For 15 years after the adoption of the aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi, the command of the Italian Navy considered various projects for a new aircraft carrier. And it was decided to build a larger warship with advanced capabilities.
Light aircraft carrier C550 "Cavour" of the Italian Navy was laid down on July 17, 2001 at the shipyard in Riva Trigoso of Fincantieri Corporation and was launched on July 20, 2004, and officially transferred to the Navy on March 27, 2007.
In early 2009, the aircraft carrier Cavour became the flagship of the Italian fleet and was assigned to the new Mar Grande base in Taranto.
The ship is named after one of the most prominent statesmen of Italy in the 19th century - Minister Cavour, who did a lot to unify the country, and in 1861 decided to organize the Royal Navy.
The aircraft carrier "Cavour" is designed for 16-20 Harrier or F-35B fighters, or 18 EH101, NH 90 or SH-3D helicopters. The aircraft carrier is 244 meters long and 39 meters wide. It is capable of taking on board 1210 military personnel, more than 27 thousand tons of cargo.
The upper deck has fore and aft areas for aircraft parking for 4 and 8 units, respectively. The take-off area for aircraft has a size of 184 x 14.2 m and is equipped with a 12° ramp. Behind it are sites for the simultaneous takeoff of 6 EH-101 or 4 CH-47. Takeoff and landing are provided with sea waves up to 6 points, the maximum intensity of flights can reach 60 sorties per day.
A hangar for aircraft with dimensions of 134x21x7.2 m. There are six lifts for climbing to the flight deck: two for aircraft(capacity 30 tons), two for ammunition (capacity 15 tons) and two service (capacity 7 tons).
The light aircraft carrier "Cavour" can simultaneously be used as a universal landing ship, for which it is equipped with premises for 400 marines and 60 armored vehicles unloaded under its own power.
If necessary, wheeled or tracked vehicles weighing up to 60 tons can be placed in the hangar deck. To move it, the ship is equipped with aft and side ramps with a maximum carrying capacity of 60 tons. In addition, the ship can carry 4 LCVP landing craft.
The electronic equipment of the Cavour aircraft carrier includes:
- multifunctional radar with a phased antenna array;
- a three-coordinate radar for detecting long-range air targets;
- radar for detecting air and surface targets of short and medium range;
- 2 x fire control radar 76-mm gun mounts;
- aviation control radar, navigation radar;
- GAS for navigation and mine detection;
- infrared lighting system;
— infrared system of circular review;
- a system for landing aircraft on the deck.
There are also two jamming launchers and two anti-torpedo protection systems of the SLAT type.
The light aircraft carrier Cavour can sail autonomously for 18 days and travel 7,000 nautical miles. For example, he is able to reach the Persian Gulf, while using only half of his fuel. His maximum speed is 28 knots.
The main characteristics of the aircraft carrier "Cavour":
Displacement, t: standard - 27,910, full - more than 35,000;
Length, m: 244;
Width, m: 39;
Draft, m: 8.7:
Engines: 4 LM2500 gas turbine engines;
Power: 118,000 hp With. (86.8 MW);
Travel speed, knots: 30 (55.56 km/h);
Cruising range, miles: 7000 at a speed of 16 knots;
Crew, people: 528, including 203 - the flight and technical staff of the air group (in addition to them, a headquarters of up to 145 people can be placed on the ship);
Armament: 2 x 76-mm Super Rapid guns, 3 x 25-mm OTO Melara guns, 4 x 8 Silver A43 UVP (Aster-15 SAM);
Aviation group: 20-24 aircraft (AV-8B "Harrier-2" and F-35B) and helicopter (EN-101, NH-90 or SH-3D)
The St. Petersburg Krylov State Research Center has begun developing the concept of a light multi-purpose aircraft carrier, FlotProm reports, citing a knowledgeable source in the defense industry. The construction of new ships can be carried out at the Sevmash plant in Severodvinsk or Zaliv in Kerch.
