? (Papyrus)

The key word is book.

slide 37. COLLECT PROVERBS AND SAYINGS.

Books don't tell, they tell the truth.

A book is not red in writing, but red in mind.

The book in happiness decorates, and in misfortune comforts.

Who knows az yes beeches, and books in his hands.

The book teaches to live, the book should be cherished.

Read, bookworm, do not spare your eyes.

Bread nourishes the body, and the book nourishes the mind.

slide 38. QUESTIONS - ANSWERS.

As they called in Ancient Russia those who told something, passing on knowledge and experience. (Narrator).

Who invented the first printing press?(Johannes Gutenberg).

Which king gave permission for printing? (Ivan the Terrible).

A handwritten book? (Manuscript).

In which country were tile books invented? (Assyria).

A book factory? (Printing house).

What ancient city served as the basis for the name of the writing material? (Pergamum).

Who was the first printer in Russia? (Ivan Fedorov).

Summing up the results of the quiz and rewarding.

slide 39. In conclusion, I would like to say

The book is the greatest treasure of mankind, a storehouse of wisdom, a source of knowledge.

Guys, read books.

slide 40. Thanks everyone. We will be glad if you learned something new and interesting for yourself.

FABLE.

Leading. One day two books met

We talked among ourselves.

Student 1. Listen, how are you doing?

Leading. One asked the other.

Student 2. Oh, honey, I'm ashamed in front of the class

The owner of my cover pulled out with meat,

Yes, that cover… cut off the sheets

From them he makes boats, rafts and pigeons.

I'm afraid the sheets will go to the snakes,

Then fly me into the clouds

Are your sides intact?

Student 1. Your torment is unfamiliar to me

I don't remember such a day

So that without washing your hands cleanly,

And look at the leaves:

You won't see an ink dot on them

I am silent about blots -

It's indecent to talk about them

But I'm learning it too.

Not somehow, but on "excellent".

Leading. There is no riddle in this fable

They will tell you bluntly

Both books and notebooks

What a student you are!

When studying history, you should be aware that there is a huge intermediate link between the events that really happened in the past and the picture described in the monographs of historians. This is a historical source. Simply put, any historical research begins solely with reading all available documents about that period. Only with the help of the testimonies of contemporaries or persons who are well aware of this time period, a qualitative retrospective reconstruction of events can be carried out.

So what are the historical sources on which so much depends? Let's discuss this important issue in more detail.

Basic definitions

So, what does the concept of "historical sources" include? In science, it is customary to call all the surviving evidence of the past that can give us an objective picture of what was happening. Of course, there are many different classifications of this kind of data, proposed by both domestic and foreign historians and archaeologists. So what, according to prominent researchers, are historical sources? We will define some of them in the article.

For example, L. N. Pushkarev describes the following types:

Written evidence.
. Real historical sources.
. Information obtained from the results of ethnographic research.
. Oral traditions that are passed down from generation to generation.
. linguistic evidence.
. Film and photo chronicle.
. Audio recordings. These historical sources (and their classification too) appeared relatively recently, but they give us a chance to hear the voices of those who decided the fate of the world a few years ago!

Schmidt classification

Shortly before our time, in 1985, S. O. Schmidt proposed a somewhat more detailed classification, deciding to use types and subtypes in it. What kind of historical sources does he distinguish? We define their varieties below.

1. As in the previous case, all material evidence in all its diversity: from sculptures to household waste found during excavations.
2. Sources related to the fine arts:
a) artistic (film and photography);
b) graphic (paintings of artists, simple sketches);
c) figurative-natural (photos from ordinary home archives).
3. Sources of verbal type:
a) oral historical sources, including all dialects and varieties of language forms;
b) folklore, including rare legends found only in a certain area;
c) all written monuments of the epoch, no matter to whom they belong, for whatever purpose they were created; to put it simply, a bureaucratic list of materials can give a much more truthful and detailed picture of the world than an officially approved chronicle or textbook; stenography also belongs to the same variety.
4. Conventional historical notes, designations of alchemists and chemists, astrologers and astronomers, economic abbreviations, etc.
5. Behavioral information. These include not only the rituals and customs of primitive tribes, but even corporate and other traditions. modern society which have their roots in the same primitive beliefs.
6. Sound. With this type of data, everything is clear: these are any recorded phonograms of one or another historical period.

