AFRICA VISIT
"Business card" of the region
Teacher Kuznetsov N.K.
Africa Africa- the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south.Africa- the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south.
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Africa is the birthplace of mankind Africa is the birthplace of the greatest ancient civilization of the Earth - Ancient Egypt Africa has the largest desert in the world - the Sahara
Africa is home to one of the longest rivers in the world, the Nile.
Jordan
Mediterranean Sea
Africa occupies 20% of the Earth's land area (30.3 million km2), 56 states(with islands). - more than 1 billion people.
South Sudan
(Juba) -2011
Regions of Africa- Sev. Africa
- Severn. Africa
- Western Africa
- Center. Africa
- Eastern Africa
- South Africa
Exercise. On a contour map, plot any 10 countries in Africa that gained political independence after the Second World War. Indicate the date of independence and the metropolitan country. Why is 1960 called the Year of Africa?
|
Year of receipt independence |
Country - metropolis |
|
|
DE, VB Germany, FR, WB Germany |
|
Year of receipt independence |
Country - metropolis |
|
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Germ. Belgium Germ. Belgium Portugal. Portugal. Portugal. Portugal. Portugal. Germ, South Africa Italy (since 1950 part of Ethiopia) |
Table. African countries that gained independence after World War II.
Liberation from colonization
Animal world of Africa
Flora of Africa
Riches of Africa
The wealth of Africa - in terms of reserves and gold production - 1st place in the world At present (2015) OPEC includes 12 states, 4 of which are African: Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Angola
Riches of Africa
Tourism in Africa
In the village of the pygmies
In the land of the pyramids
Diving in the Red Sea
Photo safari in nature reserves
Homework- Topic 8, part 1 to the population
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Slides captions:
Africa Geography teacher Abzalova A.R.
Africa is a continent located south of the Mediterranean and Red Seas, east of the Atlantic Ocean and west of the Indian Ocean. It is the second largest continent after Eurasia. Africa is also called the part of the world, consisting of the mainland Africa and adjacent islands. The area of Africa is 29.2 million km², with islands - about 30.3 million km², thus covering 6% of the total surface area of \u200b\u200bthe Earth and 20.4% of the land surface. The length from north to south is 8 thousand km, from west to east in the northern part - 7.5 thousand km. On the territory of Africa there are 55 states, 4 unrecognized states and 5 dependent territories (islands).
The population of Africa is about a billion people. Africa is considered the ancestral home of mankind: it was here that the oldest remains of early hominids and their probable ancestors were found, including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster.
The African continent crosses the equator and several climatic zones; it is the only continent that stretches from the northern subtropical climate zone to the southern subtropical one. Due to the lack of permanent rainfall and irrigation - as well as glaciers or aquifers of mountain systems - there is practically no natural regulation of the climate anywhere except the coasts.
African Studies is the study of the cultural, economic, political and social problems of Africa.
Extreme points Northern - Cape Blanco (Ben Secca, Ras Engel, El Abyad) Southern - Cape Agulhas Western - Cape Almadi Eastern - Cape Ras Hafun
The relief is mostly flat, in the northwest there are the Atlas Mountains, in the Sahara - the Ahaggar and Tibesti highlands. In the east - the Ethiopian Highlands, to the south of it the East African Plateau, where the volcano Kilimanjaro (5895 m) is located - the highest point on the mainland. To the south are the Cape and Dragon Mountains. The lowest point (157 meters below sea level) is located in Djibouti, this is the salt lake Assal. The deepest cave is Anu Ifflis, located in the north of Algeria in the Tell Atlas mountains.
Minerals Africa is known primarily for its richest deposits of diamonds (South Africa, Zimbabwe) and gold (South Africa, Ghana, Mali, Republic of the Congo). There are large oil fields in Nigeria and Algeria. Bauxites are mined in Guinea and Ghana. The resources of phosphorites, as well as manganese, iron and lead-zinc ores are concentrated in the zone of the northern coast of Africa.
Inland waters In Africa is the second longest river in the world - the Nile, flowing from south to north. Other major rivers are the Niger in the west, the Congo in central Africa, and the Zambezi, Limpopo and Orange rivers in the south. The largest lake is Victoria. Other large lakes are Nyasa and Tanganyika, located in lithospheric faults. One of the largest salt lakes is Lake Chad, located on the territory of the state of the same name.
Climate Africa is the hottest continent on the planet. The reason for this is the geographical location of the continent: the entire territory of Africa is located in hot climatic zones. It is in Africa that the hottest place on Earth is located - Dallol, and the highest temperature on Earth (+58.4 ° C) was recorded. Central Africa and the coastal regions of the Gulf of Guinea belong to the equatorial belt, where heavy rainfall occurs throughout the year and there is no change of seasons. To the north and south of the equatorial belt are subequatorial belts. Here, humid equatorial air masses dominate in summer (rainy season), and in winter - dry air of tropical trade winds (dry season). To the north and south of the subequatorial belts are the northern and southern tropical belts. They are characterized by high temperatures with low rainfall, which leads to the formation of deserts. To the north is the largest desert on Earth, the Sahara Desert, to the south, the Kalahari Desert. The northern and southern extremities of the mainland are included in the corresponding subtropical belts.
Fauna and flora The flora of the tropical, equatorial and subequatorial zones is diverse. Ceiba, pipdatenia, terminalia, combretum, brachistegia, isoberlinia, pandanus, tamarind, sundew, pemphigus, palm trees and many others grow everywhere. The savannas are dominated by low trees and thorny shrubs (acacia, terminalia, bush).
Desert vegetation, on the other hand, is sparse, consisting of small communities of grasses, shrubs, and trees growing in oases, highlands, and along waters. Salt-resistant halophyte plants are found in the depressions. In the least watered plains and plateaus, species of grasses, small shrubs and trees that are resistant to drought and heat grow. The flora of the desert regions is well adapted to the irregularity of rainfall. This is reflected in great variety physiological adaptations, habitat preferences, creation of dependent and related communities, and reproduction strategies. Perennial drought-resistant grasses and shrubs have an extensive and deep (up to 15-20 m) root system. Many of the herbaceous plants are ephemera, which can produce seeds in three days after sufficient moisture and sow them within 10-15 days after that.
