Explosives and means of initiation. Granular explosive composition (options) Granulite ac 4

Selecting the type of explosives and SI

The first stage of choosing rational explosives when carrying out mine workings, there should be an assessment of the technical feasibility of using various explosives in appropriate conditions. At the same time, from the existing explosives, those are selected that are capable of providing full-fledged detonation in boreholes, blasting in dry or watered rocks, depending on the conditions, convenience and sufficient productivity of using explosives.

The most convenient for use are granular explosives. With high-quality cooking, they almost do not cake, little dust when loaded, and easily spill out of the bags.

At the second stage of choosing rational explosives It follows from technically suitable and capable of providing the necessary performance under given conditions to choose the most economical explosives.

When driving workings, cartridgeed ammonium nitrate explosives are most widely used: pressed rock ammonite No. 1, ammonite No. 6 ZhV, dinaphthalite and detonites, as well as placer explosives - AS-8 granulite, etc.

The choice of explosives for blasting blasthole charges during horizontal workings is made depending on the physical and mechanical properties of rocks.

For very strong rocks f = 12-18, it is advisable to use high-bristle explosives of the rocky ammonite type No. 1.

Depending on the strength properties of rocks, explosives are recommended with the following explosive values ​​(Table 2.5)

Table 2.5

In addition, explosives are selected in accordance with the list of manufactured explosives, watering of the bottom and the danger of gas and dust explosions (Tables 2.6, 2.7).

Characteristics of explosives approved for use in Russian Federation presented in Annex 2.

Table 2.6

Granular explosives and charges intended for blasting on the earth's surface and in the faces of underground workings of mines (mines) that are not hazardous in terms of gas or dust (II class)
No. pp	BB type	Compatibility class	Application area
	Aquanit ARZ-8	D
	Aquanal ARZ-8N	D	Dry and watered boreholes and boreholes
	Grammonite 79/21	D	Dry wells
	Grammonite M grades 5 and 21	D
	Grammonite TM	D	For manual and mechanized loading of dry and drained boreholes, wells and chambers
	Grammotol grades 10, 15 and 20	D
	Granulite AZ	D	Dry and drained boreholes and wells
	Granulite A6	D	Dry holes and wells
	Granulite AS-4	D	Dry holes and wells
	Granulite AS-4V	D	Dry and drained boreholes and wells
	Granulite AS-8	D	Dry holes and wells
	Granulite AS-8V	D	Dry and drained boreholes and wells
	Granulite AS-M	D	Dry holes and wells in sulfide ores
	Granulite AF grades AF-7, AF-12	D	Dry and drained wells
	Granulite D-5	D	For manual and mechanized loading of dry and drained boreholes and wells
	Granulite Igdanite	D	Dry holes and wells
	Granulite Igdanit P	D	Dry and drained boreholes and wells
	Granulite M	D	Dry holes and wells
	Granulite MG-10	D	For manual and mechanized loading of dry and drained boreholes and wells
	Granulite PM	D	For manual and mechanized loading of dry holes and wells
	Granulite PS grades PS-1 and PS-2*	D	Dry and drained boreholes and wells, incl. in rocks and ores containing sulfides (for PS-1)

Continuation of the table. 2.6

Powdered explosives and charges intended for blasting on the earth's surface and in the faces of underground workings of mines (mines) that are not hazardous in terms of gas or dust (II class)
	Ammonal (patronized)	D	Dry and watered holes
	Ammonal and ammonite No. 6ZhV in plastic bag	D	Oversized crushing
	Ammonal M-10 (cartridged)	D	Dry and drained boreholes
	Ammonal M-10 (in polyethylene sheath d= 45, 60, 90mm)	D	Dry and drained boreholes
	Ammonal rock №1 (patronized)	D	Dry and drained boreholes
	Ammonal E-5 (patronized)	D	Dry and drained boreholes
	Ammonite 6ZhV (powder in bags)	D	Dry holes, wells
	Ammonite 6ZhV (cartridged d= 31-32, 36-37mm)	D	Dry and drained boreholes, wells
	Ammonite 6ZhV (in polyethylene sheath d=60, 90mm)	D	Dry and watered wells
	Ammonite 6ZhV (in a new polyethylene sheath d=60, 90mm)	D	Dry and watered wells
	Ammonite DNN and cartridges from it d= 90 mm in polyethylene sheath	D	Dry and flooded (for explosive cartridges) wells, as charges and intermediate detonators
	Detonit M	D	Dry and drained boreholes
	ZKVK	D	Contour blast charges
Safety explosives and charges intended for explosion in mines (mines) hazardous by gas or dust
	Ammonite AP-5ZhV	D III class	Dry and drained boreholes
	Ammonite PMS-1T	D III class	Holes in carnalite seams of underground salt mines
	Ammonite PZhV-20	D IV class	Dry and drained boreholes
	Ammonite T-19	D IV class	Dry and drained boreholes
	Ionite	D VII class	External charges (swelling of coal launches, breaking wooden supports)
	Uglenit P12CB-2M	D VI class	Dry and drained boreholes
	Uglenit P12CB-2M cartridges in polyethylene casings	D VI class	Dry and drained boreholes
	Uglenit 13P and 13P/1	D V class	Dry and drained boreholes
	E-6	D V class	Dry and drained boreholes