This is what historical sources are, if we talk about the scientific definition of this term. But no, even the most reliable information can give the researcher an objective idea of what happened if he does not know how to work with them correctly and interpret them.

It should be remembered that historical sources and their classification is also a rather vague concept. As new means of storing and transmitting information appear, all these lists will be expanded and rethought. Here are the historical sources.

What should you pay attention to when extracting information from a document?

When working with any evidence of the era, two important points must always be remembered.

1. Important! The source should not be taken as a storehouse of ready-made answers. You will receive only that information, questions regarding which you can ask and link with the information you have in your hands. In this regard, the notes and reports of ordinary extras and archivists can become extremely important, which, despite their seeming "poverty", sometimes contain a lot of useful information. These historical sources and their types seem to the inhabitants to be “useless pieces of paper”, although sometimes they are truly priceless!

2. In no case do not take the source as an objective reflection of the world, as it was created by a person who has his own ideas. This is an extremely important circumstance, which is sometimes overlooked even by eminent and experienced pundits!

In order not to be unfounded on the last point, let us explain. Take the famous battle of Alexander Nevsky with the Swedes. To begin with, even domestic historians doubt the reality of what happened, if only because there is no written evidence of that battle in the Swedish archives at all.

Perhaps they simply chose to remain silent about what had happened. It is possible that Russian chroniclers (by "order from above", as they like to say now) simply presented an ordinary border skirmish as a heroic battle. Whatever it was, but it is always worth studying the sources provided by both parties.

In addition, in domestic chronicles (and often in European ones) the word "darkness" is often found. The darkness of warriors, the darkness of servants, the darkness of combat rooks ... How is all this to be understood? If we start from the Mongolian tumen, then “darkness” was the number of soldiers equal to 10,000. And what, during that very battle with the Swedes, when there was “darkness” of their ships on the river, did all the ships of that period come there? Unlikely. Here we come to another feature - interpretation.

About interpretation

Remember that the historical sources, examples of which we have given and will give, which were created by man, have always pursued some goals, often selfish. Knowing about the motives that moved the author, you can learn a lot about his historical era. Simply put, all sources must be correctly interpreted.

This word is understood as an attempt to find out what exactly the author put into the meaning of each word and expression that occurs in his work. There are three important aspects of the interpretation itself.

1. First, the native content of the source itself. You should always approach historical documents critically, never taking a word for the information that is given there.

2. If an intermediary (census taker, translator) participated in the preparation of the document, it is useful to pay attention to his comments and interpretations (if any). Of course, in this case it is extremely important to take into account the quality of such additions, which depends on the qualifications of the editor.

3. Finally, your own understanding and interpretation of the source.

In the latter case, the researcher proceeds directly to the analysis of the data he has. It is extremely important to be able to look at the events through the eyes of a contemporary, for whom that era was completely native. The researcher must independently give his own definition of the reliability of the source, relying on his own information and being able to apply it to defend his position in front of other scientists.

Remember that any historical sources, examples of which you cite, must have not only oral, but also documentary evidence!

It is especially important to reveal the background of the document, to find out what the author directly or indirectly reports "between the lines". All the points and possible interpretations of the terms that are found in the source should be taken into account. To make it easier to understand, remember the "opium for the people."

What associations can such an expression evoke in modern man? Only the most negative ones. Meanwhile, at the beginning of the last century, heroin was sold in pharmacies as a “cough suppressant,” and opium has since ancient times been considered almost the main pain reliever that can relieve any suffering. Feel the difference? The original source put into these words the exact opposite of the current meaning.

Synthesis

Only after collecting all the information, you can begin to summarize your work, draw conclusions. All this is called synthesis. This is a very important stage, since even from the most truthful, accurate and reliable information, it is possible to draw completely different conclusions that would be needed.

Variation of sources depending on the historical period

It should not be forgotten that the sources processed in different periods of history bear the imprint of each era. And this is far from a metaphorical expression, since in different periods of history a different approach was adopted both to the study and to the interpretation of documents.

