The Scientific Research Engineering Institute (part of the Rostec concern), located in Balashikha near Moscow, has begun serial production of the Zagon-2 corrected anti-submarine aerial bomb. It is a deep modernization of the Zagon-1 bomb, which entered service in 1994.
The corrected bomb "Zagon-1" became for its time a new type of anti-submarine ammunition, having received qualitatively different properties. First of all, this refers to secrecy. The bomb uses a gravitational method of approaching the target, without creating any noise that could be detected by the sonar systems of the attacked boat.
That is, the "Zagon" is devoid of the disadvantage inherent in torpedoes. And at the same time, it has the advantages of a torpedo - it independently aims at a target using an acoustic homing head (GOS).
Bombs of this type are equipped with anti-submarine aircraft and helicopters - Il-38, Tu-142ME, Ka-28. During the descent of a bomb on a parachute, a float is inflated by a counter flow of air. On it, the bomb stays on the surface of the sea for some time, up to 4 minutes, after splashdown. This turns on the search mode of the GOS target. It is allowed to use a bomb at sea waves up to 6 points.
Having found the target, the bomb begins to sink at high speed. Moreover, the immersion does not have to be vertical.
The increased effectiveness of the new bomb can be seen by comparing performance characteristics"Zagon-1" and "Zagon-2".
Maximum immersion depth, m: 600 - 600
Vertical sinking speed, m/s: 16.2 - 18.0
Maximum immersion angle, degrees: 60 - n/a
Target detection radius, m: 120 - 450
Length, mm: 1300 - 1500
Diameter, mm: 210 - 232
Weight, kg: 94 - 120
Weight explosive, kg: 19 - 35.
The Zagon-2 bomb is equipped with an electromechanical fuse. The impact on the submarine, which guarantees the penetration of the hull, is cumulative.
In the event that an anti-submarine aircraft or a Navy helicopter detects an enemy submarine, a massive bomb attack is carried out. About 6-10 "Paddocks" are dropped. Strictly speaking, they are not completely invisible to the submarine's sonars, since the Zagona seeker performs active sonar scanning. That is, it works like a radar, emitting acoustic waves and receiving reflected ones. But before the attack, when the exact direction to the target is chosen, the scan is turned off, and the bomb begins to sink.
It must also be said that the parachute is used not only to reduce the impact of a bomb equipped with sophisticated electronics on the water. The parachute allows you to reduce the aiming angle, since after opening the bomb flies almost vertically. And this leads to an increase in the accuracy of bombing by high speeds aircraft. As for the word “correctable”, it has a completely different meaning than that which is embedded in the concept of “corrected aerial bomb” (KAB). Correction of the movement of the "Zagon" is carried out not in the air, but under water.
Background
Naval aviation appeared before the First World War. But practically until the mid-30s, aircraft, balloons and airships of the Navy and the Navy of a number of countries were used exclusively to search for submarines. And the strikes on them were carried out by surface ships with depth charges, which for quite a long time did not differ much from ordinary barrels stuffed with explosives.
However, the first aerial bombs, which appeared shortly before the Second World War, did not make a big difference in the fight against submarines. In the Soviet Union in 1940, the PLAB-100 bomb (anti-submarine aviation bomb) weighing 100 kg with 70 kg of explosive was adopted. The bomb was uncorrectable. Having descended on a parachute, she immediately began to dive and exploded at a given depth. PLAB-100 had low efficiency. In this connection, the pilots preferred to use conventional high-explosive bombs, catching boats that had risen to the periscope depth. Before the war, there were 13.5 thousand PLAB-100s in warehouses. During the war, only 3.7 thousand were spent. Of these, 1.1 thousand were not for their intended purpose.
Only in the mid-60s, two new anti-submarine bombs appeared - PLAB-50 (cluster) and PLAB-250-120 - which became a step forward, albeit not a very big one. They were equipped with induction fuses, which made the moment of detonation more successful. Moreover, even a sonar fuse was installed. However, these bombs were also uncorrectable, "free-sinking", it all depended on how close the bomb fell from the boat.
That, in fact, is all the bomb weapons that the naval aviation of the Russian Navy had until 1994, when the Zagon-1 was put into service. And when they started talking seriously about anti-submarine bombs.