* Along with coalite E-6, in the order of industrial tests, selectite No. 1 is recommended - a safety explosive of class V; in terms of power it is at the level of IV class explosives.

** Combined charges - ammonite AP-5ZhV and coalite № 5, used as an active stemming.

Table 2.7

not hazardous by gas or dust

Conditions for placement of explosive charges	Breeds are strong and very strong	Breeds of medium strength	Breeds are weak
manual loading (cartridge and backfill)		Manual loading	pneumatic and other types of mechanized loading	manual loading	pneumatic and other types of mechanized loading
Boreholes during tunneling and cleaning operations in dry faces	Ammonite rock No. 1 Detonite M Ammonal waterproof Ammonal rock No. 3 Ammonite No. 6-ZhV Ammonite No. 7-ZhV Dinaphthalite	Granulite AS-8 Granulite AS-4 Igdanite Granulite M Grammonal A-8	Waterproof ammonal Detonite M Ammonal rock No. 3 Ammonite No. 6-ZhV Ammonite rock No. 1 Ammonite No. 7-ZhV Dynaphthalite	the same as for hard rocks with mechanized loading	Waterproof ammonal Ammonite No. 6-ZhV Ammonite No. 7-ZhV Detonit M Dinaphthalite Ammonal rocky No. 3	Igdanite Granulite AS-8 Granulite AS-4 Granulite M Grammonal A-8
Boreholes during tunneling and cleaning operations in flooded faces	Same	Grammonal A-8	Same	Grammonal A-8	Same	Grammonal A-8
Flooded boreholes during the sinking of mine shafts	»	Aquanit 3L	»	Aquanit 3L	»	Aquanit 3L

Depending on the methods of excitation of the detonator explosion during the driving of mine workings, the following methods of initiation are distinguished:

Electric fire: the detonator explodes from a burning OH, set on fire by an electric igniter;

Electric: the detonator explodes from a burning electric igniter;

Capless: using a detonating cord (DSh);

Low energy: using SINV and "NONEL" systems.

fire method charge initiation is allowed to be used on the earth's surface and only in cases where it cannot be replaced by an electric one or another, incl. non-electric initiation systems.

Electric way allows you to reduce the deceleration interval between explosions to tenths of a second, which expands the area of ​​applied cuts. The disadvantages of this method is that the electric detonators are exposed to stray currents and the method requires the calculation of network parameters and its subsequent verification, which complicates its application. Currently, the industry produces electric detonators of instantaneous, delayed (type ED-ZD) action with deceleration intervals of 0.25; 0.5 and 2 sec and short-delayed detonators (ED-KZ type) with deceleration intervals of 15 or 25 ms (Appendix 2).

low energy way initiation is characterized by high reliability, ease of installation and safety of use.

The systems allowed for use are given in Table. 2.8.

In the faces of workings, where there is gas release or explosive coal dust, it is allowed to use only instantaneous and short-delayed safety electric detonators. In this case, the following conditions must be met:

The maximum deceleration time of short-delayed electric detonators, taking into account the spread in response time, should not exceed -220 ms when using explosives of class IV - 220 ms, V and VI classes - 320 ms;

In preparatory workings carried out on coal with blasting of side rocks, blasting of charges in holes for coal and rock can be carried out both separately and simultaneously (with one face or ahead of one of them);

Explosion of a set of charges in the face is allowed to be carried out separately, but not more than in three steps; the loading of holes in each individual method should be carried out after blasting in the previous one and after taking measures to ensure the safety of blasting and other work in the face.