For example, documents of the 17th and 18th centuries can be distinguished by any more or less educated person, since cardinal changes are observed in their style.

So, at this time, the number of documentary evidence increases sharply, but the content of each of them is greatly simplified. But much more important is the fact that at that time for the first time there were really mass sources, information from which could already have a significant impact on those sections of the population who took an active part in the development of the whole country. In addition, in those years, statistics and fiscal reporting documents almost came to a modern look.

All these historical sources, the groups of which we have described above, are not only sufficiently reliable, but also extremely objective, which in the historical aspect is an offensively rare exception.

Periodicals and journalism had almost a greater influence on that era than all the institutions involved in the promotion of certain ideas. Personal sources, memoirs and biographies also began to be widely disseminated. This is extremely important simply because we can see the process of formation of specific personalities of those historical periods, observe the change in their worldview.

Russian paradox

So some historians call the situation when the most ancient historical sources of the 13th-14th centuries in our country have been studied much better than the sources of the beginning and middle of the 20th century. However, there is nothing paradoxical in this at all.

In just a hundred years, our long-suffering state has experienced three revolutions, four big wars (not counting the unrealistic number of local incidents). All this happened during the reign of five state entities, which succeeded each other. Do not forget about the colossal economic transformations that marked this period: neither the construction of the same Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station in those years simply had no analogues abroad.

Of course, during the years of the USSR, various resolutions and reports became the main ones. These historical sources (written and many film and photo chronicles) are presented in all their diversity. This is where the difficulty lies: in order to get an "outside view", many historians have to gain access to American and similar institutions, since they contain a huge amount of documents that were compiled by members of both the former tsarist government and ordinary emigrants. It is important to note that one should distinguish between the memories of the “first wave” and those people who had to leave the country during and after civil war and the Western intervention that accompanied it.

The fact is that in 1905 the most far-sighted people left the country, in whose memoirs one can find quite detailed and accurate predictions of the collapse of the Empire. In 1918-1924, not only members of the royal family and the intelligentsia who managed to escape, but also former supporters of the Bolsheviks, whose views on the world are radically different from each other, emigrated to the Old and New Worlds.

What documents are most valuable to study?

It is unpleasant to admit, but until now, many scientists treat legislative acts, office materials, and periodicals with a certain distrust and skepticism. However, no less strange is the fact that many researchers perceive memoirs almost as a revelation from above, the ultimate truth. Such an attitude is a gross mistake, due to which there are many historical mistakes and inaccuracies.

All such historical sources and their types must be carefully and thoroughly analyzed in each case!

Despite the fact that memoirs should be considered a purely documentary, albeit a very specific genre, their objectivity sometimes remains a huge question. The same Skorzeny in his memoirs swears about the "good intentions" of Nazi Germany, but it is at least difficult to believe in this.

Genre of memories

Memories are somewhat different. These documents can often be of decisive importance in the reconstruction of a particular historical event, as they reflect the views of sometimes completely random people. However, all this is not always so unambiguous, because in the memoirs people often lay out their worldview from the point of view of the justifying side, or even completely hush up many points.

Simply put, both memoirs and memoirs are purely subjective documents that should be treated with the utmost caution and a critical eye. This cannot be considered a shortcoming; on the contrary, by studying these sources, one can form an absolutely correct idea of the mores of the historical period. Of course, you are unlikely to be able to conduct such an analysis by studying bureaucratic materials.

So what are historical sources, if we talk about memoirs? How valuable and reliable are they?

On the correct analysis of memoirs

Be that as it may, memoirs are often the most valuable source of information, neglecting which is outright stupidity. Often the sincerity of the person who wrote them is easily verified by comparing the mores of those years and what was written.

The object of description is also very important: a person or an event that happened before the eyes (or in those years) of an eyewitness. The description of personalities should be approached with particular caution, since such information will inevitably be extremely subjective, but events (especially those to which a person had no direct relation) are often described quite reliably. So, what should be the approach to the study of memoirs?