Until that time, the emphasis was on anti-submarine aircraft torpedoes (PLAT), which began to come to naval aviation in 1962. The very first such torpedo - AT-1 - turned out to be many times more effective than "free-sinking" bombs. She was able to hit boats at a depth of up to 200 meters and having a speed of up to 25 knots. The weight of the explosive was 70 kilograms. This was quite enough, since the explosion when the induction fuse was triggered occurred at a distance of up to 5 meters from the submarine's hull. The range of the AT-1 was 5000 m.
But the main thing is that AT-1 could independently search for a boat using both active and passive sonars, and, having found it, attack. The search for the target was carried out when the torpedo moved in a spiral with a radius of 60-70 meters. If the torpedo passed the boat further than 6 meters, then the new search for more accurate targeting. After the expiration of the control time, the "lost" torpedo self-destructed.
In the mid-60s, the AT-2 torpedo appeared. In it, the volume of explosive, as well as the range, have almost doubled. The maximum depth of destruction reached 400 meters. The speed when searching for a target was 23 knots, and at the time of the attack - 40 knots. Various modifications of this effective torpedo came out until the early 80s.
However, in the early 60s, when the military was in euphoria from the unlimited possibilities provided by a nuclear chain reaction and uncontrolled thermonuclear fusion, an anti-submarine bomb appeared that did not require precision bombing. First in the USA, since the Americans were the first to create a uranium and then a plutonium bomb. Anti-submarine free-fall ammunition was named Mk.90 Betty.
Serial production of "Betty" began in 1955. Four years later, the plane with the bomb crashed into the ocean, and the search for the bomb failed. In 1960, the United States began to release a lightweight bomb, since one "Betty" could destroy not only a couple of Soviet submarines, but also a couple of American ones that were at a considerable distance. The new bomb was named "Lulu".
The Soviet Union responded symmetrically in 1963 by producing similar munitions. The first Soviet nuclear anti-submarine bomb was called 5F48 "Scalp". And soon the 8F59 appeared, the carrier of which was a modified version of the Ka-25 helicopter.
No matter how the United States and its allies try to intimidate Russia with a demonstration of weapons and force, this does not lead to anything significant. For every poison there is an antidote. The Americans place their missiles in Europe, and Russia in response, similar systems on the western borders of the state.
The Americans brag about the creation of the latest weapons, which supposedly have no competitors. A misunderstanding turns out. Our adversaries love advertising shows.
However, Russian scientists from OA NIIII, once again, destroyed the hopes of the Americans. This time, domestic engineers have developed an adjustable naval aerial bomb, which is designed to destroy enemy submarines at depths of up to 600 meters. This is a significant breakthrough in the field of anti-submarine aircraft weapons. Basically, submarines become invisible when they dive to great depths, where it is very problematic for all available ammunition and search equipment to effectively destroy targets.
To detect a boat hiding in the depths of the sea, aircraft need to know in advance the characteristics of the water in the search area, as well as its depth and density. After that, fly for hours over the search site, listening to the signals from the floating buoys that were set in advance. Such a search takes a lot of money and a lot of time.
In order to reduce costs and increase the effectiveness of aviation anti-submarine systems, the Zagon-2E anti-submarine corrected aerial bomb was created. As the creators of the new ammunition say, their creation is able to detect and destroy a submarine that is in any underwater position: at periscope depth, and lying on the ground. It's almost impossible to hide from her.
In general, anti-submarine aviation is considered the most dangerous enemy, from which there are not always ways to protect.
And the new development of the aerial bomb essentially performs the functions of anti-submarine aircraft.
"Zagon-2E" is a corrected airborne anti-submarine bomb. It is dropped from an airplane or helicopter. When separated from the aircraft, it does not fly freely to the water, but descends by parachute. In the process of descent, the oncoming air flow acting on the ammunition inflates the floats that are located on its body.
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After landing on the water surface, thanks to the floats, the bomb stays on the surface for a certain time. Due to the closed detailed information exact data is unknown.
From the data presented by the engineers, the notable feature of the Paddock-2 is its quietness and ability to stay afloat until it determines the necessary target. The search for underwater targets is carried out using an acoustic homing head. Acoustic station penetrates the depths of the sea on the principle of radar. In other words, it emits a signal, and if it finds an underwater object, which is reflected from it and received by the guidance head.
So, being on the surface, "Zagon-2" arranges a kind of ambush on the square. Having received information about an underwater target, the bomb begins to aim at it. Having no engines, the aircraft weapon is practically silent. Guidance is carried out under the weight of its own weight at a very high speed, which is 18 m / s. One can imagine what a surprise for the enemy, in the literal sense of the word, the bomb that fell on his head will be.