In June of this year, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy for armaments Viktor Bursuk said that it was planned to build new aircraft carrier; work will start in 2024. At the same time, the Russian fleet has not yet chosen the project according to which the new ship will be built.
It is customary to consider ships up to 270 meters long and with a displacement of up to 27,000 tons as light aircraft carriers, and ships up to 315 meters long and with a displacement of up to 75,000 tons are considered heavy aircraft carriers. This classification is not canonical. Thus, in the United States, ships with a displacement of up to 50,000 tons are considered light aircraft carriers, ships with a displacement of up to 70,000 tons are considered heavy, and over 70,000 tons are considered supercarriers.
The advantage of aircraft carriers - floating airfields - is the ability to provide air cover over a large area. A heavy aircraft carrier can carry more aircraft than a light one. At the same time, a light aircraft carrier has a smaller draft and can enter relatively shallow water areas.
The project of a light Russian aircraft carrier involves the development of a ship with a displacement of 30-40 thousand tons. It will be able to carry up to 40-50 aircraft and helicopters. It is assumed that the carrier-based Su-33 and MiG-29K fighters, carrier-based versions of the Su-35, as well as helicopters and early warning aircraft will be based on it.
When exactly this project is planned to be completed is still unknown. The Krylov State Research Center is developing the ship on its own initiative.
In May 2015, the Krylov State Research Center presented a project for the heavy aircraft carrier 23000E Shtorm. new ship, as expected, will be able to walk far from the coast on the high seas, strike at enemy ground and sea targets with the help of its own weapons and aircraft of the air group, and also provide air defense.
The aircraft carrier will be 330 meters long and 40 meters wide. An aircraft carrier with a displacement of about one hundred thousand tons will be able to reach speeds of up to 30 knots. The Shtorma air group will include carrier-based MiG-29K fighters, carrier-based versions of the Su-57. airborne early warning aircraft and Ka-27 multi-purpose helicopters. The aircraft carrier's flight deck will be of a mixed type with four launch positions.
Currently in service Russian fleet there is only one aircraft-carrying cruiser - "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov", built according to project 1143.5 "Krechet" in the 1980s. Its displacement is 61.4 thousand tons with a length of 306 and a width of 71.9 meters. The aircraft-carrying cruiser is capable of speeds up to 29 knots, and its range is 8.4 thousand miles.
The ship can carry 26 Su-33 and MiG-29K fighters, as well as 24 Ka-27 or Ka-29, Ka-27PS and Ka-31 anti-submarine helicopters. The ship is armed with anti-ship missiles, anti-torpedo defense missiles, anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft artillery systems.
Light aircraft carrier "Invincible"
After the end of the Second World War, the mighty British Navy began to gradually decline. The collapse of the colonial empire reduced the need for large naval forces, NATO membership made it possible to share the burden of responsibility for many military-political decisions with partners, and far from brilliant financial position countries were motivated to cut spending.
In the late 1960s it became obvious that British carrier-based aviation was becoming obsolete and rapidly losing its former power, and after the Bulwark and Ark Royal aircraft carriers were withdrawn from the fleet in 1979, not a single ship of this class remained in the fleet. Only the former aircraft carrier Hermes survived, reclassified in 1977 as an anti-submarine helicopter carrier.
However, in 1973, construction began on a fundamentally new aircraft carrier designed to implement the latest trends in the development of military thought. The fact is that in 1969, a multi-purpose aircraft with vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) Harrier GR.1, developed by British Aerospace. They could take off from very small areas, and the spacious decks were perfect for this. The sailors appreciated the advantages of the new machine, and in 1975 the decision was made to equip the fleet with its naval version - the Sea Harrier FRS.1. The first prototype of the attack fighter was flown in the summer of 1978, and in March 1978 deliveries of production vehicles began.