In the mountainous regions of the Sahara desert, there is a relict Neogene flora, often related to the Mediterranean one, and many endemics. Among the relic woody plants growing in mountainous areas are some types of olive, cypress and mastic tree. There are also species of acacia, tamarisks and wormwood, doom palm, oleander, date palm, thyme, ephedra. Dates, figs, olive and fruit trees, some citrus fruits, and various vegetables are cultivated in the oases. Herbal plants that grow in many parts of the desert are represented by the genera triostnitsa, field grass and millet. Coastal grasses and other salt-tolerant grasses grow along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Various combinations of ephemera form seasonal pastures called ashebs. Algae are found in water bodies. In many desert areas (rivers, hamads, partially accumulations of sand, etc.), there is no vegetation cover at all. The vegetation of almost all regions has been strongly affected by human activities (grazing, gathering useful plants, procuring fuel, etc.).
A remarkable plant of the Namib Desert is tumboa, or Welwitschia (Welwitschia mirabilis). It grows two giant leaves slowly growing all its life (over 1000 years), which can exceed 3 meters in length. The leaves are attached to a stem that resembles a huge cone-shaped radish with a diameter of 60 to 120 centimeters, and sticks out of the ground for 30 centimeters. Welwitschia roots go down to a depth of 3 m. Welwitschia is known for its ability to grow in extremely dry conditions, using dew and fog as its main source of moisture. Welwitschia - endemic to the northern Namib - is depicted on the state emblem of Namibia. In slightly wetter areas of the desert, another well-known Namibian plant is found - nara (Acanthosicyos horridus), (endemic), which grows on sand dunes. Its fruits constitute a food base and a source of moisture for many animals, African elephants, antelopes, porcupines, etc.
From prehistoric times in Africa preserved the largest number members of the megafauna. The tropical equatorial and subequatorial zones are inhabited by a variety of mammals: okapi, antelopes (duikers, bongos), pygmy hippopotamus, brush-eared pig, warthog, galago, monkeys, flying squirrels (spine-tailed), lemurs (on the island of Madagascar), viverras, chimpanzees, gorillas, etc. Nowhere in the world is there such an abundance of large animals as in the African savanna: elephants, hippos, lions, giraffes, leopards, cheetahs, antelopes (cannes), zebras, monkeys, secretary bird, hyenas, African ostrich, meerkats. Some elephants, Kaffa buffaloes and white rhinoceroses live only in reserves.
Reptiles and amphibians of the tropical equatorial and subequatorial zones - mamba (one of the most poisonous snakes in the world), crocodile, python, tree frogs, poison dart frogs and marble frogs.
In humid climates, the malarial mosquito and tsetse fly are common, causing sleeping sickness in both humans and mammals.
Political division There are 57 countries in Africa, of which 3 are self-proclaimed and unrecognized. Most of them were colonies of European states for a long time and gained independence only in the 1950s and 1960s. Before that, only Egypt (since 1922), Ethiopia (since the Middle Ages), Liberia (since 1847) and South Africa (since 1910) were independent; in South Africa and Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), until the 80-90s of the 20th century, the apartheid regime, which discriminated against the indigenous (black) population, continued. Currently, many African countries are ruled by regimes that discriminate against the white population. According to the data research organization Freedom House, in recent years in many African countries (for example, in Nigeria, Mauritania, Senegal, Congo (Kinshasa) and Equatorial Guinea), there has been a trend of retreat from democratic achievements towards authoritarianism. In the north of the continent are the territories of Spain (Ceuta, Melilla, Canary Islands) and Portugal (Madeira), farthest away from the Azores.
African Union On September 9, 1999, on the initiative of Muammar Gaddafi, at the meeting of the heads of African states in Sirte (Libya), the Organization of African Unity (OAU) was created, uniting 53 African states. This organization on July 9, 2002 was officially transformed into the African Union. The President of the African Union is elected for a year by the head of one of the African states. The African Union has its headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The objectives of the African Union are: to promote the political and socio-economic integration of the continent; promotion and protection of the interests of the continent and its population; achieving peace and security in Africa; promoting the development of democratic institutions, wise leadership and human rights. The African Union does not include Morocco - in protest against the admission of Western Sahara, which Morocco considers its territory. The last, tenth summit of the African Union was held on January 25 - February 2, 2008.
General economic and geographical characteristics of African countries A feature of the geographical position of many countries in the region is the lack of access to the sea. At the same time, in countries facing the ocean, the coastline is slightly indented, which is unfavorable for the construction of large ports. Africa is exceptionally rich in natural resources. Especially large are the reserves of mineral raw materials - ores of manganese, chromites, bauxites, etc. Fuel raw materials are available in depressions and coastal regions. Oil and gas are produced in North and West Africa (Nigeria, Algeria, Egypt, Libya). Enormous reserves of cobalt and copper ores are concentrated in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo; manganese ores are mined in South Africa and Zimbabwe; platinum, iron ores and gold - in South Africa; diamonds - in Congo, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Ghana; phosphorites - in Morocco, Tunisia; uranium - in Niger, Namibia. In Africa, there are quite large land resources, but soil erosion has become catastrophic due to improper processing. Water resources across Africa are distributed extremely unevenly. Forests occupy about 10% of the territory, but as a result of predatory destruction, their area is rapidly declining.
Africa has the highest rate of natural population growth. The natural increase in many countries exceeds 30 persons per 1,000 inhabitants per year. A high proportion of children's ages (50%) and a small proportion of older people (about 5%) remain. African countries have not yet succeeded in changing the colonial type of the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, although the pace of economic growth has somewhat accelerated. The colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy is characterized by the predominance of low-commodity, consumer Agriculture, weak development of the manufacturing industry, lagging behind the development of transport. African countries have achieved the greatest success in the mining industry. In the extraction of many minerals, Africa holds a leading and sometimes monopoly place in the world (in the extraction of gold, diamonds, platinoids, etc.). The manufacturing industry is represented by light and food industries, other industries are absent, with the exception of a number of areas near the availability of raw materials and on the coast (Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Nigeria, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo).
The second branch of the economy, which determines Africa's place in the world economy, is tropical and subtropical agriculture. Agricultural products make up 60-80% of GDP. The main cash crops are coffee, cocoa beans, peanuts, dates, tea, natural rubber, sorghum, spices. Recently, grain crops have been grown: corn, rice, wheat. Animal husbandry plays a subordinate role, with the exception of countries with arid climates. Extensive cattle breeding prevails, characterized by a huge number of livestock, but low productivity and low marketability. The continent does not provide itself with agricultural products.