Table 2.8

Non-electric initiation systems

	Dinashok (Dynamite Nobel, Germany)	On the earth's surface at temperatures from -35 to +65 ° С
	Nonel (Dino Nobel, Sweden)	On the earth's surface at temperatures from -30 to +80 ° C and in underground workings that are not dangerous for gas or dust
	SINV, includes devices SINV-P, SINV-S, SINV-SH	On the earth's surface at temperatures from -40 to +85 ° C and in underground workings, where the use of non-safety class II explosives is allowed.
SINV-Start	On the earth's surface at temperatures from -40 to +50 ° C and in underground workings that are not dangerous for gas or dust
	Edilyn, includes detonators DBI 1, DBI 2, DBI 3	On the earth's surface at temperatures from -50 to +85 ° C and in underground workings that are not dangerous for gas or dust

Delayed electric detonators are allowed to be used for blasting charges in faces where the use of non-safety class II explosives is allowed, in the absence of gas release and explosive dust.

It is forbidden to place explosives of various classes or different names in one blasthole, and with a continuous charge - more than one cartridge-militant.

Distinguish direct and reverse initiation.

With direct initiation, the blasting cap or electric detonator is oriented from the mouth to the bottom of the charge. With reverse initiation, the blasting cap or electric detonator is oriented from the bottom to the mouth of the charge.

With reverse initiation, the time of impact of detonation products on the destroyed massif increases, as a result of which the intensity of crushing of the rock mass increases. Therefore, it is most expedient to use reverse initiation when blasting under conditions of strong "clamping" (for example, when working in hard rocks).

The firing cartridge must be located first from the mouth of the hole. In this case, the electric detonator (detonator cap) must be placed in the end part of the cartridge-action cartridge closest to the hole mouth so that the bottom of the electric detonator sleeve (detonator cap) is directed to the bottom of the hole.

When loading without the use of mechanization means, it is allowed to place the cartridge-action with an electric detonator (detonator cap) first from the bottom of the hole. In this case, the bottom of the sleeve of the electric detonator (detonator cap) should be directed to the mouth of the hole. In coal and shale mines, such an arrangement in the borehole of an action cartridge with an electric detonator is allowed only in the absence of gas release and explosive dust, as well as in the presence of electric detonators with a wire length exceeding the depth of the boreholes of at least 0.6 m.

The most common granulites AC-4 and AC-8 are uniform in appearance granular explosives of silver-gray color. They are made from granulated ammonium nitrate, coated with a film of mineral oil and powdered with fine aluminum.

Granulites are intended for blasting in open and underground works on rocks of various strengths.

Composition of granulite: AC-4 AC-8

Ammonium nitrate granulated - 91.8% 89.0%

Mineral oil - 4.2% 3.0%

Aluminum powder - 4.0% 8.0%

Oxygen balance + 0.71 + 0.34

Heat of explosion, kcal/kg 1080 1212

Working capacity, cm 390-410 410-430

Thanks to the powdering additives, the granulites are characterized by low caking and good flowability.

All granulites and igdanite stably detonate when using an intermediate detonator, which is a piece of pressed TNT or tetryl weighing 150-200 g or an ammonite cartridge. weighing 200-400 g.

A significant disadvantage of all granulites is their non-water resistance.

Ticket number 6

Definition of BB. BB classification. Individual and mixed explosives.

Explosives are chemical compounds or mechanical mixtures that, under the action of external impulses (heating, impact, friction, etc.), are capable of exploding, i.e. extremely quickly turn into other compounds with the release of heat and gaseous products capable of destroying and moving the environment. During the explosion of most explosives, combustible elements - hydrogen and carbon - are oxidized by oxygen, which is part of the explosive, in contrast to the combustion process, in which oxidation occurs due to atmospheric oxygen.

The main signs of an explosion:

High volume concentration of energy;

Supersonic speed of energy release;

exothermic process;

Formation of a large volume of gaseous products;

Sound effect.

