Manufacturing technology of sheet metal parts. Production of stamps for metal stamping. Such equipment includes

One of my favorite trends in jewelry art is all kinds of precious bottles-vessels. For one of them, a few years ago, a simple device was made for drawing a rectangular half of the case. Allowing without machines, hand-to-hand. push out sheet metal convenient base for the product.

A rectangle of the required dimensions (thickness 5.5 mm) is cut out of thick sheet metal. Then he littered the edges and corners. Sanded. Screwed to a thinner plate. This is the punch:

Using the first rectangle as a template, a matrix frame is made of the same thickness, with a hole size of 1 mm plus relative to the first part:


The inner edge of the hole is carefully processed. The edge, around which the stamped metal will bend and flow, is heaped to a small radius, and polished even more carefully than the first part (with a drill, rubber-abrasive discs).
Now we take brass 0.5 mm, with a decent allowance for the size of the hole, and start hammering. You can press with a medium-sized vise, and I, in a simple way, hit with a heavy hammer. Not immediately, with intermediate anneals. First cycle:


Annealed, straightened the folds that were trying to form. Second cycle:


Here, pay attention, it is clearly visible that the formation of the box is not due to stretching and thinning of the metal. Well, at the corners it certainly stretches a little, but basically, the metal from the allowance is pulled into shape. Therefore, the allowance should not be large and not small, ideally so that most of the allowance is drawn in, and another 2-3 mm is left for subsequent trimming. That is, in my picture the allowance is too big, especially on the short side of the rectangle.
But on the other hand, if the allowance is too small, then wrinkles and folds form when tightened, that is, in fact, a wide allowance still plays an important stabilizing role.
Third pass. Finish, punch and matrix closed:


I cut off the stamp waste. To make the body thicker, I grab an additional about a millimeter, and straighten the walls on a small anvil:


The walls are straightened, but incorrectly deformed corners remain:


From the back, non-working part of the turning tool, I make a “horn” on which these corners can be beaten off:


Corners molded:


I cut the mating edges to the plane, connect and solder. In order not to get a bomb, first I solder at four points, at the corners. And I drill a hole:


After that, you can solder the entire perimeter. And then all that is needed is a burner, filling station, etc. bells and whistles:




Finished lighter:


I twisted it in my hands, played it this way and that, I realized what was missing. Improved grip when cap is pulled up. Dismantled, soldered such a "coil":


Here, now it is very convenient to take it:


And with the wheel of the armchair it echoes, balances.


Burning:


And here, in fact, is the silver project for which this matrix was started. Pendant bottle:


Thank you for your attention.

Since ancient times, people have been making thin-walled products, vessels and jewelry from metal. They were made from a sheet of metal by chasing - shaping a cold or heated sheet of plastic metal by tapping it with a hammer around a wooden model of the future product. The seams were soldered or minted. Most often copper was subjected to such processing, less often silver or gold. The products obtained in this way were extremely highly valued, since all operations were manual and it took the master more than one day to make one jug.

The inquisitive human mind was looking for ways to speed up and reduce the cost of production until the middle of the 19th century, when such a powerful source of energy as steam appeared. Since then, the technology for the production of thin-walled products from a metal sheet by deformation under pressure, or sheet stamping, has improved significantly. Today, this method produces billions of different parts - from phone parts to car bodies.

Cold stamping - a guarantee of obtaining high-precision parts

Sheet stamping from sheet at room temperature is called cold stamping. It is used for small sheet thicknesses and in the case of ductile alloys. If they are stamped from a thick sheet (from 5 mm) or from alloys with low fluidity, then to increase the plasticity, the sheet of the workpiece is heated.

Sheet metal stamping guarantees a large number absolutely identical in shape and size of parts with high accuracy.

Cold forging makes it possible to obtain high-precision thin-walled parts of almost any shape at a cost significantly lower than in the case of casting or machining. The utilization rate of the metal is also much higher. In addition, cold forging guarantees not only strength, but also the uniformity of the material properties of the part, which is especially important in critical structures.