Transport also retains a colonial type: railways go from the regions of extraction of raw materials to the port, while the regions of one state are practically not connected. Relatively developed rail and sea modes of transport. In recent years, other types of transport have also been developed - automobile (a road has been laid across the Sahara), air, and pipeline. All countries, with the exception of South Africa, are developing, most of them are the poorest in the world (70% of the population lives below the poverty line).
Population The population of Africa is about 1 billion people. Population growth on the continent is the highest in the world in 2004, it was 2.3%. Over the past 50 years, the average life expectancy has increased - from 39 to 54 years. The population consists mainly of representatives of two races: the Negroid south of the Sahara, and the Caucasoid in northern Africa (Arabs) and South Africa (Boers and Anglo-South Africans). The most numerous people are the Arabs of North Africa. During the colonial development of the mainland, many state borders were drawn without taking into account ethnic characteristics, which still leads to interethnic conflicts. The average population density in Africa is 30.5 people/km², which is significantly less than in Europe and Asia. In terms of urbanization, Africa lags behind other regions - less than 30%, but the rate of urbanization here is the highest in the world, many African countries are characterized by false urbanization. The largest cities on the African continent are Cairo and Lagos.
Lesson #11 ___________________
Lesson topic: General characteristics of Africa
The purpose of the lesson: educational -
to study the common features of the GWP and GWP of African countries,
find out the history of the development of African countries,
assess the natural resource potential and level of development of the African continent as a whole and individual states,
describe the people of africaVedas - to study general information and the level of development of the African continent;
developing –
develop the ability to work with maps and statistical materials,
develop problem solving skills
form students' own opinionsattitude to negative social phenomena based on the identified problems of the population of the region,
to promote the development of interest among students in the study of this topic through independent learning activities;
educating - to educate students' political outlook, tolerance, interest in the subject.
Lesson type: study of new material (technology "Creating a problem situation").
Equipment: political map of the world, atlas, map of mineral resources, video, presentation, computer, projector, screen
During the classes.
Organizational moment.
Good afternoon guys! I want to start today's lesson with wonderful lines calling for perseverance, diligence, joy of life, and creativity. Let them be our motto:
You don't know - find out
You can - keep it up
Do not be afraid of the steep path!
Try it
Look for
do it,
reach
So that your life becomes a song!
II . Actualization of knowledge and definition of the topic of the lesson.
SLIDE 1
Teacher: we have already studied 2 regions. Remember which ones?
(Suggested answer: Overseas Europe, Overseas Asia and Australia)
There is still a lot of interesting things ahead of us, three regions have not yet been studied.
I bring to your attention a short video clip. And you yourself will understand which region we will study in the next lessons (view video) (suggested answer: we will study the Africa region).
Teacher: formulate the topic of the lesson (suggested answer: general characteristics of Africa).
SLIDE 2
So, let's write in the notebook the topic of the lesson: "General characteristics of Africa" (recording the topic on the board and in the notebook).
What do you know from 7th grade about Africa? (random student responses)
Teacher: remember the 10 centers of the world economy (Theme 4 P.3 in the GEF textbooks - page 115)
Student answer: Foreign Europe, North America, CIS, Japan, China, India, Mexico, Brazil, Persian Gulf countries, NIS countries (list)
SLIDE 3
Is there such a center in Africa?
- Teacher: So, in Africa there is not a single center of the world economy. What is the conclusion?
the expected answer of the students is the conclusion: there are no developed countries or centers in Africa, which means that all African countries (except South Africa) are developing. By all indicators, Africa lags noticeably behind other large regions, and this gap is even increasing.
problem situation modeling.
Teacher: indicate the problem that suggests itself from the output (student answers)
Problematic question: why is Africa to this day the most backward region of the world?
Africa is the most backward region to the present day. Let's try to find the reasons for the lag.
Teacher: to solve this problem, it is necessary to remember what determines the level of economic development of any region, that is, what should we find out about the region of Africa? (corrects students' statements and posts a plan for studying the material)
SLIDE 4
Natural resource potential
Population
History of the region.
Based on the plan, formulate the goals and objectives of our lesson?
III. Learning new material.
SLIDE 5 (background)
The numbers are posted on the board.
1.Common features
1) the Africa region and mainland Africa + adjacent islands - occupies 1st place in terms of area (30.3 million km 2, for comparison, Asia 27.7 million km 2, Europe - 5.4 million km 2) and 2nd place in terms of population (1 billion people in 2010, after Asia 4.1 billion people).
Task at the blackboard for 2 people: determine the length of Africa using a degree grid in kilometers. Answer: length: s-th about 8 thousand km, s-v about 7.5 thousand km
2) By what criteria can these countries differ from each other?
(suggested answer: by area, by number, etc.).
Assignment: look in the textbook for a business card "of countries and determine in Africa:
1 option; 3 largest countries by area (Answer: Algeria, DR Congo, Sudan)
Option 2: 3 largest countries by population (answer: Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia)
Additional information: Algeria and DR Congo are in the top 10 countries by area
And the area of Egypt, South Africa, Algeria, Ethiopia is 2.5 times larger than S France (the largest European state)
2) The total number of states in Africa (information on each desk)
- 55 sovereign (with islands) states,
10 holdings (or dependencies):
O. St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan - de - Cunha (Great Britain)
British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago, metropolitan Britain)
Mayotte (France) - Reunion (France) - Eparce Islands (France)
French Southern Territories (France)
Ceuta and Melilla (enclaves in Morocco, metropolitan Spain)
Canary Islands (Spain) - Madeira (Portugal) - Azores (Portugal)
3 self-proclaimed unrecognized states on the site of the state of Somalia: in the northern part of Somaliland, in the eastern part - Puntland, in the central part - Galmudug
3) Characterization of the EGP and GWP of Africa.
B) The main features of the EGP (work with the description plan).
Teacher: Before you is a plan for characterizing the EGP. Think about the characteristics of the EGP of Africa (student responses).
Teacher: Listening to the opinions of students, concretizes the answers
SLIDE 6
1) Proximity to foreign Europe and Asia.
2) Position at the intersection of the main sea transport routes from Europe to Asia and America (via the Suez Canal)
3) Coastal position of most countries of the continent.
4) Proximity to the markets of raw materials and sales of products.