First of all, it is important for you to find out about the person who wrote them. Of course, for this it is better to use several sources, and, if possible, the “living” memories of his contemporaries who are now alive. The latter is especially important, since it will almost certainly make it possible to reliably establish the role of the author in the events described: whether he was in fact an indifferent extra or took a direct part in them.

In addition, it is necessary to establish all possible sources of the author's knowledge. Very often, it was through this method that outright liars were revealed who tried to appropriate the laurels of less famous and well-known contemporaries.

An extremely valuable circumstance is the fact that official documents are attached to memoirs. For example, this approach to business is very characteristic of the legendary Wrangel. Many facts of that period have been irretrievably lost or distorted, so that these materials acquire simply transcendental value.

Almost all the same is true, if we talk about the memoirs of the daughter of the legendary P. A. Stolypin, who in the appendices attaches all the documents on land use that were compiled by her father. However, if Wrangel included these papers in his memoirs on his own, then we owe the applications in the memoirs of Stolypin's daughter to the Sovremennik publishing house, in which we considered that these papers would certainly interest a biased reader. As you can see, the publishers were absolutely right.

It should be noted that censorship in one form or another has always taken place: if in our time there are entire apparatuses of state significance, then in troubled times, the times of the Middle Ages, etc., the best censor was fear for one's life. Therefore, be sure to take into account the period to which this or that document belongs - very often the author mentions some points in passing, but constantly (in context) returns to them again and again, making certain allusions to his point of view.

Finally, who wrote the memoirs and when? If a person took his memories from a diary that he constantly kept, or simply compiled memories from such documents, then the information contained in them can be trusted. If the memoirs were written by the author at an advanced age, then often they can be treated as a kind of fiction. Practice shows that people forget more than 90% of the information, each grain of which is priceless, after only a couple of years.

That's what historical sources are. We hope you found this article helpful.

What do you know about the historical events depicted in the paintings of these artists?

Answer

The painting by V. Serov “The Entry of Alexander Nevsky into Pskov after the Battle on the Ice” depicts the scene of the victorious entry into the city of Prince Alexander after the victory over the German knights on Lake Peipsi, which took place on April 5, 1242.

The painting by G. Semiradsky “Alexander Nevsky receives papal legates” depicts an episode of the arrival of two cardinals in Novgorod with a letter from Pope Innocent IV. In this letter, the pope claimed that Alexander's father Yaroslav had promised to convert to the Catholic faith before his death. The ambassadors tried to assure the prince that by accepting the letter, he would enlist the support of Western sovereigns and save himself from the wrath of the Tatars. But Alexander Nevsky tore up the papal letter, sent the ambassadors back and ordered them to tell the Pope that he did not need anyone's advice and help. And with Batu, the prince found a common language and even made friends with his son Sartak. Moreover, there were several episodes when the presence of the Horde detachments near Novgorod forced the Livonian knights to refrain from another attack.

The painting by P. Korin "Alexander Nevsky" depicts Prince Alexander, apparently after one of the battles. His figure personifies the unbending power of the state. The banner raised behind him with the image of Jesus Christ reminds. that behind the power of man is the power of the Divine, which protects the Russian soldiers in battle.

Since ancient times, it could serve as a vivid example of a special style and inheritance for various furniture masters in Europe. The time of greatest prosperity and the predominance of luxurious refinement in the historical development of Italian furniture, as well as in steps historical development of all other art, the Renaissance was recognized, which, from the turn of the 15th century, firmly reigned in the most diverse directions and trends in the art of the whole world. The early 15th century is a clear mixture of the Gothic current of the previous fourteenth century, with fine wood carvings, openwork patterns and ornaments, vegetative elements and designs that are painted in rich pinkish-red or saturated with bright greens. And since the 2nd half of the fifteenth century, the main pieces of Italian furniture are chests and chairs of the finest carving, made in most cases from walnut wood that can be processed in the best possible way, with elongated backs and sculptural images.