At this time, the construction of new unusual ships, specially built as carriers of VTOL aircraft, was in full swing. The contract for the construction of the Invincible (R-05 "Invicible"), the lead in a series of light aircraft carriers, was signed in April 1973, and it was laid down at the Vickers shipyard in Barrow-in-Furness on July 20, 1973. By the way, for purely political reasons, light aircraft carriers until 1980 were classified as helicopter carrier cruisers: the Laborites in power demonstrated with all their might that they opposed the construction of aircraft carriers. The Invincible was launched on May 8, 1975, the ship officially entered service on July 11, 1980. It had the following characteristics: standard displacement - 16,000 tons, total displacement - 19,810 tons, length - 206.6 m, width - 31.9 m, draft - 7.9 m. Gas turbine power plant, four turbines with a total capacity of 112,000 hp. The ship had two propellers. The highest speed is 28 knots, the cruising range is 7000 miles. Crew - 1000 people (as of April 1982 - 725 crew members of the ship and 365 people in the air group). Initially, the armament consisted of one Sea Dart anti-aircraft missile launcher, but, given the experience of the Falklands War, it was rearmed with two 20 mm anti-aircraft guns, and then three 30 mm Goalkeeper guns were added to them.
"Invincible"
In March 1982, the Argentines—propaganda called them laborers who had arrived to scrap old whaling ships—raised the national flag on the South Atlantic island of South Georgia. This was followed by a landing on this island and the Falkland Archipelago landing force, to which the British garrisons, small in number and not having heavy equipment, could not offer serious resistance. But the Conservative government, led by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, refused to recognize the seizure of the islands and decided to restore United Kingdom sovereignty over them by force. Submarines, surface ships, as well as numerous auxiliary and transport ships with troops and a wide variety of cargo on board were sent to the South Atlantic. The basis of the 317th operational formation was the light aircraft carriers Invincible and Hermes (which became the carrier of VTOL aircraft in 1981).
The Invincible, commanded by Captain J.J. Black entered the conflict zone on April 25, 1982. At that time, eight Sea Harrier aircraft from the 801 squadron and 11 Sea King helicopters of the 820 squadron were based on it. Both aircraft carriers with escort ships during the period of hostilities tried to maneuver at the limit of the range of Argentine aviation.
On the very first day of the air-sea battle that began - May 1, the Argentines suffered serious losses without achieving any success. The pilots of the 801st squadron chalked up the Mirage fighter and the Canberra bomber, they damaged three more aircraft (one of them was mistakenly finished off by Argentine anti-aircraft gunners). Own losses - one slightly damaged "Sea Harrier". In total, during the conflict, the fighters operating from the Invincible shot down eight enemy aircraft (for example, on May 21, three Dagger fighter-bombers and the Pukara attack aircraft), and one helicopter was “filled up” together with the pilots of the 800th based on Hermes squadrons. Own losses amounted to four VTOL aircraft, with only one "Sea Harrier" was the victim of Argentine anti-aircraft fire, and three - accidents. And this is not surprising: in the Southern Hemisphere, autumn was ending, and it was necessary to operate in a difficult meteorological situation, with low clouds and disgusting visibility.
Actions British aircraft carriers made such an impression on the Argentine command that it decided that the sinking or serious damage to one of them could lead to the cessation of the entire operation! Naturally, the Argentine aircraft made attempts to attack such important targets. The pilots claimed to have scored two bomb hits on the Invincible during the May 30th attack, but there is no reliable evidence of this.
On May 17-20, four Sea Harriers from the 809 squadron were delivered to the Invincible for the 801 squadron, and the composition of the helicopter group was also replenished. The fighting actually ended after the surrender of the Argentine troops on the islands on June 14, the British victory was complete and unconditional. After the fighting ended, the carrier returned to Portsmouth on 19 October 1982.
In subsequent years, the ship made many long-distance cruises, participated in various exercises and operations of both Royal Navy and NATO. Invincible also had a chance to fight: in 1995, its aircraft participated in strikes against the positions of the Bosnian Serbs, in 1998 they operated over southern Iraq, in 1999 against Yugoslavia. However, during large-scale operations, the importance of a relatively small air group (18 Sea Harrier GR.7 / 9 and four helicopters) turned out to be far from being as significant as during the Falklands War. The next cuts in defense spending and gradual obsolescence forced the command to withdraw the ship into reserve in August 2005.