5) The possibility of trade with the countries of the world through two oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, the development of maritime transport
6) the countries of the central part have no access to the seaand are located at a distance of 1.5 thousand km from the coast , removed from centers of economic power, such as 15 states in Africa(give examples)
7) features of state borders (according to DT-1 p. 298) - conditional.
40% of borders are not demarcated
44% - along parallels and meridians
30% - along arcuate and curved lines
26% - along natural boundaries coinciding with ethnic boundaries
8) If the borders of states are not formed, then territorial disputes often arise (1/5 of the entire territory is the area of territorial disputes (For example, Ethiopia and Somalia, Morocco and Western Sahara, Chad and Libya)
SLIDE 7
Teacher distinguish positive and negative. traits, what traits more? What conclusion can be drawn about the EGP of the region?
Estimated student responses: in general, the PGP of Africa is beneficial, contributes to the development of the economy
PROJECTOR OFF
C) GWP: work with the visiting card of the textbook: all the states of R, with the exception of Swaziland, Lesotho, Morocco, the republics are mostly presidential. However, military, dictatorial political regimes often hide under the republican form of government.
All unitary states, with the exception of 4 states ( Republic of South Africa, Federal State of Nigeria, Ethiopia, Comoros with capital Moroni).
Modern Africa is an arena of active, interethnic political and economic integration. To solve the problems of the continent, several organizations were created:
HANG CARDS (entry in the transcript notebook)
AfDB- African Development Bank
YOU– East African Community
ECOSAG- Economic Community of West African States
COMMONWEALTH,UK led
UAE- Organization of African Unity, which includes 53 states (formed in 1963), it was modified in 2002. to the African Union.
4. Natural conditions and resources (compilation of a table and independent work children).
1 pair - studies mineral resources (work with text p. 287, appendix table 3, 4, 5 p. 403, additional text 2 p. 298)
2 pair - land resources (work with text p. 287, table 6 p. 404, atlas)
3rd pair - agro-climatic resources (work with text p. 287)
4 pair - forest resources (work with text p. 287, appendix table 8 p. 405)
5 pair - hydropower resources (work with text, appendix table 7, additional text 3 p. 298).
6 para - water resources
7 para - recreational resources
Suggested answers.
Mineral resources. Africa ranks first in reserves of manganese, chromite, aluminum ores, gold, silver, platinum and phosphorites.
All raw materials are mined almost open way. The richest country in Africa is South Africa. It contains all minerals, except for. oil, natural gas, bauxite. Especially large reserves of platinum, gold, diamonds
The first diamond in South Africa was found in 1869. A year later, the city of Kimberley was founded here, by the name of which the bedrock diamond-bearing rock became known as kimberlite. The content of diamonds in kimberlites is very low - no more than 0.0000073%, which is equivalent to 0.2 g or 1 carat, for every 3 tons of kimberlites.
Land resources are 1 person more in Africa than in South Asia, but only 1/5 of the area is cultivated. The land is rapidly degrading.
1/3 of all arid land in Africa
2/5 of the land is subject to desertification.
Agro-climatic resources.
Heat resources are in abundance, it is known that Africa is the hottest continent, because. crossed by the equator and the tropics, and is located mainly in the equatorial and tropical latitudes.
Water resources are insufficient in all latitudes, except for the equatorial ones. The large rivers of the Congo, Nile, and others are distributed unevenly over the territory. Artificial irrigation makes up 4-5% of the land. In the equatorial zone, on the contrary, there is an excess of moisture.
The Congo River is rich in hydropower. Its fall is 275 meters, in the lower reaches there are 32 waterfalls. Here it is possible to build a hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 80 million cubic meters. kW = capacity of all US hydroelectric power plants.
forest resources
In terms of forest area, Africa is inferior to Latin America, but the forest cover is even lower.
Recreational resources provided: pyramids, national parks, nature
Conclusion : there are natural resources, but they are distributed unevenly across the mainland.
3. The population of Africa (work with statistical material)
SLIDE 8
We found out the availability of natural resources in the region.
But the main wealth of any region is its people. Africa has the second largest population in the world after Asia. Let's do the following task: study the population of the region (group work)
Complete tasks using text and cards
1st row Peculiarities of population reproduction.
2 row Composition of the population
3 row Placement of the population
TURN ON THE PROJECTOR
Group.
SLIDE 9
The population for 2010 is 1 billion people. The reproduction of the population is characterized by the following features.
The birth rate is very high (Niger, Chad, Angola, Somalia, Mali with P = 45-50 people / per 1000 inhabitants); Kenya 42 people/1000 inhabitants
Slogan: "Not having money is a disaster,
But not having children means being doubly poor.”
Mortality and morbidity are high, life expectancy is low. The average life expectancy for women is 56 years, for men -54 years,
EP (p. 63, map) 37-15=22 - high despite high mortality. Countries - 2 types of reproduction
SLIDE 10
The ethnic composition is very diverse. More than 300 ethnic groups stand out here. In North Africa, large nations have developed, but the majority are at the level of nationalities: remnants of the tribal system are also preserved. Hence, ethnopolitical conflicts - in Sudan, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, Angola, often acquire the character of genocide.
Genocide (writing in a notebook) is the extermination of entire groups of the population along racial, national, ethnic or religious grounds.
Example. In 1994 between the tribes of the Tutsi and the Hutu, a conflict arose in densely populated Rwanda. As a result, about 1 million people died, 2 million. fled to neighboring countries.
Overall, Africa accounts for half of all refugees. And this type of migration always leads to outbreaks of famine, epidemics, and increases infant and general mortality.
The legacy of the past is the official languages of the metropolitan countries: English in 11 countries, French in 17, and Portuguese in 5.
SLIDE 11
Population distribution: cf. the density is 34 persons/km2, which is less than in Europe. The population is distributed unevenly (in the Nile Valley -1700 people / km 2, and in the desert - 1)
Urbanization on the map on p.77, large agglomerations (p.76)
In Tropical Africa: Burundi - the capital of Bujumbura -100% mountains. us.
Guinea - the capital of Conakry - 81% of the mountains. us.
Key features of Africa's urbanization: low but highest rate of urbanization in the world: urban population doubling every 10 years
Conclusion: there are problems associated with the population explosion in Africa (environmental problems, an excess of children in relation to the working population, the problem of employment, the problem of health, the “urban explosion”.