To calculate the composition of the explosion products, all explosives are divided into three groups:

Explosives with an amount of oxygen sufficient (or excess) for the complete oxidation of combustible elements. In this case, all carbon is converted into carbon dioxide, and hydrogen into water (for example, during the decomposition of dinitroglycol.

Explosives with an amount of oxygen sufficient for complete gas formation. In this case, it is assumed that oxygen first oxidizes all hydrogen into water, carbon into carbon monoxide, and then the remaining part of oxygen forms carbon dioxide with carbon monoxide, for example, in the reaction of PETN decomposition.

Explosives with an amount of oxygen insufficient for complete gas formation. In this case, hydrogen is oxidized into water, part of the carbon into carbon monoxide, and the remaining carbon is released in free form, as, for example, in the decomposition of TNT.

Granulites

(a. granulites; n. granulite; f. granulites; and. granulitas) - explosive bulk mixtures of granulated ammonium nitrate with liquid or hot-melt oil products and solid dispersed combustible substances. The first G. developed in the CCCP in con. 50s, waterproof grades (AC-4B and AC-8B) - early. 70s G.'s prescription composition is balanced in terms of oxygen, which allows them to be used in open and underground works. G. insensitive to mechanical. influences. Not sufficiently sensitive to primary means of initiation, require an intermediate detonator. In open works, G. charge dry and drained boreholes, wells, pits,. Grades AC-4B and AC-8B are suitable for wet (dehydrated) holes and wells. G. is transported in paper bags with a plastic bag inserted inside. Guarantee period storage for consumers of the Far North 12 months (for all others - 6 months). It is also possible to manufacture granulites at mining enterprises at specially built stationary technol. installations or using a suitable mixing and charging machine. Analogues of granulites are foreign mixtures of the AN-FO type, made on porous ammonium nitrate. Aluminized G. are similar to aluvites and alumexes (USA), anfometes (), alumon (GDR). Literature: Pozdnyakov Z. G., Development and improvement of granulated BB in the CCCP and abroad, M., 1971. Z. G. Pozdnyakov.

Mountain Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by E. A. Kozlovsky. 1984-1991 .

See what "Granulites" are in other dictionaries:

A group of the simplest explosives in which ammonium nitrate granules are impregnated with liquid fuel and powdered with wood flour or aluminum powder. Heat of explosion 3.8 5.2 MJ/kg. Little sensitive to mechanical stress. Applied to... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

A group of the simplest explosives in which ammonium nitrate granules are impregnated with liquid fuel and powdered with wood flour or aluminum powder. Heat of explosion 3.8 5.2 MJ/kg. Insensitive to mechanical influences. Applied to... encyclopedic Dictionary

GRANULITES- - deep metamorphic rocks of different composition, formed in a wide range of pressures and at high temperatures of 600-1000°C. The magnetism of this group of rocks is determined primarily by the content of magnetic minerals in the original rocks. So,… … Paleomagnetology, petromagnetology and geology. Dictionary reference.

See cinnamon… Chemical Encyclopedia

Granulity- granulites granulites Granulite vibukhovi sipuchі sumіshі, to the warehouse of which enter granulated ammonium nitrate, various naphthoproducts and hard combustible speech (for example, in the village of abo alyumіnієve boroshno). Ґ., not sensitive to mechanics. vpliviv. Abroad… … Girnichiy encyclopedic dictionary

Mixed blasting explosives containing an oxidizing agent (NH4NO3) and non-explosive fuel (peat, wood flour, oil products, metal powders). The explosive transformation of D. proceeds in two stages: the first is the decomposition of the oxidizing agent, the second is oxidation ... ... Chemical Encyclopedia

- (BB) chemical compounds or mixtures of substances capable of rapid chemical reaction accompanied by release a large number heat and gas formation. This reaction, having arisen at any point as a result of heating, impact, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (a. cheap explosives; n. einfachste Sprengstoffe, Sprengstoff einfachster Zusammensetzung; f. explosifs bon marche; i. explosivos simplisimos, substantias explosives simplicimas) granular mixtures. saltpeter with liquid or fusible ... ... Geological Encyclopedia

GOST 21987(76) Industrial explosives. Granulites. Specifications. OKS: 71.100.30 KGS: L72 High explosives Instead of: GOST 9073 64 in terms of granulites AC and C Action: From 07/01/77 Changed: IUS 11/82, 8/87, 9/91, 2/99 ... ... Directory of GOSTs

Class explosives (aquanites, aquatols, ammonals, ammonites, granulites, detonites, etc.), the main component of which is ammonium nitrate. May contain nitro compounds, combustible materials, inert fillers. Hygroscopic, prone to caking. * … encyclopedic Dictionary

When carrying out underground mining and exploratory workings, class II explosives are used, approved for permanent use for open and underground work in mines that are not dangerous for gas and dust (Table 65).

