Natural units of measure correspond to the consumer or natural properties of a product or object and are evaluated in physical terms of mass, length, volume (kilogram, ton, meter, etc.).
A variety of natural units are conditionally natural, which are used in cases where a product, having several varieties, must be converted into a conditional product using special coefficients (dairy products with different content of creamy base, soap with different content of fatty acids, etc.).
Value Units evaluate socio-economic processes and phenomena in monetary terms(prices, comparable prices), which is very important in a market economy.
Labor units of measurement designed to reflect labor costs, labor intensity technological operations in man-days, man-hours.
The whole set of absolute values includes both individual indicators(characterize the values of individual units of the population), and summary indicators(characterize the final value of several units of the population or the final value of an essential feature for one or another part of the population).
Absolute indicators should also be divided into momentary and interval.
Momentary absolute indicators characterize the fact of the presence of a phenomenon or process, its size (volume) at a certain date in time.
Interval absolute indicators characterize the final volume of the phenomenon for a particular period of time (for example, output for a quarter or for a year, etc.), while allowing subsequent summation.
Absolute indicators cannot give an exhaustive idea of the studied population or phenomenon, since they cannot reflect the structure, relationships, dynamics. These functions perform relative indicators, which are determined on the basis of absolute indicators.
Relative indicators, their role and typology
In statistics, relative indicators are used in comparative analysis, generalization and synthesis. - these are digital generalizing indicators, they are the result of a comparison of two statistical values. By their nature, relative values are derived from dividing the current (comparable) absolute indicator by the base indicator.
Relative indicators can be obtained either as ratios of similar statistical indicators, or as ratios of oppositely named statistical indicators. In the first case, the resulting relative indicator is calculated either as a percentage, or in relative units, or in ppm (in thousandths). If oppositely named absolute indicators are correlated, then the relative indicator in most cases is named.
Relative values used in statistical practice:
the relative size of the structure;
relative amount of coordination;
the relative value of the planned task;
the relative value of the implementation of the plan;
the relative magnitude of the dynamics;
the relative value of the comparison;
the relative magnitude of the intensity.
Relative Structure Value (RVS) characterizes the structure of the population, determines the share (specific gravity) of the part in the total volume of the population. OVS is calculated as the ratio of the volume of a part of the population to the absolute value of the entire population, thereby determining the share of the part in the total volume of the population (%):
(4.1)
where m i - the volume of the studied part of the population; M is the total volume of the studied population.
Relative Coordination Value (RVR) characterizes the ratio between two parts of the studied population, one of which acts as a base of comparison (%):
(4.2)
where m i - one of the parts of the studied population; m b - part of the population, which is the basis of comparison.
Relative value of the planned target (OVPZ) is used to calculate the percentage increase (decrease) in the value of the plan indicator compared to its base level in the previous period, for which the formula is used
(4.3)
where R pl - planned indicator; Р 0 - actual (basic) indicator in the previous period.
The relative value of the implementation of the plan (RTI) characterizes the degree of fulfillment of the planned target for the reporting period (%) and is calculated by the formula
(4.4)
where R f - the value of the implementation of the plan for the reporting period; Р pl - the value of the plan for the reporting period.
Relative value of dynamics (RTS) characterizes the change in the volume of the same phenomenon in time, depending on the accepted base level. ATS is calculated as the ratio of the level of the analyzed phenomenon or process at the current time to the level of this phenomenon or process over the past period of time. As a result, we get growth factor, which is expressed as a multiple ratio. When calculating this value as a percentage (the result is multiplied by 100), we get the growth rate.
Growth rates can be calculated as with a constant base level ( base growth rate- ATS b), and with a variable baseline ( chain growth rates- ATS c):
(4.5)
where P t - current level; R b - basic level;
(4.6)
where P t - current level; Р t-1 - the level preceding the current one.
Relative comparison value (RVR)- the ratio of absolute indicators of the same name related to different objects, but to the same time (for example, the population growth rates in different countries for the same period of time):
(4.7)
where M A is the indicator of the first object of the same name under study; M B - indicator of the second object of the same name under study (base of comparison).