But despite the scale of the "urban explosion", 2/3 of Africans still live in the countryside.
SLIDE 12
Teacher: Let's summarize: What does the data on the population of Africa show?
3) General features historical development(student's message)
Suggested message: The historical path of most African states went through three stages:
1) European colonization.
2) National liberation movements.
The colonization of African lands by Europeans took place in different ways in the northern and southern parts of the mainland. So, if North Africa was completely divided between the colonialists during the 19th century without any special difficulties, then the conquest of the southern and central parts of the continent was slower and more difficult. The reason for this was the complete lack of infrastructure in these areas, as well as various dangerous tropical diseases. One way or another, but by the beginning of the twentieth century there were only two independent states in Africa: Ethiopia and Liberia (as colonies of convicts). All other countries were controlled by the European metropolises: France, Italy, Germany, Portugal and Britain. Different countries Africa experienced the period of decolonization in different ways, which began in the 1920s and ended at the end of the 20th century. And if in North Africa the national liberation movements were more successful, then in South Africa they were in the nature of separate situations. Libya was the first to gain independence in 1951. And the climax for the decolonization of the continent was 1961, which historians called "the year of Africa." This year, as many as 17 countries on the mainland became independent.
The last state to become independent was Namibia, which liberated itself from Germany in 1990.
But even later. Eritrea in 1993 (since 1950 it has been part of Ethiopia)
South Sudan seceded from the Republic of Sudan in 2011 as a result of a referendum.
What is the peculiarity of the development of the country - the colony?
We have studied all the points of our plan (show the plan), and now remember what problem we identified at the beginning of the lesson. Explain what is the main reason for the backwardness of the region?
What problem did we solve in class?
How did we solve it? What material did you study?
Try to formulate a solution to the problem yourself?
What was our goal at the beginning of the lesson?
Have we reached our intended goal?
IV . Homework
SLIDE 13.
Topic 8 P.1 pp. 286-290 to the economy.
Rear 2 page 300
optional: make a crossword puzzle
V . Consolidation of the studied material.
Completion of test tasks (7 questions) offered on the screen in the form of slides
SLIDE 14-20
VI . The stage of summing up the lesson
Teacher: Tell me, did today's lesson help you acquire new knowledge, remember the knowledge gained in the 7th grade? (student answers)
VII . stage of reflection.
Can you say that at some stage you flew? Or maybe, on the contrary, you felt insecure?
Hour after hour goes away,
Flashes of light and shadow.
A star above the river means night.
And the sun means day.
Provision of African countries with mineral resources
African agriculture
Practical task: using the maps of the atlas, make a table in your notebook
"Zonal specialization of export and consumer crops in Africa".
Monoculture countries in Africa
Africa provides 2/3 of world exports of cocoa beans, 1/2 of sisal and coconut kernels, 1/3 of coffee and palm oil, 1/10 of tea, a significant share of peanuts and peanut butter, dates and spices.
TOPIC: General characteristics of the economy of African countries
Target: To identify the features of the economy of African countries, the position of the region in the MGRT;
To form an idea of some features of the development of subregions
Africa; consider the causes that influenced economic backwardness
Mainland. Continue work on preparing students for the exam, consolidating skills
Test work.
Equipment: lesson presentation,economic map of Africa, atlases, handouts.
During the classes.
Organizing time.
Homework review:
Which country in Africa has the largest population?
A country located on an island with an area of 600 sq. km.
Countries that lie on the territory of South Africa.
The country lying on the middle course of the riverNiger landlocked.
A country where 98% of the population is concentrated in the territory occupying 4% of its area.
List and reveal the problems of African cities. Describe the urbanization of the mainland.
“Why is the proportion of children and adolescents in the age structure of the population of Spain significantly lower than in the age structure of the population of Algeria? (from the exam) "
Give an assessment of the population of subregions of the mainland, explain the reason for the differences in population density. “Why is there a high population density in the Nile River Valley? One of the reasons is favorable natural conditions. Indicate at least two more reasons (from the USE options).
Why is the increased population density along the coasts of the oceans and seas less pronounced in Africa than in Foreign Asia?
Why is the population policy in Africa not carried out or not working?
Exploring a new topic:
Conversation: What can you say about the level of development of most African countries?
There are currently 53 sovereign states in Africa.
Relate to developing, poor countries; economically developed-South Africa
Africa has: the world's lowest share of manufacturing
Minimum per capita income (examples)
The most backward structure of the economy
What are the reasons for backwardness? (long colonial past)
Working with the textbook, p.279: Name distinctive features colonial economic structure.
a) the predominance of a low-commodity, low-productive economy;
B) poor development of the manufacturing industry
B) a strong backlog of transport
D) limiting the non-productive sphere mainly to trade and services
E) the one-sidedness of the development of the economy, which manifests itself most often in the predominance of one branch of agriculture or industry. For example, in monoculture.
Monocultural (mono-commodity) specialization- narrow specialization of the country's economy in the production of one, as a rule, raw material or food product, intended mainly for export. Writing in a notebook.
Work with the textbook p.280. Monoculture countries in Africa
Measures to overcome backwardness in the economy:
Nationalization of natural resources;
agrarian reform;
Economic planning;
Personnel training.
The main task of the peoples of Africa is to gain economic independence, eliminate the one-sided agrarian-raw material structure of the economy and create a harmonious economy (development of the manufacturing industry and diversified agriculture).
The solution of these problems is hampered by the economic policy of the Western powers and the activities of transnational corporations. The American states have a large external debt.
The production structure of the economy of the African region:
agriculture - 20%, industry - 35%, services - 45%.
Atlas work.Name the most developed countries (except South Africa).
It should be noted that the share industrial production increased due to:
A) amplification primary processing minerals in the African countries themselves
B) the development of "dirty industries" removed from developed countries - metallurgy, the chemical industry.
C) creation of export light and food industries
Despite the agrarian nature of the economy of the vast majority of African countries, they import food, which reflects the backwardness of the agricultural sector.
INDUSTRY Atlas work.
Where are the main industrial regions of Africa located?
The industry is characterized imbalance between the development of mining and manufacturing, light and heavy industries. Africa is the world's largest producer of minerals.
For which types of mineral raw materials does Africa occupy a leading place in world production? To which countries is it exported? What impact does this have on the African economy?
In total, in Africa, one can distinguish7 main mining and industrial areas.
