The product is the result production process.

Manufacturing process it is a set of all actions of people and tools of production necessary at a given enterprise for the manufacture or repair of manufactured products.

The production process includes not only the main processes directly related to the manufacture of parts and assembly units, but also all the necessary processes, for example: production preparation; receipt, transportation, control and storage of materials (semi-finished products); equipment repair, etc.

Technological process(TP) is a part of the production process that contains actions to change and then determine the state of the subject of production.

Technological method- a set of rules that determine the sequence and content of actions when performing shaping, processing or assembly, movement, including technical control, tests in the technological process of manufacture or repair, established regardless of the name, size or design of the product.

According to the execution method, there are three main parts of the technological process: shaping, processing and assembly.

When changing the position of the workpiece being processed, the operation may consist of several setups and positions.

Installation- this is part of the technological operation, performed with the unchanged fixing of the workpieces being processed or the assembled assembly unit.

Position is a fixed position occupied by an invariably fixed workpiece being processed or assembled assembly unit together with a fixture relative to a tool or fixed piece of equipment to perform part of an operation.

Reception- a complete set of human actions used when performing a transition or part of it and united by one designated purpose. For example, the auxiliary transition "installing the workpiece in the fixture" includes the following steps: take the workpiece, install it in the fixture and fix it.

General allowance a layer of material is called for processing, which is the difference between the dimensions of the workpiece and the dimensions of the finished part.

Base surface of the workpiece being processed is called the surface on which the workpiece is installed in the fixture and oriented during processing on the machine relative to cutting tool.

The technological process is usually divided into parts called operations.

Technological operation call the finished part of the technological process, performed at one workplace. An operation encompasses all the activities of equipment and workers on one or more jointly processed or assembled objects of production. So, when processing on machine tools, the operation includes all the actions of the worker to control the machine, as well as automatic movements of the machine associated with the process of processing the workpiece until the moment it is removed from the machine and the transition to the processing of another workpiece.

The operation is characterized by the invariability of the workplace, technological equipment, the object of labor and the performer. When one of these conditions changes, a new operation takes place.

The content of the operation is determined by many factors and, above all, organizational and economic factors. The scope of work included in the operation can be quite wide. The operation can be the processing of only one surface on a separate machine. For example, milling a keyway on a vertical milling machine. The manufacture of a complex body part on an automatic line, consisting of several dozen machines and having a single control system, will also be an operation.

Technological operation is the main element production planning and accounting. Operations determine the complexity of the process, necessary equipment, tools, fixtures, qualifications of workers. All planning, accounting and technological documentation is compiled for each operation.

The operations that are part of the technological process are performed in a certain sequence. The content, composition and sequence of operations are determined process structure .

The sequence of passage of the workpiece of a part or assembly unit through the shops and production sites of the enterprise when performing the technological process of manufacturing or repair is called technological route .

Distinguish intershop and intrashop technological routes.

The structure of the operation involves dividing it into constituent elements– setups, positions and transitions.

To process a workpiece, it must be installed and fixed in a fixture, on a machine table or other type of equipment. When assembling, the same should be done with the part to which other parts are to be attached.

setup- part of the technological operation, performed with the unchanged fixing of the workpieces being processed or the assembled assembly unit.

Each time the workpiece is removed again and then fixed on the machine, or when the workpiece is rotated through any angle to machine a new surface, a new setting takes place.

Depending on the design features product and the content of the operation, it can be performed either from one or from several installations. In the technological documentation, the installations are indicated by the letters BUT, B, AT etc. For example, when processing a shaft on a milling and centering machine, the milling of the ends of the shaft on both sides and their centering are performed sequentially in one setting of the workpiece. Complete processing of the shaft workpiece on a screw-cutting lathe can be carried out only with two workpiece settings in the centers of the machine, since after processing the workpiece on one side (setting BUT) it must be unfastened, turned over and installed in a new position (installing B) for processing on the other side. In the case of turning the workpiece without removing it from the machine, it is necessary to indicate the angle of rotation: 45 o, 60 o, etc.

The installed and fixed workpiece, if necessary, can change its position on the machine relative to the tool or working bodies of the machine under the influence of linear movement devices or rotary devices, taking a new position.