Both die forging and sheet metal stamping are cost effective in large series. This is due to the high cost of pre-production.

Characteristics of sheet stamping

cold sheet stamping is one of the most widespread technologies for processing metals, plastics and some other materials today. The range of application of the technology is from large structures in shipbuilding to thin-walled parts of household appliances

The technology is characterized by the following undeniable advantages:

• Exceptional opportunities for mechanization and automation of production processes.
• Reducing the cost of manufacturing mass products.
• High utilization rate of sheet metal.
• Possibility of precise manufacturing of thin-walled, but strong products of almost any shape.
• Minimal post-machining required.

However, in addition to obvious advantages, cold sheet metal stamping also has disadvantages. This is, first of all:

• High complexity of designing the technological process.
• High pre-production cost of mold making.
• High qualification of press equipment debuggers.

It should be noted that with large series of manufactured products, these shortcomings are leveled due to the economies of scale known from the economy, and the cost of production is lower than with alternative methods of metal processing.

Types of sheet metal stamping equipment

For various kinds For sheet metal stamping operations, a wide range of equipment is used.

So, for cutting operations, vibrating, or guillotine shears are used.

To perform shaping operations, the main stamping equipment is used - a machine for sheet stamping or a press. By type, they differ in:

• Crankshaft.
• Hydraulic.
• Radial forging.
• electromagnetic.

The easiest to set up and maintain is a press with a crank drive. It is suitable for simple sheet metal stamping - thin-walled parts of small and medium size with a simple shape.

Hydraulic presses allow you to develop a much greater force (up to 2 thousand tons) and more accurately control the stroke of the press. This type of equipment is used for bending or die forging operations from thick sheet.

Radial forging complexes are used for sheet stamping of parts having the shape of a body of revolution.

Electromagnetic presses are a fairly new type of equipment. The pressure on the workpiece is produced due to the mass of the electromagnetic core directed to the punch by an electromagnetic pulse. A pulse of opposite polarity returns the core to its original position. Such a drive is much easier to manufacture and maintain than a hydraulic drive, but does not yet reach its power.

Principle of operation

The physical principle of operation of stamping equipment is the plastic deformation of a sheet blank under pressure. The shape of the future part is set by two parts - a matrix and a punch, which are pressed against the sheet blank from both sides under high pressure. Where the matrix has a bulge, the punch has a cavity corresponding to it in shape and size. Deforming, the sheet blank repeats the shape of the matrix and punch.

Along with this, punching holes, cutting out individual parts from the sheet material can occur. When designing the technological process of cold stamping of sheet metal parts, the tool designer and technologist combine and, if possible, combine forming separating operations in order to get by with a minimum number of workers passing through the stamp and thus reduce the cost of manufacturing the product.

In the case of thin sheets, cold sheet stamping is carried out. When working with thick sheets or with low ductility alloys, the workpiece is preheated to increase its ductility.

What operations does cold stamping involve?

All working operations of cold sheet forging are divided into two large groups: dividing and shaping.

The separating operations of sheet stamping include operations associated with a violation of the integrity of the sheet material. The most commonly used ones are

• Cutting - separating a part of a workpiece along a straight or curved line. It is used both to obtain finished products and to divide the sheet into blanks of the desired size for the purpose of further processing.
• Punching is the separation of a part of the workpiece along a closed contour. A piece of metal can also be cut inside the contour.
• Punching - obtaining holes in the workpiece round or arbitrary shape.

Form-changing operations of sheet stamping include operations that change the spatial shape of the sheet without violating its integrity, such as:

• Bending - giving a flat workpiece a curved shape along the longitudinal axis. There are V-shaped, U-shaped and more complex forms of bending.
• Extraction is the transformation of a flat workpiece into a hollow spatial form. When drawing, the thickness of the workpiece can change.
• Flanging is the creation of flanges along the outer or inner contour of the product.
• Crimping-compression of the workpiece material in a conical matrix in order to reduce the size of the end part of the part.
• Forming-Changing the shape of a part of a part while maintaining the line of the outer contour.

When designing sheet metal stamping technology, the technologist combines operations from both groups.