Industrial explosives based on ammonium nitrate are mechanical mixtures of ammonium nitrate with other explosives or combustible non-explosives. In explosives of this group, it acts as an oxidizing agent. B B based on ammonium nitrate are safe to handle, can be various types technological processing, have a low cost.

Explosives based on ammonium nitrate are divided into several groups: ammonals, grammonites, ammonites, granulites, igdanites, water-filled.

Table 65

Conditions for placement of explosive charges	The rocks are strong and very strong (the cost of drilling is 0.75 rubles / dm 3)	Rocks of medium strength (drilling cost 0.5 rubles / dm 3)	The rocks are weak (the cost of drilling is 0.25 rubles / dm 3)
Boreholes during tunneling and cleaning operations in dry faces	Granulites: A-6, AS-8, AS-8V, AS-4, AS-M, D-5 Igdanite Detonit M Ammonal rock No. 1 Ammonals: M10 (patronized), (patronized) Ammonite No. 6ZhV Dynaphthalite	Granulites: AC-4, AC-8, A-6 Ammonal waterproof Detonit M Ammonite No. 6ZhV Aquanal ARZ-8N Grammonite 79/21	Granulites: M, AS-4, AS-8 Ammonal waterproof Ammonite No. 6ZhV Aquanit ARZ-8 Dynaphthalite Rocky Ammonal No. 3 Grammonite 79/21
Holes at tunneling and cleaning works in flooded faces	Granulites: AC-8,A-6 Detonite M Ammonal M-10 (in a polyethylene shell = 45.90 mm) Rocky ammonal No. 3 Ammonite No. 6ZhV Dynaphthalite	(in polyethylene sheath d> 45.90mm) Detonit M Ammonal waterproof Ammonite No. 6ZhV Ammonal rocky No. 1 Dynaphthalite	Ammonal waterproof Grammonite 79/21 Ammonite No. 6ZhV Granul it AC-8V Dynaphthalite Detonit M Ammonal rock No. 1 Akvanit ARZ-8 Akvanal ARZ-8N
Flooded boreholes during the sinking of mine shafts	Detonit M Ammonal waterproof Ammonit No. 6ZhV	Ammonal M-10 (in polyethylene sheath d=45.90 mm) Detonite M Ammonite No. 6ZhV Rocky Ammonal No. 1 Dynaphthalite	Ammonal M-10 (in a polyethylene sheath = 45, 90 mm) Dynaphthalite Ammonite No. 6ZhV

Ammonites are powdered mixtures of ammonium nitrate with TNT (rarely with hexogen, dinitronaphthalene) and non-explosive combustible components. In order to increase the water resistance of ammonites, i.e., their ability to maintain explosive properties when immersed in water, water-resistant nitrate of the ZhV and ZhVF grades, as well as various additives, such as paraffin, asphaltite, etc., are used. The most common explosive based on ammonium nitrate is ammonite 6ZhV , which is often taken as a standard in a comparative assessment of the explosive properties of explosives. Ammonites are produced in powdered, cartridgeed, pressed and auger forms. Ammonite indices mean: ZhV - waterproof nitrate grade, AP - safety ammonite, K - small scale grade of coagulating ammonium nitrate with the addition of a dye (magenta) to reduce caking. The disadvantages of ammonite include: insufficient density, caking, hygroscopicity, low water resistance, low efficiency in blasting large-block strong rocks.

Dinaphthalite (dinaphthalite-200) is an industrial explosive, the main components of which are ammonium nitrate and dinitronaphthalene. It is used in cartridge form for open and underground work with manual loading of holes. Limited distribution.