One of the main pieces of furniture of that era is a large bed, draped in shiny rich fabrics of silk and other fine fabrics and masterfully decorated with intricate and intricate embroidery in silver and gold threads. Since the beginning of the 16th century, a variety of exquisite decoration has been dominant. Things are decorated with gilding, silver and precious stones, and clearly acquire a brightly pompous, majestic and solemn look. in kitchens from Italy, the cupboard occupies a dominant role - voluminous and heavy with beautiful precious dishes paraded to incoming guests. The furniture design of Italy is dominated by antique mythological patterned ornament.

And the baroque, firmly rooted in the complex process of manufacturing Italian furniture of the seventeenth and early 18th centuries, gives the products of Italian furniture makers a truly amazing and amazing luxury and chimerism. The furniture decor design depicts real full-length scenes on the themes of some significant moments of the past, more or less reliably reflecting the most diverse mythological-fantastic or historical incidents.

And finally, the style that later became known as “rococo”, which prevailed in Europe in the 18th century, gives Italian furniture an exquisite and inimitable lightness. Asymmetry, waviness and curvature predominate, as well as smooth fluidity of lines, intriguing elements of a burning flame and flowing water, creating a bright and beautiful effect of shimmering and iridescent movement and transitions. In addition to the previously widely used elegant gilding, furniture fashion includes polished and varnished pieces of furniture, clear and light light colors dominate.

Finally, in our time, Italian furniture has absorbed and concentrated the best developments and achievements and the secrets of the art of making magnificent furniture of the past centuries. Genoa, Venice, Siena, Rome, Liguria, Lombardy and other cities are known to us for making furniture in Italy.

A fascinating journey through the history of the creation of the book. You will learn when and where the first books appeared, what they were like, about the history of the printed first book and how it looks now. Solve the crossword puzzle, collect proverbs and answer questions.

Download:

Preview:

Quiz "What do you know about the history of the creation of the book?"

(Scenario of an open event for grades 5-7)

Responsible: Fedoseeva I.N., Skvortsova L.M., Rodionova E.N.

Date : 29.10.2014

Location: interactive class.

Target: organization of educational and leisure activities for students in the GPA.

Conduct form: quiz.

Tasks:

Educational:enrichment of students' knowledge of the history of the creation of the book;

Developing: development of curiosity, cognitive interest, initiative and intellectual abilities of students; development of interest in history; improvement of speech skills; development of thinking, memory, imagination.

Educational:cultivating a respectful and careful attitude to the book.

Equipment:

interactive whiteboard, projector;
demonstration material: books from the school library; audiobooks; electronic book;
chips for the quiz; prizes.

Event progress

slide 1. Hello guys, colleagues and guests of our event. Today we will have an exciting journey through the history of the creation of the book, after which we will conduct an interesting quiz.

Slide 2.

Books are best friends.

You can turn to them in all difficult moments of life.

They will never change.

A. Dode

The book not only teaches, but also heals. A.S. Pushkin urged his readers to pick up a book if they were seized by an illness, and he was right. At all times, people have noticed the positive impact of the book on the health and mood of a person. In 17th century England, physicians recommended that their patients read two or three pages of a good text along with their medicines. Now this method is called "bibliotherapy". Where did such an amazing medicine for the soul come from?

At our meeting today, you will learn when and where the first books appeared, what they were like, about the history of the first printed book and how it looks now.

Slide 3. For knowledge about the history of the book, we guys will go with you on a virtual journey on a ship, which we will call "The Book". We will visit different parts of the world. We expect a lot of interesting and unexpected. Be attentive, collected and friendly along the way.

slide 4. How did the book start? What was she like? We can say that she was two-legged and two-armed, never wanting to lie on a shelf. She could speak, even sing, because this living book was ... a man. After all, in those days when there were no letters, no paper, no pen, there were already brilliant writers, poets, storytellers. However, their works were not stored in bookcases, but in human memory.

A person who is able to firmly remember and inspire to tell this or that work becomes a book.In Russia, for example, such a person was called a storyteller.

Slide 5. In the pre-literate period, for the transmission of information, there wasknot letter, in which certain types of nodules denoted various information (a certain object or concept). How was the knot letter created? Multi-colored thin laces of different lengths were tied to a thick rope, and knots were tied on these laces: the closer the knot to the rope, the more important the information.

slide 6. The knot writing was owned by the ancient Chinese, Persians, and Mexicans. The inhabitants of Peru in South America, the ancient Incas, were especially successful in this matter. Their knot writing was called kipu.