Process Technology

The cold forming process starts with joint work technologist and tool designer. They consider all the changes that must happen to the slab on its way to finished product, plan and group separating and shaping operations. After such a grouping, the operations performed during each pass of the press are determined (if the part cannot be stamped in one pass). Under this specific list of operations, a pair of matrix - punch is designed.

Matrices and punches, as a rule, are manufactured by milling on multi-axis machining centers. The accuracy of the stamping dimensions and the final quality of the product directly depend on the manufacturing accuracy. High-alloy steel is used as materials - the mold must withstand hundreds or even millions of stamping cycles and at the same time not change in size. Often, molds are made up of several parts, which are then securely connected.

Sometimes an insert of a stronger material is installed in the mold, for example, in the part where the cutting or drawing will be carried out and which will be subject to significantly greater stresses than the rest of the mold.

An extremely important stage of technology is the adjustment of presses for sheet stamping. Each working pass of the press requires strict adherence to the force prescribed by the technology in order, on the one hand, to precisely mold the workpiece, and, on the other hand, not to damage it.

Advanced ways of sheet metal stamping

Rubber stamping. It is used for blanks of small thickness and high plasticity. The role of the matrix or punch is performed by hard rubber. Simplifies punch manufacturing, suitable for small stamping series.

Liquid stamping. The role of the punch is played by a fluid supplied under pressure. She presses the workpiece to the matrix and makes the sheet exactly repeat its shape. The method is used for drawing products of complex spatial shape.

Explosion stamping. In a protected chamber, a small charge is detonated explosives. The resulting high pressure forces the workpiece into the die. The method is used for parts of large sizes and intricate configurations that are difficult to manufacture in a different way. Significant savings are achieved in tooling costs.

Electro-hydraulic stamping of sheet metal

Electrohydraulic stamping. The role of mechanical pressure is performed by a shock wave in the liquid, which is caused by a high voltage discharge. The method is highly accurate and economical.

Magnetic pulse stamping. High-intensity magnetic pulses form a high-energy magnetic field that affects the workpiece, causing eddy currents in it and forcing it to take a given shape. In this way, pipes are compressed and complex reliefs are formed.

Unlike previous methods related to cold forging, this method is a combination of two technologies: stamping and casting. First, the required volume of molten metal is poured into the matrix, after which the punch is lowered into it.

Liquid metal is squeezed out into the gap between the matrix and the punch, which is the shape of the future product. The method is used in the manufacture of large thin-walled body parts from a fusible and ductile alloy.

Stamping is one of the most common types of metal processing, which is a deformation that gives the part the necessary shape by extruding a certain relief, pattern, holes on the surface. This process is carried out on special presses of various designs.

Types of stamping and equipment

In production, two types of stamping are used:

• hot;
• cold.

With the hot method, heated metal is processed. At the same time, the quality of the material improves: it becomes denser, more uniform. The advantage of the cold method is that a layer of scale does not appear on the surface, the dimensions of the part are more accurate, the surface is smoother.

Stamping can be sheet or bulk. The sheet method produces: dishes, jewelry, watch parts, climatic equipment and microcircuits, weapons, medical equipment, parts for the car, machine and machine tool industries. The resulting parts do not require further processing. During volumetric pressing, cold or hot metal is forced into molds.

In metalworking presses are used for:

• production of forgings;
• pressing gears, bearings;
• volume and sheet stamping.

Pressing machines can be based on the principles of mechanics or hydraulics, processing materials in a static or percussive way.

Mechanical are:

• eccentric;
• crank.

Crank machines perform cold and hot stamping of metal by pressure: drawing, punching and punching. Hydraulic presses are used for volumetric metal forging. According to technological possibilities presses are divided into: universal, special and specialized. Universal can be used for almost any type of forging (an example is a hydraulic forging machine). Specialized machines perform only one technological process(example - crank exhaust). Special presses produce specific view products using the same technology.