All previous indicators of relative values characterized the ratios of similar statistical objects. However, there is a group of relative values that characterize the ratio of dissimilar but related statistical indicators. This group is called the group relative intensity values (RVI), which are usually expressed as named numbers. In statistical practice, relative intensity values are used in the study of the degree of volume of a phenomenon in relation to the volume of the medium in which this phenomenon propagates. JVI here shows how many units of one population (numerator) account for one, ten, one hundred units of another population (denominator).
Examples of relative intensity values can be, say, indicators of the level of technical development of production, the level of well-being of citizens, indicators of the provision of the population with the media, cultural and household items, etc. JVI is calculated by the formula
where A - distribution of the phenomenon; B A - the propagation medium of the phenomenon A.
When calculating the relative intensity values, the problem of choosing an adequate basis for comparison (the environment for the propagation of the phenomenon) may arise. For example, when determining the population density indicator, the total size of the territory of a particular state cannot be taken as a comparison base; in this case, only a territory of 1 km 2 can be a comparison base. The criterion for the correctness of the calculation is the comparability of the developed methodology for calculating the compared indicators used in statistical practice.
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE STATISTICAL INDICATORS (VALUES)
Statistical indicators - it is a generalizing quantitative and qualitative value that characterizes socio-economic phenomena and processes in specific conditions of place and time.
They are used to express:
Absolute
relative
Average values
Absolute indicators- these are quantities that characterize the size, volume and levels of phenomena and processes of social life, i.e. express them in certain units of measurement. Therefore, all absolute indicators are numbers. They can be individual, group, general.
Individual absolute values express the size of quantitative characteristics in individual units of the studied population, they are obtained as a result statistical observation, for example, the number of employees at each enterprise in the industry, the volume of production of the firm, etc.
Group absolute indicators are obtained by summing up the statistical units included in each specific group, for example, the number of enterprises by type of ownership, the population of the region by age groups.
General absolute indicators (total, final) characterize the quantitative characteristics in total for the entire population, for example, the volume of production, the number of personnel, material costs for all enterprises in the industry, the retail turnover of all stores in the area.
Absolute values can be measured in various units: natural, conditionally natural, cost.
natural units measurements of physical quantities are units for determining volume, mass, length, area (tons, kilometers, cubic meters, pieces, etc.), for example, the area of \u200b\u200bthe lake is measured in square meters, the length of the line is in kilometers
Conditionally natural units absolute indicators are used in cases of measuring homogeneous, but different-quality products, while units of physical quantities are converted into conventional units using special coefficients.
Conditionally natural units take into account the total number of livestock, the availability of feed, the use of fuel, canned food of all kinds (fruit, vegetables, fish, dairy, meat) in conditional jars.
To summarize accounting data for an enterprise, industry, and the national economy as a whole, use cost (monetary) units measurements. The cost volume of production is obtained as the sum of the products of the number of units of specific types of products and the price of these same types.
For comparison, comparison of absolute values among themselves in time, space and other relations, relative values are used.
Relative value - it is a generalizing indicator expressing the quantitative ratio of two absolute values to each other.
Relative values characterize the ratio of phenomena and processes of the socio-economic life of society. Since they are obtained by dividing one absolute value by another, the relative value is a fraction that has a numerator and a denominator.
The denominator is the base of comparison (baseline).
The numerator is the value that is compared (reporting).
There are two ways to calculate relative values - as a ratio:
two absolute values of the same name;
two different absolute values.
In the case of a ratio of two indicators of the same name, the result is obtained in the form:
Coefficients, if the denominator is taken as one;
Percentage if the denominator is taken as 100%.
The relative value, expressed by coefficients or as a percentage, shows how many times the compared indicator is more or less than the base one or how many percent it is to the base one.
Relative quantities of the same name - this is the value of the planned task, the implementation of the plan, dynamics, structure, coordination, comparison.
Relative value of the planned task shows how many times or by how many percent the value of the indicator according to the plan should increase (decrease) in comparison with its level in the previous period.
Relative values of the implementation of the planned task - the ratio of the actual level of the indicator in the reporting (current) period to the planned target of the same period.
Relative magnitude of dynamics characterizes changes in the indicator over time, i.e. how many times the level of the indicator has increased (decreased) compared to any previous period.
There is an interrelation between the relative values of the planned task, the fulfillment of the plan and the dynamics.