"Invincible" was laid up for six years, weapons and some of the equipment were dismantled on it. The ship served as a source of spare parts for the sister Illustrious and Ark Royal. Only in March 2011, he was taken in tow to Turkey, where in the city of Aliaga, not far from Izmir, there is an enterprise for cutting ships into metal. In the same month, the Ark Royal was expelled from the fleet, and the Illustrious service should end in 2014.
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In the foreseeable future, the Russian Navy will have at its disposal an experimental floating airfield. The new ship will be half the size of conventional aircraft carriers, while it will be able to accommodate the same number of aircraft and helicopters.
Specialists of the Krylovsky State scientific center. They presented their concept at the Army-2018 forum.
"This aircraft carrier is different in that it has the same quality composition of the air wing as on a heavy aircraft carrier. These are heavy Su-33 fighters, light MiG-29K fighters, multi-purpose and rescue helicopters, 4 radar patrol aircraft, in total - 46 aircraft devices," Interfax-AVN reports the words of the head of the center, Vladimir Nikitin.
For comparison, on the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral Kuznetsov" with a displacement of 60 thousand tons, the project provides for the placement of 50 aircraft and helicopters, but in reality there have always been much fewer of them.
Most likely, the new ship will already accommodate new generation aircraft, created on the basis of the Su-35. At the same time, light fighters will probably remain in the same version - the MiG-29K, since this aircraft "is worked out and is being mass-produced." "Such a nomenclature ensures the high-quality performance of any tasks," Nikitin emphasized.
The uniqueness of a promising aircraft carrier lies in the fact that, while losing to heavy aircraft carriers in terms of absolute physical parameters, it has the same capacity. The original layout of the hull made it possible to make a huge deck, which will comfortably accommodate all aircraft.
"The hull of a light aircraft carrier is smaller in absolute dimensions, that is, it has a length of 260 m instead of 300 m, like that of a heavy aircraft carrier. The displacement is 44,000 tons instead of 90,000 tons, that is, the gain is doubled in terms of the hull. Its cost can be several hundred billion rubles, that is, almost two times less than that of a full-sized one,” said the head of the Krylov Center.
The characteristics of the ship are amazing. The light aircraft carrier will be capable of carrying 600 tons of aviation ammunition, and up to 2,000 tons of jet fuel. The aircraft carrier is supposed to be equipped with a gas turbine main power plant of four M-90FR turbines with a total design capacity of 81 MW. The cruising range will be 8 thousand miles, autonomy - 60 days. The aircraft carrier will receive powerful anti-aircraft, anti-torpedo and anti-submarine protection.
It is possible that orders for a unique ship will come not only from the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. According to Rossiyskaya Gazeta, foreigners, in particular the French, became interested in the presented project.
Light aircraft carrier(eng. Light aircraft carrier) - a subclass of aircraft carriers that differ from multi-purpose aircraft carriers in reduced size and limited combat capabilities. Appeared during the Second World War as a result of the desire of the warring states to quickly put into operation maximum amount aircraft carriers at moderate cost. Wherein new class was supposed to operate as part of the strike formations of the fleet and, accordingly, have high speed and a solid air defense system, which distinguished light aircraft carriers from escort aircraft carriers that appeared at the same time. The first light aircraft carriers were ships of the Independence class, commissioned in 1943.
US light aircraft carriers of World War II
French light aircraft carriers
The first light aircraft carriers of the French Navy were the Joffre-class aircraft carriers, which were created to replace the obsolete aircraft carrier Béarn, which did not meet the requirements for speed. The first aircraft carrier of the Joffre type was laid down in 1938, the laying of the second ship of the series was scheduled for the summer of 1940, but the outbreak of World War II and the subsequent surrender of France in June 1940 caused the cessation of further work on them. Nevertheless, later the Germans took up the completion of Joffre.