Atlas task:Determine the main types of raw materials and fuel extracted in each mining area.Appendix to lesson number 1.
What branches of the manufacturing industry have received the most development in these countries?
Ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering - only in some countries there is a noticeable number of enterprises (South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Nigeria, Ghana)
Copper smelter - Zambia, Zaire
Aluminum - Cameroon, Ghana
Light industry, mainly cotton
Logging (Gabon, Congo, Cameroon, Ghana); fishing and processing.
The economic development of African countries also depends on the energy base (it is now weak). Africa accounts for 2% of the world's generated energy, 1/3 of which is generated by hydroelectric power plants. Aswan HPP - Nile River - 3.5 million kW; Quebrabassa - the Zambezi River - 3.6 million kW (Mozambique, but the energy it produces is intended mainly for South Africa); the Inga project - the lower reaches of the Congo River (section 26 km long), energy is supplied to Kinshasa and the mining and industrial region of Shaba (part of the Copper Belt), the power of the hydroelectric power station in the section can be increased to 30 million kW.
Agriculture.
Think, what are the features of agriculture in backward, developing countries?
Agriculture is the basis of the African economy, characterized by great backwardness. In tropical Africa, the main tools are hoes, pointed sticks. More advanced tools can be found only in large, high-commodity farms. Small application and mineral fertilizers. In tropical Africa, a shifting, slash-and-burn system of agriculture dominates, in which large tracts of land are excluded from agricultural production for many years.
Thus: unsustainable farming system
Low technical equipment
Unregulated grazing
Growing a crop in the same area leads to the developmentenvironmental problems. Name them.
development of soil erosion, deforestation, desertification(Sahel - a vast natural zone in Africa, located south of the Sahara; violation of the ecological balance in it for reasons: an increase in natural population growth, a rapid increase in plowing of land and livestock, deforestation (the use of wood and charcoal as fuel) Sahel problem - drought and famine,the population is turning into ecological refugees. Measures to prevent such tragedies: protection, restoration of natural fodder resources, improvement of livestock breeding and farming methods. But the implementation of the plan is hampered by a lack of funds.
The scourge of African agriculture is natural disasters (droughts, floods), plant diseases,pests (locusts).As a result, in Africa, the average yield of cereals and cotton is 2-3 times lower than the world average. The food problem, especially in the face of rapid population growth, remains very acute in Africa.
What are the agro-climatic resources of African countries? How did natural conditions affect the sectoral structure of agriculture, its location?
Africa's defining place in the world economy is tropical and subtropical agriculture. It also has a pronounced export orientation. In the structure of agriculture, export and consumer crops are distinguished.
Working with the table (Appendix No. 2)Familiarize yourself with the zonal specialization of export and consumer crops in Africa.
Atlas work.Highlight the specialization and location of animal husbandry.
The oldest agricultural industry in Africa is the breeding of domestic animals. In a number of countries (South Africa, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Somalia), extensive pasture animal husbandry plays an important role. Livestock products (wool, leather, skins) are exported very limitedly, livestock breeding is low-productive.
Africa's backward agriculture is in need of a radical overhaul.
Transport
By most indicators - the last place. In the structure of domestic freight turnover, railroads are in the lead, transport is technically backward. There are 5 transcontinental highways. South Africa occupies the 1st place in terms of the overall level of transport development.
Ports: Richards Bay (South Africa) - universal, cargo turnover 90 million tons.
Alexandria (Egypt); Casablanca (Morocco)
The Suez Canal was opened on November 17, 1869 (it allowed sea vessels with a draft of 8 m), it was deepened and widened more than once.
Marine: Liberia provides "cheap" (or convenient, false) flags.
"Why is Liberia one of the world's leading merchant maritime tonnage?" (from the exam)
Foreign economic relations
1. Foreign trade
2. Capital import
3. Freight operations (Liberia)
4. Export of labor (to European), and in some countries (oil refining) its import.
Import - 1/3 of machinery and equipment; fuel, industrial raw materials, semi-finished products and foodstuffs.
Trading partners- Western European developed countries (former metropolises)
Modern Africa is an arena of active, interethnicpolitical and economic integration.To solve the problems of the continent, several organizations were created: AfDB - African Development Bank
ECA - United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
YOU – East African Community
ECOSAG - Economic Community of West African States
UAE - Organization of African Unity
3. Fixing. Testing on the topic "Africa".
4. Homework pp. 278-281 textbook; questions on page 282.
Testing for the lesson "Economy of Africa".
IN 1
A1 Desertification effect:
A) only human c) only natural factors
B) natural disasters d) natural and anthropogenic factors
A2 The main indicator of public health of the population is:
A) life expectancy c) natural growth
B) population d) sex and age structure
A3 Why is the Congo River full of water throughout the year:
A) in the basin of this river, heavy rains fall all year round
b) it originates in the highlands
C) its flow is not regulated by dams and dams
D) the water level in the river is maintained by a system of reservoirs
A4 In what climatic zone of Africa are constantly high temperatures and a lot of precipitation: a) in the subtropical c) equatorial
B) tropical d) subequatorial
Q1 Which of the following African countries does not produce oil?
A) Ethiopia B) Algeria E) Angola G) Nigeria
B) Tunisia D) Somalia E) Libya
IN 2 Match each type of mineral with the country that specializes in
On their prey:
Minerals country
1) oil A) Morocco
2) copper ores B) Zambia
3) phosphorites B) South Africa
D) Algeria
Q3 Which two features of the colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy are named correctly?
A) The predominance of high-value agriculture
B) Weak development of the manufacturing industry
C) Lack of monocultural specialization
D) The predominance of trade and services in the non-manufacturing sector.
С1 Why is the balance of external migration of the population positive in Nigeria, and in the neighboring country
Niger - negative?
C2 Identify the country by description: “This country, belonging to the group of economically developed countries, is washed by the waters of two oceans. Most of its territory is occupied by a flat plateau, which is bordered by mountains from the south and east. Its subsoil is rich in various minerals. In the extraction of diamonds, gold, platinum, uranium, iron ores, this country occupies one of the first places in the world. Its population is distinguished by a complex ethnic composition. Among other countries of the continent, it stands out for its high proportion of people of European origin.
Testing for the lesson "Economy of Africa"
IN 2
A1 Precipitation is significantly higher in South East Africa than in South West Africa.