Y o - the actual level of the indicator of the base (previous) period;
U pl - the planned level of the indicator for the reporting period;
Y 1 - the actual level of the indicator of the reporting period;
RH is a relative value.
Calculation formulas:
OB of the planned target \u003d U pl / U o;
OB plan implementation \u003d Y 1 / Y pl;
OB dynamics \u003d Y 1 / Y o.
Relative value of dynamics (U 1 /U 0 ) can be obtained as the product of the relative values of the planned task and the implementation of the plan:
Y 1 / Y o \u003d Y pl / Y o * Y 1 / Y pl
The relative size of the structure(OB structure) is the relation of the part to the whole, i.e. the share (specific gravity) of a separate part in the aggregate as a whole. The formula for calculating the relative values of the structure is as follows:
OB structure = n/∑n
where n is the number of units or the volume of the feature in separate parts of the population;
∑n - total strength units or the volume of the population as a whole
Relative indicators of the structure characterize the internal content of the totality (process, phenomenon).
Relative values of coordination (OB coordination) is the ratio between the parts of one whole.
Relative comparison values (comparison OV) are the ratio of the same indicator for the same period (moment) of time, but for different objects or different territories. They characterize changes in phenomena by regions and countries. One object is taken as the base of comparison.
Relative intensity value (RH intensity) shows the degree of distribution of the phenomenon in a certain environment, the level of its development, for example, indicators of capital productivity, capital-labor ratio, labor intensity characterize the level of use of fixed assets, human labor. Some intensity indicators are calculated per 100, 1000 or other base of comparison.
Relative values of the level of economic development , as intensities, show the ratio of two different-quality (opposite) indicators, the relationship of which is significant. These include indicators of the socio-economic development of society: production of consumer goods (food, non-food, services) per capita; retail turnover per person; consumption of potatoes, bread, milk and other products per capita; provision of the population with cars (per 100 families, units).
The result of the analysis of processes and phenomena studied using statistical methods is a set of numerical characteristics that can be classified into absolute and relative indicators.
Absolute indicators
Absolute values in terms of statistics are the number of units or amounts in the sample, which are the direct result of the summary and grouping of the analyzed data. Absolute indicators reflect, so to speak, the "physical" characteristics of the processes and phenomena under study (area, mass, volume, spatio-temporal parameters), which, as a rule, are recorded in primary accounting documents. Absolute values always have a dimension. We also note that, in contrast to the mathematical interpretation, the statistical absolute value can be either positive or negative.
Classification of absolute indicators
Absolute values are classified according to the method of presenting the dimensions of the phenomena under study into individual, group and general.
To individual include absolute indicators expressing the numerical dimensions of individual units of the population. For example, the number of employees in the organization, the gross output of the enterprise, profit, etc.
group indicators are called parameters that determine the dimensional characteristics or the number of units in a certain part of the population. Such indicators are calculated by summing up the corresponding absolute parameters of individual units of the study group or by directly counting the number of units in a sample from the general population.
Absolute indicators that describe the size of a feature in all units of the population are called general. Such parameters are the result of a summary of the results of statistical studies. These indicators include wages enterprises of the region, wheat in the state, etc.
Definition of relative value
From the point of view of statistics, a relative value is a generalizing parameter that describes the quantitative ratio of two absolute values. In other words, relative indicators characterize the relationship and interdependence of two compared absolute parameters.
Application in socioeconomic research
Relative indicators play an important role in the analysis of socio-economic processes, since the absolute characteristics themselves do not always allow a correct assessment of the analyzed phenomenon. Often, their true significance is revealed only during comparison with another absolute indicator.
Relative indicators include parameters that determine the structure of the phenomenon, as well as its development over time. With their help, it is easier to trace the trends in the development of the process under study and to make a forecast of its further evolution.
The main feature of relative values is that they make it possible to carry out processes that are incomparable in absolute terms, which, in turn, opens up opportunities for comparing the levels of development or the prevalence of various social phenomena.
The principle of calculating the relative value
In relation to absolute indicators, which are input data for statistical analysis, relative values are derived from them, or secondary. Calculation of relative indicators in general view is performed by dividing one absolute parameter by another. In this case, the value in the numerator is called the compared, or current, and the indicator in the denominator with which the comparison is made is the basis (base) of comparison.