Position called each individual fixed position occupied by an invariably fixed workpiece or an assembled assembly unit together with a fixture relative to a tool or a fixed part of the equipment when performing a certain part of the operation. When machining a workpiece, for example, on a turret lathe, the position will be each new position of the turret. When processing on multi-spindle automatic machines and semi-automatic machines, the invariably fixed workpiece occupies different positions relative to the machine by rotating the table, which sequentially brings the workpiece to different tools.

Technological transition - a completed part of the technological operation, performed by the same means of technological equipment under constant technological conditions and installation. Technological transition, therefore, characterizes the constancy of the tool used, the surfaces formed by processing or connected during assembly, as well as the invariance of the technological regime.

For example, technological transitions will be making a hole in the workpiece when processing with a twist drill, getting a flat surface of a part by milling, etc. Sequential processing of the same hole in the gearbox housing with a boring cutter, countersink and reamer will consist of three technological transitions, respectively, since a new surface is formed during processing with each tool.

In the turning operation, the scheme of which is shown in Fig. 11a, two technological transitions are performed. Such transitions are called simple or elementary. The set of transitions, when several tools are involved in the work at the same time, is called combined transition(Fig. 11b). In this case, all tools work with the same feed and speed. In the case when there is a change in sequentially machined surfaces with one tool with a change in cutting conditions (speed when processing on hydrocopy machines or speed and feed on CNC machines), with one tool stroke, there is difficult transition.

Technological transitions in this case can be performed sequentially (Fig. 11, a) or in parallel-series (Fig. 11, b).

When processing workpieces on CNC machines, several surfaces can be sequentially processed by one tool (for example, a cutter) when it moves along a path specified by the control program. In this case, we say that the specified set of surfaces is processed as a result of executing instrumental transition.

Examples of technological transitions in assembly processes can be works associated with the connection of individual parts of the machine: giving them the required relative position, checking the achieved position and fixing it with fasteners. In this case, the installation of each fastener (for example, a screw, bolt or nut) should be considered as a separate technological transition, and the simultaneous tightening of several nuts using a multi-spindle wrench should be considered as a combination of technological transitions.

A technological operation, depending on the organization of the technological process, can be carried out on the basis of concentration or differentiation of technological transitions. With the concentration of transitions, the structure of the operation includes the maximum possible number of technological transitions under given conditions. This organization of the operation reduces the number of operations in the process. In the limiting case, the technological process may consist of only one technological operation, including all the transitions necessary for the manufacture of the part. When differentiating transitions, they tend to reduce the number of transitions included in the technological operation. The limit of differentiation is such a construction of the technological process, when each operation includes only one technological transition.

A characteristic feature of the technological transition in any processes (except hardware ones) is the possibility of its isolation at a separate workplace, i.e. isolating it as a stand-alone operation. In the case of a single-transition operation, the concept of an operation may coincide with the concept of a transition.

When organizing the processing process according to the principle of differentiating the construction of an operation (rather than a transition), the technological process is divided into one-, two-transitional operations, subject to the duration of the release cycle. If operations (for example, gear hobbing, spline milling) go beyond the limits of the release cycle in duration, then backup machines are installed. Therefore, the limit of differentiation is the release cycle.

The principle of concentration of operations is divided into the principle of parallel concentration and sequential. In both cases, one operation concentrates a large number of technological transitions, but they are distributed among positions in such a way that the processing time for each operation is approximately equal to or less than the release cycle. The time limit for the operation will be determined by the longest time by position. According to the principle of sequential concentration, all transitions are performed sequentially, and the processing time is determined by the total time for all transitions.

Technological transition during cutting may consist of several working moves.

Under working stroke understand the completed part of the technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, accompanied by a change in the shape, dimensions, surface quality or properties of the workpiece. The number of working moves performed in one technological transition is chosen based on the provision of optimal processing conditions, for example, reducing the depth of cut when removing significant layers of material.

An example of a work stroke on lathe is the removal of a cutter of one layer of chips continuously, on a planer - the removal of one layer of metal over the entire surface, on a drill - drilling a hole to a given depth.

Working strokes take place in those cases when the allowance exceeds the possible depth of cut and it has to be removed in several working strokes.