The principle of operation and arrangement of presses of various types

Any standard stamping machine consists of the following main components: motor, transmission, actuator. The transmission and motor together make up the "drive". The main characteristic of the drive is the type of connection between the engine and the actuator: mechanical or non-rigid (liquid, gas, steam). The working bodies of the press: rolls, sliders, traverses, rollers, women.

crank press

The drive of the machine rotates, the movement on the slider is converted into reciprocating. Under the influence of this movement, metal is processed with a stamp. All parts of the machine are made of durable steel and equipped with stiffeners. The movement of the slider takes place on a rigid schedule. The force on the slider reaches 8 thousand tons. Crank forging plants make it possible to speed up, simplify and reduce the cost of production of parts, save up to 30% of rolled products. All crank machines are divided into simple, double and triple action.

The crank press is capable of performing the following types of work:

• stamping in open and closed matrices;
• burr formation;
• extrusion;
• firmware;
• combined processing.

A mechanical press acts on the material with a blow, while a hydraulic press, applying less force, gets a greater effect. Therefore, the latter are used for the manufacture of large products with thick walls.

Hydraulic presses

Able to stamp the surface, push through and forge metal products. They are also used for recycling metal waste. The action of the machine is based on increasing the pressure force on the metal many times over. The press consists of two communicating cylinders with water, between which a pipe passes. Pistons are installed in the cylinders. The principle of operation of the press is based on Pascal's law.

Works metal in a hot way. The blank enters the heating module, which operates on the principle of induction. Here it is heated when the metal becomes sufficiently pliable, fed through the conveyor to the gripping mechanism, which feeds the workpiece directly into the processing zone. Forging or stamping is carried out by strikers, in the process the workpiece is spinning all the time, due to which it is processed evenly from all sides. The press is powered by an electric motor connected by a V-belt to the shafts. They are placed vertically and direct the movement to the connecting rod and striker, between which the slider is installed. To ensure that all movements of the mechanism are synchronous, there are copy drums. The blank holder is rotated by an electric motor through worm gears. The spring clutch slows down the movement at the right moments.

it latest development, which is just beginning to be used in industry. The working body of the machine is the core of an electromagnet, which makes movements under the influence of an electromagnetic field. The core moves the slider or stamp, the springs return the slider to its original position. Such machines are characterized by high productivity and economy. To date, there are models with a small amplitude of movement of the working body - 10 mm and a force of not more than 2.5 tons.

With the help of sheet stamping, various industries now produce products in a fairly wide range. This is one of the many metal processing methods that have been used by man for a very long time.

General principles of stamping

The process of production of metal sheet products by stamping is the basis for the manufacture of many types of products in the form of finished parts and various semi-finished products. The product is obtained by deformation of a sheet blank under the action of external pressure.

The technology of sheet metal stamping has been known since ancient times, when in this way a person learned to acquire weapons, when he needed various decorations and household items. Since the middle of the 18th century, this method of metal processing began to improve, thanks to which the first technologies for the mass production of various items using in great demand at the population. It is important that the forged parts are mostly of high quality and have excellent properties during operation.

It was not until the 20th century that sheet steel stamping techniques reached a higher production level. The automotive industry has become a big engine in the development of this production, because it is through stamping that car body parts and other parts of any vehicles are obtained. Now stamping is deeply rooted in industries such as rocket science, ship building and aircraft building. Stamping technology has become simply indispensable in modern engineering.

The popularity of stamping technologies is due to their following qualities:

• the ability to establish mechanized and automated production processes, rotary conveyor production lines;
• the availability of simple techniques for the manufacture of metal semi-finished products of any geometric shapes and sizes;
• reduction in the cost of production of high-precision interchangeable parts without subsequent processing with abrasive and cutting tools.

It should be noted that hot and cold stamping of sheet metal serves as a reliable guarantee that the resulting parts will not have excessive metal consumption, their shape will be rational, and the strength will not yield to the original material. Sheet metal stamping makes it possible to obtain massive products for the engineering and shipbuilding industries, at the same time filigree products with thin walls for various household appliances.