Such properties make the bomb much more dangerous than torpedoes or missiles. The warhead "Zagon-2" is a cumulative high-explosive, and in TNT equivalent is 35 kg. This is enough to destroy a submarine with one bomb. The ammunition has an electromechanical fuse. The shelf life of the device is 10 years.
And if it was not possible to detect the target at a given time, what then? In this case, a self-destruction system is provided.
Accordingly, the question may arise as to how protected the body of the bomb is from the penetration of sea water into it. It is absolutely hermetic, since all components of this ammunition are tested in pressure chambers, the pressure in which reaches 400 atmospheres. And each bomb is subjected to such a test separately.
The versatility of the ammunition lies in the fact that it can be used both from long-range anti-submarine aircraft - Il-38, Tu-142m, and Ka-27pl helicopters. At the same time, climatic conditions do not matter, "Zagon-2" can be used in all places of the World Ocean.
War news makes us happy and saddens the West. The Russian Ministry of Defense may resume the production of Mi-14 anti-submarine helicopters, nicknamed in the West back in the Soviet Union as "submarine killer". In parallel, work is underway to adapt aviation anti-submarine bomb "Zagon-2" for use on Mi-14 helicopters.
What do we know about the Mi-14 amphibious helicopter?
Year of establishment 1960. He was capable of carrying a nuclear bomb that destroyed submarines within a radius of a kilometer. He received his nickname after the successful liquidation of a Western submarine in Soviet territorial waters in the years " cold war". After the collapse of the USSR, the Mi-14 was removed from service. One version: US pressure on the then Russian leadership.
Well, the Americans had reasons, and very good ones. The Soviet helicopter worked around the clock and in any weather conditions, searching for Western nuclear submarines and hitting them right on target. The Soviet car was also appreciated by foreign partners. Exports exceeded domestic supplies by several times. By the way, the same GDR bought Mi-14 helicopters from the USSR.
But everything is back to square one. Russia needs effective weapons and military equipment. The Mi-14 proved to be excellent, and the modernized helicopters will still be useful to us. The main thing is to update the search and sighting system in order to catch low-noise nuclear submarines.
It is the Kazan Helicopter Plant, if production is resumed, that will begin to produce new Mi-14s: first of all, the transmission, the carrier system and the avionics complex will undergo modernization.
Moreover, the Russian research institutes “A corrected anti-submarine aerial bomb “Zagon-2” has been developed. The bomb is intended for use from helicopters of the Ka-27 type and has been mastered in serial production. Currently, work is underway to use these bombs on other helicopters. Among them is the Mi-14.
The Russian military, stationed in the Arctic and the Black Sea, again requires time-tested vehicles capable of detecting foreign submarines, including quiet ones. The close attention of the United States and NATO countries to the Arctic territories of Russia and the Black Sea region forms a new geopolitical reality.
"Zagon-2" -guided anti-submarine bomb:
An aerial bomb is dropped onto the water with a parachute. It is known that in the standby position, on the float, it can be for several minutes. More accurate data is classified information. It is important that Zagon-2 takes on the functions of anti-submarine aircraft.
You can't hide from it at great depths. It is silent and capable of hovering until its target is determined, feeling the nuclear submarine at a depth of up to 600 meters. The principle of operation is location. Works using an acoustic homing head. "Filling" - cumulative high-explosive, and the mass of explosives in TNT equivalent is 35 kg. Electromechanical fuse.
It is doubtful that NATO submarines will feel safe in Russian territorial waters when the Mi-14 goes “hunting”, and even with such weapons. In this situation, there are only two options left: either not to provoke Russia, or to order white slippers for the crews of NATO nuclear submarines in bulk!
Deputy CEO Concern "Techmash" Alexander Kochkin. It is intended for operation on Tu-142 and Il-38 anti-submarine aircraft and the Ka-28 helicopter. During the development of ammunition, its tests are being carried out, which should be completed in the near future. The Ministry of Defense has intentions to purchase new weapons, which have not yet been confirmed by contractual obligations.
anti-submarine bombs- This is an "old new" weapon, the interest in which the military has arose relatively recently. The fact is that the bombs of previous generations, the so-called "deep" bombs, which were widely used during the Second World War, have already become ineffective in the fight against modern submarines that have powerful self-defense. The bet was made on torpedoes. Then anti-submarine missiles appeared, which are a rocket-torpedo tandem. The missile delivers a torpedo to a given point, after which the detached torpedo rushes to the object to be destroyed.