When repeating the same work, for example, drilling four identical holes in series, there is one technological transition performed in 4 working steps; if these holes are made simultaneously, then there are 4 combined working strokes and one technological transition.

The operation also includes elements associated with the implementation of auxiliary movements and necessary for the implementation of the technological process. These include auxiliary transitions and tricks.

Auxiliary transition - a completed part of a technological operation, consisting of human and (or) equipment actions that are not accompanied by a change in the shape, size or properties of the surface, but are necessary to complete the technological transition.

Auxiliary transitions include, for example, fixing a workpiece on a machine or in a fixture, changing a tool, moving a tool between positions, etc. For assembly processes, transitions can be considered auxiliary when installing a base part on an assembly stand or in a fixture on a conveyor, moving attached parts to it and etc.

Auxiliary moves and techniques are also necessary to perform a technological operation.

Auxiliary move- the completed part of the technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, necessary for the preparation of the working stroke.

Under reception understand the complete set of actions of the worker used in the performance of the transition or part of it and united by one purpose. For example, the auxiliary transition "set the workpiece in the fixture" consists of the following steps: take the workpiece from the container, install it in the fixture, fix it.

Auxiliary moves and techniques are taken into account when studying the costs of auxiliary time for performing an operation.

Any technological process takes place in time. The interval of calendar time from the beginning to the end of any periodically repeating technological operation, regardless of the number of simultaneously manufactured or repaired products, is called technological operation cycle .

The preparation of technological equipment and technological equipment for the performance of a technological operation is called adjustment . Setup includes setting up a fixture, switching speed or feed, setting a set temperature, etc. Additional adjustment of technological equipment and (or) equipment in the process of work to restore the values ​​​​of parameters achieved during adjustment is called adjustment .

Technological operation called the finished part of the technological process, performed at one workplace. The operation is the main element of production planning and accounting.

This part of the process is performed:

- over a certain workpiece;

- one or a group of workers;

- continuously;

- at one workplace.

The operation can be performed on a separate process equipment (machine) in conventional production or on an automatic line, which is a complex of process equipment. Such equipment is connected by a single transport system with technological equipment and a single control and monitoring system.

The main elements of the technological operation:

1. Installation - part of the technological operation, which is performed with the unchanged fixing of the workpieces or assembled assembly units.

2. Position - a fixed position occupied by an invariably fixed workpiece or an assembled assembly unit together with a fixture relative to a tool or a fixed part of the equipment to perform a certain part of the operation.

3. Technological transition- a completed part of the technological operation, performed by the same means of technological equipment under constant technological conditions and installation.

4. Working stroke - a completed part of the technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, accompanied by a change in the shape, dimensions, quality and properties of the surface to be machined.

5. Auxiliary transition- a completed part of a technological operation, consisting of human and (or) equipment actions that are not accompanied by a change in the shape, size, quality and properties of the treated surfaces, but are necessary to complete the technological transition.

6. Auxiliary move- the completed part of the technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece of the part, which is not accompanied by a change in the shape, size, quality and properties of the surface of the workpiece, and is necessary to complete the working stroke.

7. Adjustment - preparation of technological equipment and tooling for the execution of a technological operation. Adjustment includes the installation of a fixture on the machine, alignment with the size of the cutting tool, etc.

8. Adjustment - additional adjustment of technological equipment or technological equipment when performing a technological operation in order to restore the parameters achieved during adjustment.

9. Technological equipment- these are the means of technological equipment, in which, in order to perform a certain part of the technological process, materials or workpieces are placed, means of influencing them, as well as technological equipment.

10. Technological equipment– means of technological equipment, supplementing technological equipment to perform a certain part of the technological process.

working stroke called the completed part of the technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, accompanied by a change in the shape, dimensions, surface quality and properties of the workpiece. The working stroke usually accompanies the continuous processing of one layer of the workpiece, for example, on a lathe - processing the shaft per pass, on a planer - one movement of the cutter during cutting.

Rice. 3. Workpiece processing in three working steps

Auxiliary move called the completed part of the technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, necessary for the preparation of the working stroke. For example, when rough turning a shaft, the cutter returns to its original position, making an auxiliary stroke.