Often an entrepreneur organizes the provision of sheet stamping services to order. To do this, the client is obliged to provide him with a drawing of the required part and the material from which it should be made. If the customer does not have the required sheet material, he can buy it from the manufacturer. The cost of such services is directly related to the complexity of the ordered parts. If the work requires the manufacture of a special press, then the cost of the service increases significantly.

Technological features of stamping

The raw materials for producing products by stamping are strips and sheets of steel and other metals, various tapes, and profiled blanks.

Forging is divided into hot and cold, but manufacturers still give preference to cold, since in this case energy-consuming operations of heating the source material are not required. Hot metal stamping is used in cases where the stamping equipment does not have enough power to deform thick sheets. The second reason for the use of hot stamping is the low plasticity of the starting material, when in the cold state its deformations begin to be destructive rather than plastic.

Sheet stamping methods are divided into operations of separating and forming types. Separating operations are used to obtain shear deformation along the contour of a metal part being produced.

Dividing operations of stamping include:

• cutting metal sheets with guillotine, disk or vibrating shears in a straight or curved line;
• punching or piercing the sheet to obtain holes in the workpiece of the required shape and size;
• punching parts with a closed contour.

Changing the shape of the parts during stamping does not require the destruction of the integrity of the sheet, in this way only the required configurations of the parts and their specified dimensions are obtained.

Form-changing operations include:

• flanging or creating bumpers on the product according to specified contours and sizes;
• hood, thanks to which various cavities and geometric shapes are obtained on the parts;
• crimping, when a conical matrix is ​​used to obtain a narrowing of the end sections of metal hollow blanks;
• bending and forming, thanks to which flat parts receive a curved configuration.

In cold stamping, sheet material made of copper or aluminum alloys. Sheets of carbon and alloy steel are also widely used. Often, non-metallic materials are subjected to stamping, these are blanks made of cardboard, leather, and plastic.

Machine tools and presses for punching

Sheet metal stamping works are carried out using special dies, which are made of tool-grade steel. Usually the stamp consists of two parts - movable and fixed. A punch is installed in the moving part of the machine, and a matrix is ​​​​installed in the fixed part. These are the working elements of most stamps, it is when they approach that the sheet metal is deformed and stamped parts are obtained.

The punch and die are attached to the working elements of a sheet metal stamping press. A punch is fixed to the actuating element of the press, and the matrix is ​​fixed on the desktop of the machine.

The working elements of the dies are made of expensive tool grade steel alloys. In the case of stamping soft metals, for example, copper, aluminum, cheaper materials can be used to make stamps, including plastics and even pressed wood.

In order to reduce the cost of stamping large in size and weight parts manufactured in small batches, die matrices are sometimes made even from concrete or cast iron. And as a punch, a special container filled with water is used. The container is placed above the matrix, lowered down to the stop. Then, a powder charge is initiated inside the container, due to which the required pressure on the metal being processed is achieved. It is deformed and at the same time the desired workpiece or finished part is formed.

The main types of punching equipment are sheet punching machine and guillotine or vibrating shear. Scissors are used for cutting metal sheet material, they are usually easy to operate and have high functionality. But the selection of the press should be made based on the type of operations that will be performed with its help. Often a crank-type press is installed in production, since its operation is very simple and does not require intensive maintenance.

Let's get to grips with this principle.:

• with the help of a V-belt transmission, the required rotational movement is transmitted from the engine through the clutch to the crank;
• the connecting rod, which can be adjusted along the stroke length, transmits its movement to the slider of the device;
• the start of the working stroke of the slider with a punch is carried out using a pedal clutch.

To perform pressing of parts with simple configuration, it is enough to have a conventional press machine and stamping dies for sheet metal stamping. In order to stamp products of medium and high complexity, a special type of press device is required, which is equipped with two or more sliders and more complex sets of dies.

When processing metal, only the punch moves, which is fixed on the slide of the press machine. The fixed matrix below represents a support, on which the required deformation of the sheet blank takes place.

To manufacture products of high accuracy and without defects, you will need special equipment that does not form cracks, burrs, scratches and scratches when exposed to metal. During cold stamping, the punch must overcome the great resistance of the cold metal. It is problematic to obtain products of complex shape without defects in this way. The way out of this situation is hot stamping.