In addition to the presence of mountains and winds, this is due to:
A) with the proximity of the ocean d) with the presence of large rivers
B) with the existence of a warm current near the eastern shores and a cold one near the western
B) with all the above factors
A2 Red-yellow ferralitic soils are common in
A) in the zone of equatorial forests c) dry steppes
B) forest-steppes d) deserts
A3 In the eastern part of the mainland is:
A) the largest plateau on Earth c) the largest lowland on Earth
B) the largest mountain range on Earth d) the largest fault on Earth
A4 What feature of the historical development of Africa has had the greatest impact on its modern
Appearance a) Africa-mainland of ancient civilizations
B) Africa has gone through all stages of socio-economic development
B) colonial history
D) rich in minerals
B1 Choose the correct statements:
A) The industry of North Africa gravitates towards coastal areas
B) The main agricultural crops of North Africa are olives, cereals,
Cotton
C) Subsistence, consumer agriculture is the main branch of tropical
Africa
D) South Africa is rich in platinum, gold, coal, oil.
Write your answer in alphabetical order.
IN 2 Establish a correspondence between each of the indicators characterizing individual modes of transport and the country,
For which this indicator is typical.
Transport indicator country
1. Takes a leading place in the world in terms of tonnage A. South Africa
Maritime Merchant Fleet B. Maghreb
2. motorway passing along the route B. Liberia
Ancient caravan routes G. Algiers
3. Has 40% of the entire rail network in D. Nigeria
Africa
4. runs a transcontinental gas pipeline
Write in the table the letters corresponding to the selected answers.
Q3 Select the countries where Africa's largest urban agglomerations are located:
A) Egypt B) South Africa
B) Algeria D) Nigeria
C1 What factors contributed to the transformation of South Africa into one of the largest exporters of coal?
One of the factors is the presence of large coal reserves. List at least two other factors.
C2 Identify country by description:
“This is a developing country located in two parts of the world. In industry, the electric power industry is developed (the largest hydroelectric power station on the continent was built here), oil production, light and food industries. The traditional branch of agriculture is irrigated labor-intensive agriculture, specializing in the cultivation of rice, cotton, and citrus crops. The sea coast, ancient historical, cultural, architectural monuments are the basis for the development of international tourism.
Keys to the final testing on the topic "Economy of Africa".
Profitable EGP
Reducing coal production in developed countries (or in old industrial areas)
Growing demand for coal in the developed world
С2- Egypt
Lesson topic: General characteristics of Africa. Geography teacher of the highest qualification category.
The purpose of the lesson:
educational -
to study the common features of the GWP and GWP of African countries,
find out the history of the development of African countries,
assess the natural resource potential and level of development of the African continent as a whole and individual states,
to characterize the population of Africa of the Vedas - to study general information and the level of development of the African continent;
developing–
develop the ability to work with maps and statistical materials,
develop problem solving skills
form students' own judgments in relation to negative social phenomena based on the identified problems of the population of the region,
to promote the development of interest among students in the study of this topic through independent learning activities;
educating - to educate students' political outlook, tolerance, interest in the subject.
Lesson type: study of new material (technology "Creating a problem situation").
Equipment: political map of the world, atlas, political map of Africa, presentation, computer, projector, interactive board.
During the classes.
Organizational moment.
Good afternoon guys! I want to start today's lesson with wonderful lines calling for perseverance, diligence, joy of life, and creativity. Let them be our motto:
Who, if not us?
When, if not now?
II . Actualization of knowledge and definition of the topic of the lesson.
Teacher: we have already studied 4 regions. Remember which ones?
(Suggested answer: Overseas Europe, Overseas Asia, North America, Latin America.)
Teacher:
A lot of interesting things await us ahead, 2 regions have not yet been studied.
I bring to your attention a small fragment, and you yourself will understand which region we will study in the next lessons (view fragment)
Teacher:
1. This is a region located south of the Mediterranean and Red Seas. With a unique beauty of nature and unique species of animals.
2. One of the greatest rivers in the world flows through the expanses of the region. Even today, during technological progress, it amazes with its beauty and grandeur.
3. The snow-capped peaks of volcanoes shine with their splendor right in front of the equator.
4. The region is considered the place where a person appeared, and the remains were found here according to the assumptions of the first person.
5. The center of the slave trade and colonial dependence of the XV-XIX centuries.
6. To this day is the most backward region of the world?
(we will study the Africa region).
Teacher: formulate the topic of the lesson (suggested answer: General characteristics of Africa).
So, let's write down the topic in the lesson map: "General characteristics of Africa" (recording the topic.)
III.HOMEWORK§ 23, 24. P / T page all tasks.
Additional task on request. Make a crossword puzzle on the topic of the lesson.
VI.EXPLANATION OF THE NEW MATERIAL.
Lesson plan.
1. EGP and GWP Africa.
2. Natural resource potential of the region.
3. Population.
4.Economy of the region - explore on your own
Teacher: Based on the lesson plan, formulate the goals and objectives of the lesson.
Target: study the economic and geographical features of the African region.
Tasks:
1. Familiarize yourself with the features of the EGP and GWP of Africa.
2. Assess the natural resource potential of the region.
3. Study of the population and economy of the region.
PROJECTOR OFF
Task number 1.
Create a business card for Africa. Using the text of the textbook § 23, atlas maps.
Mainland area - S = _____________________________;
Has access to the seas and oceans
__________________________________________________________________
On the territory of the region ____________________ states;
Monarchies: 1. ________________________________________;
2.________________________________________;
3._________________________________________;
Other states of the republic (what?) _________________________.
According to the form of the territorial structure:
Unitary states are the majority.
Federated:
1._______________________________________;
2._______________________________________ ;
3.________________________________________;
4_________________________________________;
Task number 2 Map of the lesson.
Features of the EGP of Africa. The teacher organizes work in pairs.
Using plan, tutorial text§ 23 and the geographical maps of the atlas, give an estimate of the geographical position of Africa. Record your answers in a table.
Plan:
1.Position in relation to neighboring regions.
2. The presence or absence of access to the seas and oceans.
3.Position in relation to the main land and sea transport routes.
4.Position in relation to raw material bases, the main areas for the sale of products.
5. Conclusion about the impact of EGP on the development of the region.
| EGP features | Assessment for economic development |
|
| 5.Conclusion: |
||
Teacher Supplements
The countries of the central part have no access to the sea and are located at a distance of 1.5 thousand km from the coast, removed from the centers of economic power, such as 15 states in Africa (give examples) Chad, Zambia, Botswana, etc.