Slide 7. From the depths of centuries, from an ancient country Assyria (Northern Dvuchye) books written with reed sticks on clay ovens, like pots, have come down to us.The first clay books.

slide 8. 3000 BC cuneiform arose in the ancient country of Sumer (Southern Mesopotamia)- writing wedge-shaped dashes,which were pressed into the clay.

slide 9. Later, around 700 BC, in Assyria began to produce whole clay books . The inhabitants of the country formed rectangular tiles from soft clay. The peoples of the Ancient Mesopotamia used clay as a writing material because there was a lot of it in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates. Clay literally lay underfoot, and it cost nothing to get it.

slide 10. Let's continue our journey. In the neighboringEgyptian kingdom books were made from papyrus.

Slide 11. In the valley of the great river Nile, river reeds grow in abundance with a tall and thick trunk. The ancient Romans called it papyrus.

Papyrus stems are stripped of leaves and thin bark to reveal a loose, porous core. It is cut into long thin plates, which are then laid in rows perpendicular to each other - and glued together. Wet sheets are pressed and then polished with pumice. Papyrus is fragile and breaks quickly when bent. Therefore, sheets of papyrus are glued together at the ends and rolled into a long scroll.The length of the scroll could reach several tens of meters. Papyrus scrolls are put away in cylindrical boxes and stand on the shelves of one of the largest libraries - Alexandria slide 12.

Slide 13. In Ancient Greece used wooden planks covered with wax. Such a book consisted of a series of boards fastened together with a recess in the middle filled with wax. They wrote on wax with a steel stick "style". Until now, this name has been preserved - they say about the writer that he has a good style (that is, he writes well).

But clay tiles, and papyrus scrolls, and tablets covered with wax bore little resemblance to the books that we are accustomed to holding in our hands.

slide 14. Such as we know it, the book became after Ancient Greece the city of Pergamon (modern territory of Turkey) learned how to make a special material from animal skin - parchment Slide 15. It was made from the skins of calves and sheep.It took a whole herd of sheep to produce one book. It has been handwritten for several years. Parchment books were very expensive.

slide 17. Our ancestors of Veliky Novgorod, Vitebsk and other cities Kievan Rus, wrote on birch bark - outer layer of birch bark Slide 18. The works of Russian archaeologists created the richest collection of birch bark letters.

slide 19. And now we are met by an amazing country - Ancient China . At first, in China, the first books were written on thin bamboo plates, which were strung on strong twine.

slide 20. Later, the Chinese wrote their books with a brush and ink on silk.

Slide 21. But in China they came up with a recipe for making paper. It is believed that this was done by a Chinese scientist named Cai Lun. He made a sticky mass of bamboo and water, rolled it into a flat sheet and left this sheet to dry in the sun. The secret of making paper has been kept for almost five centuries. Only in the 6th century did the Japanese learn about it. In 751, near Samarkand, the Arabs managed to capture several Chinese craftsmen, who were forced to discover the secret of paper making. So paper penetrated into Persia, then to Arabia, from where the Arabs brought it to Europe in the 11th century.

Many years later, parchment was replaced by a cheaper material - paper, but the book was still sewn together from individual notebooks and dressed in hardcover or paperback. In addition, some of them were dressed in expensive leather, brocade, and sometimes silver. Often the owners of such books chained them to the shelves so that they would not be stolen. It was, however, a very long time ago, more than 500 years ago.

slide 22. It took months, or even years, to write or rewrite some thick book, and even decorate it with drawings.No wonder handwritten books were very expensive. slide 23.

slide 24. Now guys let's move on to Germany . The inventor of the printing press was one of the inhabitants of the German city of Mainz - Johannes Guttenberg slide 25.

He also invented letters - metal bars with a convex image of a letter or number at the end, as well as matrices - special molds for casting these very letters.The letters were placed in a type-setting cash desk - each letter in its own box. To type a word, they took letters from different boxes and laid them on a special board with sides - workbench.