An intermediate stage between cold and hot stamping is the processing of sheet material by pressure or volumetric sheet metal stamping. The workpiece does not preheat, it also remains cold. It's just that the movement of the slider with the punch occurs at a slow pace, and sheet metal, strip, tape are used as blanks. With this method of processing, there is practically no change in the thickness of the metal workpiece, while it is quite possible to obtain products of a spatial configuration without defects. But this requires the use of only materials of high plasticity, not prone to shear deformations.

Purchase of stamping equipment

Companies that produce equipment for cold and hot metal forming are constantly modifying their machines in order to ensure that they produce high-quality parts and function for a long time.

Such equipment includes:

• electric press;
• pneumatic presses;
• hydraulic pressing devices.

Sales are made directly from the websites of manufacturing companies, where various consultation-type conversations are held with the client in advance. Most of these companies are engaged in the manufacture of not only standard press equipment, but also produce equipment taking into account customer requirements.

Modern hydraulic pressing machines are made of such metal that they can practically create deformations of any material. On the manufacturer's website, the client is offered press equipment in a wide range. To buy equipment for sheet stamping, it is enough to place your order and make an advance payment.

The terms of delivery of the order to any region of the Russian Federation also need to be discussed in advance. Companies willingly provide transport services, but for an additional fee. Under an additional agreement, the supplier's specialists undertake the installation and commissioning of the supplied press devices. At the same time, it is very important not to forget to draw up an agreement for the warranty service of machines, which provides for their free repair in case of failure during the supplier's warranty period.

One of the most common metal processing technologies is stamping. With its help, parts for all industries are produced. National economy. The use of stamping allows you to get parts of different sizes and shapes from a flat sheet.

The technology of stamping parts from metal sheets and its types

Sheet metal processing is the process of obtaining parts of the required shape and size. Work on the formation of parts takes place on special equipment using a tool called a stamp.

Speaking of parts made from sheet metal, one must understand that serious pressure is exerted on the workpiece. The technology of stamping has been used since ancient times. Thus, tools for cultivating the land, dishes, and jewelry were produced.

Today, this technology is widely used in the production of sheet metal parts with different sizes and form. This type of processing is widely used in the automotive industry in the production of body parts.

Cold and hot sheet forging

Sheet metal parts can be produced cold or hot.

cold stamping

The use of cold forming is considered the most effective way to process sheet metal. The use of this method is performed in cases where there is no need for further machining, for example, by cutting. This method of obtaining parts is most often used in the manufacture of automotive parts, structural elements aviation technology and a number of others.

The use of the method of cold working of metal by pressure allows for significant savings in sheet metal, of course, with proper cutting of the sheet and properly made die equipment. Stamping shows the greatest efficiency in large-scale and mass production.

This method shows the greatest efficiency when working with steels such as carbon and alloy. In addition, stamping produces parts from many non-ferrous metals, such as copper or aluminum alloys.

In addition to sheet metals, the sheet stamping method can also be used to obtain parts from rubber, cardboard and many polymers.

By the way, such metal processing improves its strength parameters.

hot stamping

This sheet metal processing method is used in the production of parts for boiler installations and some parts used in shipbuilding. For such parts, steel sheets with a thickness of 3 - 4 mm are used.

Those used in hot stamping are in many ways similar to those used in cold working of sheet metal. Engineers developing sheet metal processing technologies must take into account that the parts must be heated to a certain temperature. Accordingly, such phenomena as tightening of sheet metal, when making holes, bending, and a number of others, should be taken into account. In addition, when cooling parts, it is necessary to remember about the resulting warping.

All this leads to the fact that the dimensions of the tolerances change for the dimensions of the parts obtained from the metal.

Before processing on the pressing equipment, metal blanks are heated in furnaces of various types, for example, electric or gas-flame.

cutting

The operation during which a part of the sheet metal is separated from the body of the future part is called cutting. This operation is used for the manufacture of both finished parts, and when performing on strips of specified sizes. When performing this operation, you must ensure maximum amount finished parts, so that the amount of waste will be minimized.