Ammonals - mixtures of powdered ammonium nitrate and TNT with a metal combustible additive (aluminum powder). Ammonals in a granular state are called grammonals.

Dynamones - mixtures of ammonium nitrate with liquid or solid combustible additives (solar oil, wood flour, soot, aluminum powder, etc.). Dynamones in a granular state are called granulites (for example, AC-4, AC-8, into which a small amount of solar oil and aluminum powder are introduced, Table 66).

Dynamos include igdanites - the simplest explosives prepared directly at work sites and consisting of granular (or flake) ammonium nitrate soaked in a small amount of liquid fuel (solar oil or diesel fuel). Igdanites are the cheapest explosives of all used. They are designed for use in dry bottoms or in the dry part of the well with combined charges.

Igdanite belongs to low-power explosives and is intended mainly for blasting rocks of weak and medium strength. According to prof. G.P. Demidyuk, igdanites with a high density of their loading can also be used for blasting hard rocks. With the release of granular porous nitrate, the quality of igdanites has increased, and the scope has expanded both in open and underground works.

Table 66

Characteristics of the simplest granular B B
	Granulite AS-4 and AS-4V	Granulite AS-8 and AS-8V	Granulite M
Critical diameter, mm
Heat of explosion, kJ/kg
Volume of gases, l/kg
Brisance in steel ring, mm
Detonation speed, km/s
Bulk density, g / cm 3
Oxygen balance, %
Ideal explosion work, kJ/kg

However, when initiating a charge with a detonating borehole (DS), it becomes necessary to create a DS that is resistant to solar oil for a long time (up to 5-10 days).

Nitroglycerin explosives are divided into high-percentage gelatinized or plastic explosives and low-percentage powdered explosives containing no more than 15% liquid nitroesters (pobedite, detonites). Nitroglycerin and nitroglycol are used as nitroesters. Nitroglycerin explosives have high power, water resistance and detonation ability.

Detonites - powdered explosives (with an increased content of nitroesters, approaching plastic ones) - belong to non-safety explosives. They consist of ammonium nitrate, TNT, 5 ... 10% aluminum powder and 6 ... 15% nitroester. Cartridges of detonite have a density of 1.15... 1.20 g/cm 3 , which ensures high quality crushing of the rock mass during blasting.

When working with detonites, care must be taken to protect hands from the action of nitroesters and prevent spillage of explosives from packs and cartridges. The use of detonites (for example, detonite M), despite their relatively high cost, is very effective and economically beneficial in blasting hard rocks.

The use of granulated explosives in blasting has a number of advantages compared to cartridge explosives:

• 1) the ability to mechanize the process of loading holes;
• 2) reduced sensitivity of explosives to mechanical influences;
• 3) increased loading density (1.1 ... 1.3 g / cm 3);
• 4) lower production cost (by 15...20%). Granulated explosives are produced in loose form.

For mechanized loading of holes with granulated explosives, portable chargers are used (Table 67).

Table 67

Technical characteristics of pneumatic chargers

Options	Discharge			Ejector
				"Zarman"		"Kurama-8M"	"Katun"
Productivity, kg/min
Loading density, g / cm 3
Hopper capacity, kg
Range transportation, m
Compressed air consumption, m 3 / min
Charging hole parameters:
diameter, mm
depth, m
Angle of inclination, hail.
Height, mm
Width, mm
Weight, kg
Service personnel, pers.

The explosion of explosive charges in a given sequence and in a certain period of time is carried out by means of initiation (SI), which transmit an impulse to the explosive charge and thereby cause (excite) its detonation.

Special technical devices, serving to create an initial impulse when initiating explosives, are called means of initiation.

For granular and water-containing explosives, amplification of the initial pulse is required, for which an additional initiator from a more sensitive explosive is used (TNT cartridges, ammonite cartridge No. 6ZhV).

In accordance with the type of means of initiation used, the following methods of blasting are used: fire, electric fire, electric and with the help of a detonating cord.

Caps-detonators are designed to initiate the detonation of explosives in the fire method of blasting charges, as well as to initiate a detonating cord.

Detonator caps KD-8UTB and KD-8UTS are serially produced. In the designation, the first letter after the number indicates the name of the sleeve material (B - paper, C - steel or bimetal, UT - with a reduced mass of the primary initiating substance).