I typed one line, followed by another, a third ... That's it printed form . It remains to cover it with paint, put a sheet of paper on top and press firmly on the machine. Sheet printed. With the help of a printing press, it was possible to quickly reproduce a book in hundreds and even thousands of copies.

slide 26. People immediately appreciated the new invention. In different cities, one after another, workshops began to open, and then entire factories for the production of books - typography.

slide 27. Printing house opened Russia , in Moscow. Tsar Ivan the Terrible ordered "to build a house from his royal treasury, where the printing business is built" slide 28.

This home is long gone. But there is a bronze figure of Ivan Fedorov standing at the ancient gate on a high pedestal. Slide 29 , creator of the first printed book in Russia. And nearby, in the Historical Museum, this book itself is stored (the first Russian printed book - “Apostle” - was released on March 1, 1564) slide 30 along with machine model Slide 31 , on which it was printed, and an ancient printing board.

The student reads the poem.

Well, listen, here's my story:

I have read books since childhood

I saw the source of wisdom in them.

And from an early age already dreamed

But here was the problem:

Not every book has seen

And to take in hand -

It's rare luck.

It takes a long time to write them by hand.

That's why we decided

Start book printing in Moscow.

I was lucky, our Tsar Ivan,

What among the people was called Terrible,

He gave permission for the printing press -

And with God's help, our work began.

We letters, fonts cast -

The new business was not easy,

Didn't sleep at dark nights.

And a new book came out - "Apostle".

Slide 32. Printing house of the XX century.Drawers with letters - a type-setting cash desk. Workbench - a special board with sides. And in the printing shop, huge machines with metal drums and inking machines filled with ink stand ready. There is also paper, folded into thick, heavy rolls. Printed forms are put on the drums.Printer workerturns on the motor - and off we go!

The car rumbled, dozens of shafts, large and small, spun. Some roll ink onto the printing plate, others unwind paper rolls, others pull the paper, and still others press it against the printing drums.

A paper tape moves quickly, and yellow, blue, red, black paint falls on it one after another. Here is a printed sheet with text and drawings assembled from multi-colored pieces.

Slide 33. In the 21st centurybook publishing and the production of page layouts for newspapers and magazines are increasingly using a computer and special programs.

slide 34. Along with the usual books, people are increasingly usingelectronic and audio books.

slide 35. QUIZ among students.

Now we will check whether you were attentive during the trip.

slide 36. Solve the CROSSWORD and find out the "key" word.

Crossword questions:

How were papyrus books stored in ancient times? (Scroll)
What was the name of the writing material made from animal skins? (Parchment)
What material was used for cuneiform writing? (Clay)
The invention of what material for creating books belongs to the Chinese? (Paper)
What did the ancient Egyptians write books on? (Papyrus)

The key word is book.

slide 37. COLLECT PROVERBS AND SAYINGS.

Books don't tell, they tell the truth.

A book is not red in writing, but red in mind.

The book in happiness decorates, and in misfortune comforts.

Who knows az yes beeches, and books in his hands.

The book teaches to live, the book should be cherished.

Read, bookworm, do not spare your eyes.

Bread nourishes the body, and the book nourishes the mind.

slide 38. QUESTIONS - ANSWERS.

As they called in Ancient Russia those who told something, passing on knowledge and experience. (Narrator).
Who invented the first printing press?(Johannes Gutenberg).
Which king gave permission for printing? (Ivan the Terrible).
A handwritten book? (Manuscript).
In which country were tile books invented? (Assyria).
A book factory? (Printing house).
What ancient city served as the basis for the name of the writing material? (Pergamum).
Who was the first printer in Russia? (Ivan Fedorov).

Summing up the results of the quiz and rewarding.

slide 39. In conclusion, I would like to say

The book is the greatest treasure of mankind, a storehouse of wisdom, a source of knowledge.

Guys, read books.

slide 40. Thanks everyone. We will be glad if you learned something new and interesting for yourself.

FABLE.

Leading. One day two books met

We talked among ourselves.

Student 1. Listen, how are you doing?

Leading. One asked the other.

Student 2. Oh, honey, I'm ashamed in front of the class

The owner of my cover pulled out with meat,