Cutting efficiency determines the utilization rate of the sheet. It is calculated as the ratio of the area of ​​the received parts to the area of ​​the whole sheet.

For this operation, various equipment is used, including vibration, disk, guillotine and other types of pressing equipment.

felling

That's what they call technological operation upon receipt of the workpiece with a closed loop.

Hood

The operation as a result of which the workpiece made in a flat form is transformed into a spatial one. The hood is used in the manufacture of parts of various shapes and cylindrical, and conical, and box-shaped.

For drawing, a die tooling is used, which consists of a punch that draws the sheet metal into a hole located in the matrix.

bending

Allows you to get parts with the required bend shape from a sheet blank.

Punching

This operation is used when it is necessary to obtain holes of a certain shape.

relief molding

This is the name of an operation that allows you to change the shape in a certain place, but at the same time the external contour of the part is preserved.

An example is the production of stiffeners.

Equipment and tools

The equipment that is necessary for stamping includes presses, and stamps are used as a working tool.

As a rule, in shops where stamping is performed, two types of presses are used - mechanical and hydraulic. In machines of the first type, the energy of a falling connecting rod is used to perform the operation, in equipment of the second type, to provide the necessary load, they use hydraulic machine, which creates a force on the stamping unit.

To machine tools include such as crank, screw, guillotine, combined and some others.

The force that will be directed to molding the part, depending on the model of the press, can be several kilograms (tabletop presses, pneumatic action), or several hundred tons, for example, a KA9536 brand press. Its force is 400 tons, the connecting rod stroke is 250 mm, and the maximum die tooling size is 1000 x 1000 mm in plan view.

GOST 6809-87 operates on the territory of our country. He defines technical specifications for press equipment used in hot stamping.

The sheet metal punching machine must be installed on a separate foundation, which is not connected to the main foundation of the building in which the stamping shop is located.

Pressing equipment can be used in the production of large-scale or mass production of parts.

Presses, almost all types have two modes of operation, manual and automatic. The latter allows them to be integrated into production lines for complex parts.

For example, in the manufacture of automotive body parts, several presses are placed in one line. Individual stamps are installed on each of them, the consistent use of which makes it possible to obtain a finished part from a sheet, for example, a luggage compartment lid or a door.

The accuracy of processing on such equipment allows you to start the received parts for further production without the use of intermediate operations associated with machining.

The principle of operation and arrangement of presses of various types

Pressing equipment of a mechanical type can use the energy of compressed air in its work. For this purpose, compressed air supply lines are used in stamping shops. The working pressure in them is 8 - 12 atm. Machines of this type are equipped with air purification systems from water and traces of oils.

Compressed air takes part in the spin-up of the flywheel, which raises the connecting rod to its upper position. By pressing the pedal or the press control buttons, the operator opens the clutch, the air leaves the system and the connecting rod rushes down under its own weight.

Hydraulic presses

The hydraulic press is a set of parts that includes:

• oil storage container;
• a pumping station designed to create the necessary pressure on the press rod;
• a filter system that separates water and solid particles from the working fluid.

All presses include in their design control cabinets, remote panels, with which the operator of the press directly works.

Radial forging machine

The main purpose of this type of apparatus is to obtain blanks for shafts of a certain shape and size.

Most often, this type of equipment produces blanks with a diameter of about 150 mm and a length of up to 1200 mm.

electromagnetic press

Presses of this type appeared relatively recently. As a source of energy to obtain parts of a given shape, a core is used, which is part of an electromagnet.

It is he who moves the slider, on which the upper part of the stamp is installed, and return springs return it to its original position. These machines show high productivity. Most often, electromagnetic presses are used with a stroke length of 10 mm, and the force on the stamp is 2.5 tons.

Punching tool

For processing parts using stamping, a tool called a stamp is used.

It consists of two parts, the upper one is fixed on a movable slider, the lower one is fixed on a fixed table, which is an integral part of the frame.

For the production of dies, tool steels such as U8, KhVG and some others are used.