Despite the undeniable advantages of torpedoes (high speed, powerful sonar), they have a significant drawback: they reveal themselves due to a running engine.
A modern anti-submarine bomb, unlike its progenitors half a century or more ago, is capable of using a passive acoustic homing head to search for a boat under water and move in the right direction, reaching the target. Moreover, all underwater maneuvers are performed silently, the movement is carried out due to gravitational forces. Thus, sonar systems do not hear the approaching bomb.
The promising aerial bomb, which Alexander Kochkin spoke about, is not the first such ammunition created by Tekhmash. More precisely, the Research Engineering Institute, which is part of this concern. In 1994, the Zagon-1 aerial bomb appeared, which became a new type of anti-submarine ammunition.
During the descent of a bomb on a parachute, a float is inflated by a counter flow of air. On it, the bomb stays on the surface of the sea for some time, up to 4 minutes, after splashdown. This turns on the search mode of the GOS target. Having found the target, the bomb rushes at it, for which the direction is maintained with the help of rudders. Moreover, the immersion speed is high - almost 20 m / s. It is allowed to use the "Zagon" when the sea is up to 6 points.
Last year, serial production of the Zagon-2 bomb began, which is a deep modernization of the basic version.
In the photo: anti-submarine corrected aerial bomb "Zagon-2E"
The maximum diving depth of Zagon-1 is 600 meters. That is, the bomb will get any NATO submarine, since the maximum diving depth of American, German, French and other boats does not exceed this mark. Vertical sinking speed - 18 m/s. The target detection radius of the GOS is 450 m. The length of the bomb is 150 cm, the diameter is 232 mm. Mass of explosive - 35 kg.
The bomb has an electromechanical fuse. The defeat of the hull of the boat is provided through the use of a charge of cumulative action.
It must be said that the parachute is used not only to soften the impact of the bomb on the water surface in order to avoid damage to the seeker's sonar. It reduces the aiming angle, because after its opening, the Corral flies almost vertically. This improves the accuracy of bombing at high aircraft speeds.
If by the end of the fourth minute of the GOS of the bomb, when it rests on the float, it does not find a target, then it self-destructs, that is, it is undermined.
Another advantage of an anti-submarine homing bomb over a torpedo is that it is substantially cheaper.
An attack on an enemy submarine is carried out with a series of 6-8 bombs, which are dropped as closely as possible. Moreover, even with a target designation error exceeding 200 meters, the probability of hitting a target is 60%. With more accurate guidance of anti-submarine aircraft, the probability increases to 90-95%.
I must say that the principle of silent "sneaking" ammunition to a submarine without using propulsion system not new. It's just that he came to aviation means of combat with some delay.
In 1991, the RPK-8 Zapad anti-submarine missile system, developed in the Tula NPO Splav, was adopted by surface ships. It solves a wider range of tasks: it hits not only submarines, but also torpedoes attacking a ship, as well as groups of enemy combat swimmers. To some extent, its principle of operation is the same as that of land-based multiple launch rocket systems. And this is no coincidence - "Splav" is the developer of the MLRS "Grad", "Smerch", "Tornado" and heavy flamethrower systems "Pinocchio" and "Solntsepek".
Rocket projectiles are fired from 12 guides, the flight range of which reaches 4300 meters. Both single and salvo shooting is possible.
Initially, the complex was equipped with rockets or 90R missiles. Recently, a new modification 90P1 has been created.
The 90R missile, like the modified 90R1 version, is a direct missile part equipped with a detachable so-called 90SG gravitational underwater projectile. The missile is aimed at the target using information about the location of an underwater object (boat or torpedo) received from the ship's hydroacoustic station, bearing the target. After the missile splashdown, the gravity projectile separates and, using an acoustic homing head, finds the target and heads towards it. The shell of the old rocket - 90R, has a contact fuse. Therefore, the projectiles sometimes miss the target. But the efficiency even with such a design flaw is quite high. A volley of twelve missiles hits a submarine with a probability of 0.8.
Efficiency has increased even more as a result of the use of the new 90R1 missile, the gravity projectile of which is equipped with an induction proximity fuse that fires when the projectile approaches the target at a certain distance. The old missile operates at a range of 600 m to 4300 m and at a depth of up to a kilometer. At the same time, the maximum range of the acoustic homing head is 130 m.