PA 28 is a light aircraft carrier project of the French Navy. It was developed in the late 1940s, but the preliminary design was prepared by August 1947. Compared to the aircraft carrier Joffre, PA 28 had an enlarged hangar and had two catapults. The first ship of this project was planned to be laid at the shipyard of the naval arsenal in Brest. She was to be named Clemenceau (not to be confused with the real aircraft carrier Clemenceau). The design was based on the project of the unfinished aircraft carrier Joffre due to the outbreak of World War II, but was significantly improved. In 1950, the project was closed at the prototype stage.
After the Second World War, the French Navy leased light aircraft carriers from other countries. For example, in 1946 the British Colossus-class light aircraft carrier was leased to the French Navy and renamed Arromanches. In January 1951, the US Independence-class light aircraft carrier USS Lafayette was leased to the French Navy under the same name (French La Fayette) and number R 96, returned to the USA in 1964, and scrapped the same year. Another Independence - USS Belleau Wood was transferred to France in 1953 under the MDAP agreement, with an option to buy it out after 5 years. It entered the French Navy under the name Bois Bello and tail number R 97.
German light aircraft carrier projects
The Kriegsmarine command initially did not pay much attention to aircraft carriers, relying more on large artillery ships. The development of aircraft carriers began in Germany at the end of 1933 and involved the construction of a limited number of ships intended for raider operations in the Atlantic. However, the construction of the aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin, which began in 1936, was slowed down for various reasons, the construction of a second ship of this type ceased almost immediately after the laying. Meanwhile, by 1942, the German naval command was convinced of high value aircraft carriers and put forward a number of projects for the restructuring of other types of aircraft carriers. Although the Kriegsmarine classification did not provide for the division of aircraft carriers into subclasses, two of the proposed projects can be attributed to light aircraft carriers.
In May 1942, it was decided to convert the almost completed aircraft carrier into an aircraft carrier. heavy cruiser Seydlitz, which belonged to the class Admiral Hipper. After the approval of this project by A. Hitler in December 1942, work began on the dismantling of the gun turrets and superstructures of the cruiser. However, the work was carried out slowly and in June 1943 stopped completely. The architecture of the failed aircraft carrier resembled Graf Zeppelin, but its hangar was much smaller and could accommodate only 18 aircraft. It was supposed to make up an air group of 10 Bf-109T fighters and 8 Ju-87D dive bombers.
After unsuccessful attempts to complete the French aircraft carrier Joffre, captured in Saint-Nazaire, the German naval leadership decided to turn the unfinished French light cruiser De Grasse, located on the boathouse of the Lorient shipyard, into an aircraft carrier. The proposal was put forward in August 1942, and in January 1943 the project was prepared and approved. However, the huge amount of work to be done and the lack of component mechanisms forced the German command in February 1943 to abandon the conversion of De Grasse into an aircraft carrier. The project provided for the creation of a small aircraft carrier with an air group of 11 fighters and 12 torpedo bombers.
Projects of light aircraft carriers of the USSR
The Soviet fleet, recognizing the great importance of aviation in the fight at sea, did not seek to obtain aircraft carriers until the mid-1930s, adhering to the theory of "small war at sea". In the 1920s, proposals were put forward to convert the unfinished battlecruiser Izmail and the training ship Komsomolets into an aircraft carrier into an aircraft carrier; battleship"Poltava". Although the alleged Soviet aircraft carriers fit into the restrictions imposed by the Washington Treaty, the matter never came to the start of work, they did not even amount to draft design. Lack of funds for the conversion of ships and development technical projects, as well as the desire to perform any work in this direction predetermined the fate of these projects - there were no results. The construction of the fleet according to the concept of the "Small Fleet" excluded any possibility of building aircraft carriers. For ten years they disappear from shipbuilding plans.
"Izmail" was dismantled for scrap, and renamed "Mikhail Frunze" "Poltava" were going to be turned into a battlecruiser. The training ship "Komsomolets" continued to serve until 1956, and in 1956 the ship was turned into a floating barracks, and then expelled from the fleet.
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