Obviously, it is possible to perform a comparison even of seemingly completely unrelated absolute values. Relative indicators necessary for statistical analysis should be chosen based on the objectives of a particular study and the nature of the primary data available. At the same time, it is necessary to be guided by the principles of visibility and ease of perception.
As current and basic indicators for calculation, you can use not only absolute, but also relative characteristics. Relative parameters obtained by comparing absolute characteristics are called first-order indicators, and relative parameters are called higher-order indicators.
Dimensions of relative values
Statistical analysis allows you to calculate relative indicators for both the same and opposite values. The result of the comparison of the parameters of the same name are unnamed relative values, which can be expressed in multiplicity factors, representing how many times the current indicator is greater or less than the base one (in this case, one is taken as the basis for comparison). Often in statistical studies, the comparison base is taken equal to 100. In this case, the dimension of the obtained relative indicators will be percentages (%).
When comparing dissimilar parameters, the ratio of the corresponding dimensions of indicators in the numerator and denominator is taken as the dimension of the obtained relative value (for example, the indicator of GDP per capita has the dimension of million rubles / person).
Classification of relative values
Among the variety of relative parameters, the following types are distinguished:
- indicator of dynamics;
- indicators of the plan and implementation of the plan;
- intensity indicator;
- structure index;
- indicator of coordination;
- comparison index.
Dynamic indicator (OPD)
This parameter describes the ratio of the current level of development of the phenomenon under study to some, taken as a base, the level of its development in the previous period. Expressed as a multiple ratio, the relative indicator of dynamics is called the growth factor, and as a percentage - the growth rate.
Plan Indicators (PPI) and Plan Implementation Indicators (PIP)
Such indicators are used by all economic entities involved in the current and strategic planning. They are calculated as follows:
The characteristics discussed above are related by the following relationship:
OPD \u003d OPP * OPP.
The relative indicator of the plan determines the intensity of the task compared to the previous period, and the implementation of the plan determines the degree of its implementation.
Structural Index (SIR)
This relative indicator shows the structural composition of the population and is expressed in relation to the size of the absolute attribute of the structural part of the object under study to the size of the attribute of the population as a whole. In other words, the calculation of structure indicators consists in calculating specific gravity each part of the collection:
OPS are usually expressed as fractions of a unit (coefficients) or percentages. The sum of the specific weights of the structural parts of the studied population should be equal to one or one hundred percent, respectively.
Similar coefficients are used in the study of the structure of multicomponent complex phenomena, for example, in the study of emissions harmful substances traffic flow vehicles, separating them by the type of fuel used (gasoline, diesel, gas) or by purpose (cars, trucks, buses), etc.
Index of Coordination (CPI)
This parameter characterizes the ratio of the characteristics of some part of the statistical population to the characteristics of the base part. The relative indicator of coordination is used in statistical analysis for a more visual representation of the relationship between the individual parts of the population under study.
The part of the population with the maximum specific gravity or being a priority is chosen as the basic one.
Intensity Index (IIR)
This characteristic is used to describe the propagation of the phenomenon (process) under study in its own environment. Its essence lies in the comparison of oppositely named quantities related to each other in some way.
An example is indicators of the level of GDP per capita, demographic indicators of natural increase (decrease) of the population per 1000 (10000) people, etc.
Comparison indicator (CFR)
This parameter describes the ratio of the same absolute characteristics of different objects:
The relative comparison indicator can be used to comparative analysis, for example, the population of different states, prices for identical goods different brands, labor productivity at different enterprises, etc.
The calculation of relative characteristics is an important step in statistical analysis, however, considering them regardless of the primary absolute indicators, one can come to unreliable conclusions. Consequently, a correct assessment of various socioeconomic processes and phenomena should be based on a system of parameters, which includes both absolute and relative indicators.
Absolute and relative values
As a result of summary and grouping of statistical observation data, various statistical indicators are obtained. statistic- a generalizing characteristic of any property of the units of the population or the population as a whole. There are the following types of statistics:
1) absolute;
2) relative;
3) medium.
Absolute value represents a quantitative characteristic of the studied phenomena in units of measure, weight, volume, length, area, cost, etc. There are two types of absolute values:
1) individual - characterize the value of the attribute in individual units of the population, they are obtained during the process of statistical observation;
2) total - characterize the final value of the attribute for a set of units, are obtained as a result of a summary and grouping of units of the population by summing them up.