2.2.6. Reception. Reception call a complete set of human actions used in the performance of a technological transition or part of it and united by one purpose. Usually, the reception is an auxiliary action of the operator when controlling the machine (manually), measuring the workpiece. Receive element- pressing a button, moving a handle, etc.

2.3. Workplace. The workplace is called an elementary unit of the enterprise structure, where the performers of the work, serviced technological equipment, part of the conveyor, and for a limited time - equipment and objects of labor are located. Workplace - a section of the production area, equipped in accordance with the work performed on it (Fig. 1.9)

Rice. 1.9. Schemes of jobs for a machine operator (a) and an assembler (b):

The main elements of equipping the workplace :

Type of equipment Equipment elements

Main technological

equipment: machine tools, machines, units, automatic lines, etc.

Auxiliary equipment : assembly, test benches, conveyors and other means of transporting products, etc.

Technological equipment: fixtures and tools (cutting, measuring, auxiliary)

Organizational tooling: means for placing and storing fixtures, tools, auxiliary materials and documentation; production packaging for blanks and finished products; means of signaling and communication, maintenance of equipment and workplace

When organizing the workplace of the machine operator, the instructions for the operation of the equipment, safety precautions, sanitary norms and others. The space occupied by the workplace, as a rule, is determined by calculation. This space must be sufficient to allow workers to make all the necessary movements and movements during production operations. Also needed signaling and communication system , which ensures the exchange of information between the worker and the foreman, as well as intra-shop services

Important characteristics of the technological process and operation are the cycle, technological operation, tact and rhythm of release.

Cycle, beat and rhythm release

cycle technological operation is called the interval of calendar time from the beginning to the end of a periodically repeating technological operation, regardless of the number of simultaneously manufactured products.

Tact called the time interval through which the release of products or blanks of certain names, sizes and designs is periodically made.

Rhythm release refers to the number of products or blanks of certain names, sizes and designs, produced per unit of time.

It is desirable that the time spent on the execution of one operation be equal to the release cycle time or a multiple of it. Such a correction of the time spent on the operation is achieved by one or another degree of concentration of operations, the use of optimal processing modes, the reduction of auxiliary time due to multiple devices, automation of loading, transportation, the use of more high-performance equipment, parallel operation on the same type of backup machines, etc.

Questions for self-examination

1. Define a technological operation.

2. What is the reason for the division of the technological process into operations?

3. What is meant by a technological route?

4. Explain the structure of the technological operation.

5. What is meant by the principle of constructing a technological process

Shortcut http://bibt.ru

§ 22. STRUCTURE OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS.

Operations, setups, positions, transitions, working and auxiliary moves and auxiliary transitions.

The technological process is divided into operations, installations, positions, transitions, working and auxiliary moves and auxiliary transitions.

A technological operation is a complete part of the technological process, performed at one workplace and covering all the actions of the worker and equipment, performed with one or more simultaneously processed parts. Machining a different part or surface in a batch of identical parts is considered a new operation. For example, grinding one plate on one surface grinder on both sides is performed in one operation. If, on the other hand, a batch of plates is ground on one plate, first on one side and then on the other, then two operations are performed.

The installation is called a part of the technological operation performed with the unchanged fixing of the workpiece being processed or a group of simultaneously processed workpieces. Removal of the part from the machine with subsequent fixing is considered a new setup.

A position is a fixed position occupied by an invariably fixed workpiece, together with a fixture relative to a tool or a fixed piece of equipment, to perform a certain part of an operation.

A technological transition is a completed part of a technological operation, characterized by the constancy of the tool used and the surfaces formed by processing. Therefore, the transition from machining one surface of the workpiece to another surface is the next transition.

The working stroke is the completed part of the technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, accompanied by a change in the shape, size, roughness or properties of the workpiece.

Auxiliary transition - a completed part of a technological operation, consisting of actions of a person and equipment or one equipment, which are not accompanied by a change in the shape, size and surface roughness, but are necessary to perform a technological transition (starting the machine, stopping the machine, turning on the feed, etc.) .

Auxiliary stroke is the completed part of the technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, not accompanied by a change in the shape, dimensions, surface roughness or properties of the workpiece, but necessary to complete the working stroke.