Features of state borders are conditional.
40% of borders - not demarcated
44% - along parallels and meridians
30% - along arcuate and curved lines
26% - along natural boundaries coinciding with ethnic boundaries.
If the borders of states are not formed, then territorial disputes often arise (1/5 of the entire territory is the area of territorial disputes (For example, Ethiopia and Somalia, Morocco and Western Sahara, Chad and Libya)
Teacher: distinguish positive and negative. traits, what traits more? What conclusion can be drawn about the EGP of the region?
Estimated student responses : In general, the EGP of Africa is beneficial, it contributes to the development of the economy.
PROJECTOR OFF
Teacher addition.
C) GWP: all states of the Republic, with the exception of Swaziland, Lesotho, Morocco, the republics are mostly presidential. However, military, dictatorial political regimes often hide under the republican form of government.
All unitary states, with the exception of 4 states (South Africa, the Federal State of Nigeria, Ethiopia, the Comoros with the capital Moroni).
Modern Africa is an arena of active, interethnic political and economic integration. To solve the problems of the continent, several organizations were created:
Additional information in the lesson map
AfDB - African Development Bank
EAC - East African Community.
ECOSAG - Economic Community of West African States
Commonwealth led by Great Britain
The OAU is an organization of African unity, which includes 53 states (formed in 1963), it was transformed in 2002. to the African Union.
2. Our next task is to study the natural resource potential of the region.
Teacher: Tells about mineral resources - Additional Information(slides):
Africa is exceptionally rich in minerals. Among other continents, it ranks first in reserves of ores of manganese, chromite, bauxite, cobalt, diamonds, and phosphorites.
There are 7 main mining areas in Africa:
1. Algerian-Libyan;
2. Atlas;
3. Egyptian;
4. West Guinean;
5. East Guinean;
6. Copper belt;
7. South African.
Now compare the political and economic map and identify three groups of countries with different reserves of mineral resources.
We will do the work in the lesson map.
Task number 3
Using the maps of the atlas, classify the countries of Africa according to the degree of their wealth in minerals. Make a table in the following form:
| Countries rich in various mineral resources. | Countries poor in minerals. | ||
What other resources is Africa rich in? List.
Let's check. Mark the named country with a magnet on the map.
Let's draw a conclusion about the availability of mineral resources and write it in the table of our lesson card. You have 3 minutes to work.
Let's check.
What conclusion can be drawn about the provision of Africa with various resources necessary for the development of the economy?
Fizkultminutka. Gymnastics for the eyes.
Teacher
We found out the availability of natural resources in the region.
But the main wealth of any region is its people. Africa has the second largest population in the world after Asia. Let's do the following task; study the population of the region.
Teacher's explanation:
E The technical composition is very diverse. More than 300 ethnic groups stand out here. In North Africa, large nations have developed, but the majority are at the level of nationalities: remnants of the tribal system are also preserved. Hence, ethnopolitical conflicts - in Sudan, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, Angola, often acquire the character of genocide.
Genocide (writing in a notebook) is the extermination of entire groups of the population along racial, national, ethnic or religious grounds.
Example. In 1994 between the tribes of the Tutsi and the Hutu, a conflict arose in densely populated Rwanda. As a result, about 1 million people died, 2 million. fled to neighboring countries.
Overall, Africa accounts for half of all refugees. And this type of migration always leads to outbreaks of famine, epidemics, and increases infant and general mortality.
The legacy of the past is the official languages of the metropolitan countries: English in 11 countries, French in 17, and Portuguese in 5.
Population distribution: cf. the density is 34 persons/km2, which is less than in Europe. The population is distributed unevenly (in the Nile Valley -1700 people / km2, and in the desert - 1)
Urbanization on the Population map, large agglomerations
In Tropical Africa: Burundi - the capital of Bujumbura -100% mountains. us.
Guinea - the capital of Conakry - 81% of the mountains. us.
Key features of Africa's urbanization: low but highest rate of urbanization in the world: urban population doubling every 10 years
Conclusion: problems associated with the population explosion in Africa (environmental problems, an excess of children in relation to the working population, the problem of employment, the problem of health, the "urban explosion".
But despite the scale of the "urban explosion", 2/3 of Africans still live in the countryside.
Summarize: What does the African population data show?
Teacher
We found out the characteristics of the population of the region.
Task number 4 Consolidation.
Insert instead of ellipses the words characterizing the characteristics of the population of Africa.
African people are characterized by:
The most ……. …………………indicators and rates of reproduction,
The most ………………….......... share of children,
The most ……………………… ethnic composition,
The most ……………………… level of urbanization,
The most ………………………… rates of urbanization,
The highest ……………………… level of literacy and life expectancy in comparison with other regions of the world.
Let's check. Let's read the answers one by one.
What conclusion can be drawn?
What is the main reason for the backwardness of the region?
The result of the lesson: -What goals and objectives did we set at the beginning of the lesson?
How do you think we did it?
Reflection.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.
General features of historical development (student report)
The historical path of most African states went through three stages:
1) European colonization.
2) National liberation movements.
The colonization of African lands by Europeans took place in different ways in the northern and southern parts of the mainland. So, if North Africa was completely divided between the colonialists during the 19th century without any special difficulties, then the conquest of the southern and central parts of the continent was slower and more difficult. The reason for this was the complete lack of infrastructure in these areas, as well as various dangerous tropical diseases. One way or another, but by the beginning of the twentieth century there were only two independent states in Africa: Ethiopia and Liberia (as colonies of convicts). All other countries were controlled by the European metropolises: France, Italy, Germany, Portugal and Britain. Different African countries experienced the period of decolonization in different ways, which began in the 1920s and ended at the end of the 20th century. And if in North Africa the national liberation movements were more successful, then in South Africa they were in the nature of separate situations. Libya was the first to gain independence in 1951. And the climax for the decolonization of the continent was 1961, which historians called "the year of Africa." This year, as many as 17 countries on the mainland became independent.
The last state to become independent was Namibia, which liberated itself from Germany in 1990.
But even later. Eritrea in 1993 (since 1950 it has been part of Ethiopia)
South Sudan seceded from the Republic of Sudan in 2011 as a result of a referendum.
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