The fuse cord is used to transmit the beam of fire to the initiating explosive in detonator caps. Depending on the material of the waterproofing coating, the following brands of cord are produced: asphalted (OShA), plastic-coated (OShP) and extruded with a polyethylene sheath (OShE).

Technical characteristics of igniter cords

Warranty period of storage of the cord OSHP - five years, the rest - one year. Fire-conducting cords are produced in lengths of 10 m, rolled into coils, and 25 pcs. stacked in packs, and packs - in boxes. Burning speed - 1 cm / s.

Incendiary cartridges, a smoldering incendiary wick, etc. are used to ignite the igniter cord.

Incendiary cartridges are used for group ignition of a igniter cord. They produce incendiary and electric incendiary cartridges in paper sleeves of ZP-B grades from No. 1 to No. 5. Cartridges

No. 1 are designed to set fire to 7 pieces of cord, No. 2 - 8-12, No. 3 - 13-19, No. 4 - 20-27 and No. 5 - 28-37.

For group ignition of the igniter cord, electric igniters EZ-OSH (EZ-OSH-K), electric igniters TEZ-ZP, EV-PT-Gr are also intended.

The electric detonator is a detonator cap with an electric igniter in one sleeve. Electric detonators are distinguished by the type and size of the charge that initiates the explosive, by the response time (instantaneous, delayed and short-delayed action), by purpose (general purpose, for seismic exploration, for torpedoing wells, etc.), according to the conditions of use (non-safety, safety). The industry produces instantaneous electric detonators of the following brands: ED-8E - water-resistant, non-safety, with elastic fastening of the incandescent bridge; ED-8Zh - waterproof, non-safety, with a rigid fastening of the incandescent bridge; ED-KZ-35P, ED-KZ-OP - safety, increased power for mines, dangerous for gas and dust.

Short-delayed and delayed electric detonators differ from instantaneous electric detonators by the presence of a retarding charge column located between the primary explosive and the electric igniter. They are produced for mines that are not dangerous for gas and dust, of three types: EDKZ, EDZD and ED-Z-N (23 series with deceleration up to 1000 ms).

Short-delayed electric detonators (EDKZ) are produced with 6 stages of deceleration with a nominal response time of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 250 ms; delayed action (EDZD) with deceleration up to 1000 ms and a nominal response time of 0.5; 0.75; one; 1.5; 2; four; 6; 8 and 10 s.

Electric detonators of type EDZ-N (non-safety) are designed to replace electric detonators EDKZ and partially EDZD. They have 23 deceleration stages. The first ten steps have a deceleration time of 10ms, the next four have 25ms, the next three have 50ms and the last six have 100ms. Characteristics of electric detonators are given in table. 68.

Rated operating time is indicated on the bottom of the sleeve or a metal tag attached to the lead wires. Warranty period of storage of all electric detonators is 1.5 years. Together with electric detonators, EK-VR-A contact clamps are supplied, which are a metal core made of tinplate in a plastic sheath.

Table 68

ED manufactured according to TU and GOST	slowdown		Safe current, A	magazine decrees
		Interval, ms
Non-safety
ED-8Zh, ED-8E		Instant actions
(instant action), ED-1-3-T according to TU 84-638-83 (delayed action)		20...200 (after 20 ms)
		225...300 (after 25 ms)
		350...500 (after 50 ms)
		600... 1000 (after 100 ms)
		2... 10 (after 2 s)
ED-KZ according to TU 84-317-83		25; 50; 75; 100; 150;250
ED-Z-N according to TU 84-884-80		20...200 (after 20 ms)
		225...300 (after 25 ms)
		350...500 (after 50 ms)
		600... 1000 (after 100 ms)

Safety

(instantaneous)
ED-KZ-P according to GOST 21806-76		25; 50; 75; 100;125
		15; 30; 45; 60; 80;100; 120

Characteristics of devices for electrical blasting

Type of device or machine		beer-yom		KPM-3 VMK-500
The maximum explosive number of EMs when they are connected in series, pcs
Nominal resistance of the explosive network with a series connection of EM, Ohm
Rated voltage on the storage capacitor, V
Charging time of storage capacitor to rated voltage, s
Source of power	Element 373 - 3 pcs.	Element 373 - 3 pcs.		alternating current
Weight (without case), kg