Absolute values can take both positive and negative values. They are always named numbers, i.e. they have some unit of measure. There are several types of units of measure:
1) natural: simple - a piece, a kilometer, etc.; complex - ton-kilometer, kilowatt-hour, etc.;
2) conditionally natural ones are used when individual groups of terms in the aggregate cannot be added, then they are brought into a comparable form using special conversion factors - equivalent fuel, conventional bank, etc.;
3) labor characterize indicators that reflect working time- man-hours, man-days, etc.;
4) cost allow you to aggregate data related to heterogeneous units of the population.
Absolute indicators do not always give a complete picture of the studied population. Often it is necessary to analyze its changes in time and space, to study its structure, patterns of development, etc. For this, it becomes necessary to calculate relative values.
Relative value- a statistical indicator determined by comparing absolute or relative indicators. Relative values can only be obtained by calculation on the basis of absolute values. The conditions for the correct calculation of relative values are the presence of a connection between the studied phenomena, as well as the comparability of the compared indicators. The last condition implies the same methodology for calculating indicators, the same units of measurement, time periods, territories, etc.
When calculating relative values, the indicator located in the numerator is called the compared (current), and located in the denominator - the base of comparison.
There are the following forms of expression of relative values when comparing absolute values of the same name: 1) coefficient, if the base of comparison is taken as 1; 2) percentage (%), if the comparison base is taken as 100; 3) ppm (‰), if the comparison base is taken as 1000; 4) prodecimille, if the comparison base is taken as 10,000, etc.
When comparing opposite absolute values, named relative values are obtained, the name of which is obtained from a combination of the compared and base absolute values.
As a rule, the following are among the relative values.
1. Relative value of the planned task characterizes the intensity of the plan, i.e. change in the value of the plan compared to the level actually achieved in the previous period (example: plan for the sale of products in the next quarter, etc.).
2. Relative value of plan execution reflects the degree of fulfillment of the planned target for the current period (examples: production plan, receipt plan Money from the sale of goods, works, services, etc.).
3. Relative magnitude of dynamics as an indicator characterizing the change of the phenomenon in time. If data for several periods of time are known, then the comparison of the current level can be carried out either with its value in the previous period, or with the value in any period taken as the basis for comparison; in the first case, the indicator will be called a relative value of dynamics with a variable base of comparison, or a chain indicator, in the second - a relative value with constant weights, or a base indicator; when determining the relative values of the dynamics, it is necessary to ensure the comparability of the indicators involved in the calculation; there is a relationship between the relative values of the target, the fulfillment of the plan and the dynamics - the relative value of the dynamics can be calculated as the product of two other relative values - the target and the fulfillment of the plan (examples: change in the company's profit for ten years, change in oil production for 2000-2012 . etc.).
4. Relative size of the structure characterizes the composition of the population under study and shows what share in the total volume of the population is each of its parts (examples: structure current assets companies by types of assets, the structure of the company's payroll by types of employee benefits, etc.).
5. Relative amount of coordination is defined as the ratio of individual parts of the studied population to one of them, taken as the basis for comparison, and shows how many times one part of the population is larger than the other (example: the ratio of the urban and rural population of the country, the ratio of the company's own and borrowed funds, etc.) .
6. Relative comparison value characterizes the ratio of different populations on the same basis for the same period or point in time (examples: life expectancy of the population in Russia and Japan, the level of consumption in Moscow and St. Petersburg, etc.).
7. Relative intensity value shows the ratio of the total sizes of two different populations and reflects how many units of one population account for a unit of another population (examples: population density, labor productivity, company profitability, etc.).
The formulas for calculating relative values are given in Table. 4.1.
Table 4.1
Types of relative values
(of the same name)
(opposite)Relative indicators should not be considered in isolation from the absolute indicators that they characterize. This may lead to incorrect conclusions. The same value of relative indicators can be obtained with different initial values of absolute indicators. Thus, relative indicators do not replace, but only complement the absolute ones.
statistic - quantitative characteristic socio-economic phenomena and processes in conditions of qualitative certainty.
According to the form, statistical indicators are distinguished:
Absolute
Relative
Medium
Absolute value- the volume or size of the studied event or phenomenon, process, expressed in appropriate units of measurement in specific conditions of place and time.
Types of absolute values:
Individual absolute value - characterizes the unit of the population
Total absolute value - characterizes a group of units or the entire population
The result of statistical observation are indicators that characterize the absolute dimensions or properties of the phenomenon under study for each unit of observation. They are called individual absolute indicators. If the indicators characterize the entire population as a whole, they are called generalizing absolute indicators. Statistical indicators in the form of absolute values always have units of measurement: natural or cost.
Forms of accounting for absolute values:
Natural - physical units (pieces, people)
· Conditionally natural - used when calculating the totals for products of the same consumer quality but a wide range. The conversion to a conditional measurement is carried out using the conversion factor:
To recalculation \u003d actual consumer quality / standard (predetermined quality)
Cost accounting - monetary units
Absolute indicators should also be divided into momentary and interval.
Momentary absolute indicators characterize the fact of the presence of a phenomenon or process, its size (volume) at a certain date in time.
Interval absolute indicators characterize the final volume of a phenomenon for a given period of time (for example, output for a quarter or a year, etc.), while allowing subsequent summation.
Natural units of measurement are simple, compound and conditional.
Simple natural units measurements are tons, kilometers, pieces, liters, miles, inches, etc. In simple natural units, the volume of the statistical population is also measured, that is, the number of its constituent units, or the volume of its individual part.
Composite natural units measurements have calculated indicators obtained as a product of two or more indicators that have simple units of measurement. For example, accounting for labor costs in enterprises is expressed in man-days worked (the number of employees of the enterprise is multiplied by the number of days worked for the period) or man-hours (the number of employees of the enterprise is multiplied by the average duration of one working day and the number of working days in the period); the turnover of transport is expressed in ton-kilometers (the mass of the transported cargo is multiplied by the distance of transportation), etc.
Conditionally natural units measurements are widely used in analysis production activities, when you want to find the final value of the same type of indicators that are not directly comparable, but characterize the same properties of the object.
Natural units are recalculated into conditionally natural ones by expressing the varieties of the phenomenon in units of some standard.
For example:
soap of different grades - in conditional soap with 40% content of fatty acids
canned food of various sizes - in conditional cans with a volume of 353.4 cm3,
Translation into conventional units is carried out using special coefficients. For example, if there are 200 tons of soap with a fatty acid content of 40% and 100 tons with a fatty acid content of 60%, then in terms of 40%, we get a total volume of 350 tons of conditional soap (the conversion factor is defined as the ratio 60: 40 = 1 .5 and, consequently, 100 t 1.5 = 150 t conventional soap).
Example
Find conditional natural value:
Let's say we produce notebooks:
12 sheets - 1000 pcs;
24 sheets - 200 pcs;
48 sheets - 50 pieces;
96 sheets - 100 pcs.
Solution:
We set the standard - 12 sheets.
We calculate the conversion factor:
Answer: Conditionally natural value \u003d 1000 * 1 + 200 * 2 + 50 * 4 + 100 * 8 \u003d 2400 notebooks of 12 sheets.
relative
Relative values are different ratios or percentages.
Relative statistics- these are indicators that give a numerical measure of the ratio of two compared values.
The main condition for the correct calculation of relative values is the comparability of the compared values and the presence of real connections between the phenomena under study.
Relative value = compared value / basis
The value in the numerator of the ratio is called the current or compared.
The value in the denominator of the ratio is called the base or base of comparison.
According to the method of obtaining, relative values are always derivative (secondary) values.
They can be expressed:
· in odds, if the base of comparison is taken as one (AbsValue / Basis) * 1
· in percents, if the comparison base is taken as 100 (AbsValue / Basis) * 100
· ppm, if the comparison base is taken as 1000 (AbsValue / Basis) * 1000
For example, the birth rate in the form of a relative value, calculated in ppm, shows the number of births per year per 1000 people.
· in decimille, if the comparison base is taken as 10000 (AbsValue / Basis) * 10000
There are the following types of relative statistical values:
The relative magnitude of the dynamics
Relative value of the planned target
Relative value of plan implementation
The relative size of the structure
Relative value of coordination
The relative magnitude of the intensity
Relative comparison value
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