In the new rocket, these parameters have been improved. However, they are not given in open sources. But it can be assumed that the designers did not increase the depth, since a kilometer is an inaccessible depth for any NATO submarine and torpedo.
The following characteristics are given for the 90R rocket. Length - 1832 mm, caliber - 212 mm, weight - 112 kg. The weight of the gravity projectile is 76 kg, the explosive is 19.5 kg. The preparation time for firing from the moment the target was detected is within 15 seconds.
The 90R rocket also has one more equipment. Instead of a gravity projectile, the MG-94ME "Magnezit-MN" sonar device can be used. The maximum flight range is the same 4300 meters. The detachable head dives to a depth of 25 meters and operates in one of two modes for 8 minutes. This time is enough to repel a torpedo attack.
If the torpedo has an active seeker, then Magnezit-MN produces interference of the same frequency spectrum to which the torpedo seeker is tuned. In the second mode, acoustic signals typical of a surface ship are simulated. In the first case, the torpedo loses its orientation, in the second it rushes to a false target, that is, to the Magnezit projectile.
The Scientific Research Engineering Institute (part of the Rostec concern), located in Balashikha near Moscow, has begun serial production of the Zagon-2 corrected anti-submarine aerial bomb. It is a deep modernization of the Zagon-1 bomb, which entered service in 1994.
The corrected bomb "Zagon-1" became for its time a new type of anti-submarine ammunition, having received qualitatively different properties. First of all, this refers to secrecy. The bomb uses a gravitational method of approaching the target, without creating any noise that could be detected by the sonar systems of the attacked boat.
That is, the "Zagon" is devoid of the disadvantage inherent in torpedoes. And at the same time, it has the advantages of a torpedo - it independently aims at a target using an acoustic homing head (GOS).
Bombs of this type are equipped with anti-submarine aircraft and helicopters - Il-38, Tu-142ME, Ka-28. During the descent of a bomb on a parachute, a float is inflated by a counter flow of air. On it, the bomb stays on the surface of the sea for some time, up to 4 minutes, after splashdown. This turns on the search mode of the GOS target. It is allowed to use a bomb at sea waves up to 6 points.
Having found the target, the bomb begins to sink at high speed. Moreover, the immersion does not have to be vertical.
The increased effectiveness of the new bomb can be traced by comparing the performance characteristics of Zagon-1 and Zagon-2.
Maximum immersion depth, m: 600 - 600
Vertical sinking speed, m/s: 16.2 - 18.0
Maximum immersion angle, degrees: 60 - n/a
Target detection radius, m: 120 - 450
Length, mm: 1300 - 1500
Diameter, mm: 210 - 232
Weight, kg: 94 - 120
Mass of explosive, kg: 19 - 35.
The Zagon-2 bomb is equipped with an electromechanical fuse. The impact on the submarine, which guarantees the penetration of the hull, is cumulative.
In the event that an anti-submarine aircraft or a Navy helicopter detects an enemy submarine, a massive bomb attack is carried out. About 6-10 "Paddocks" are dropped. Strictly speaking, they are not completely invisible to the submarine's sonars, since the Zagona seeker performs active sonar scanning. That is, it works like a radar, emitting acoustic waves and receiving reflected ones. But before the attack, when the exact direction to the target is chosen, the scan is turned off, and the bomb begins to sink.
It must also be said that the parachute is used not only to reduce the impact of a bomb equipped with sophisticated electronics on the water. The parachute allows you to reduce the aiming angle, since after opening the bomb flies almost vertically. And this leads to an increase in the accuracy of bombing at high speeds of the aircraft. As for the word “correctable”, it has a completely different meaning than that which is embedded in the concept of “corrected aerial bomb” (KAB). Correction of the movement of the "Zagon" is carried out not in the air, but under water.
Background
Naval aviation appeared before the First World War. But practically until the mid-30s, aircraft, balloons and airships of the Navy and the Navy of a number of countries were used exclusively to search for submarines. And the strikes on them were carried out by surface ships with depth charges, which for quite a long time did not differ much from ordinary barrels stuffed with explosives.
However, the first aerial bombs, which appeared shortly before the Second World War, did not make a big difference in the fight against submarines. In the Soviet Union in 1940, the PLAB-100 bomb (anti-submarine aviation bomb) weighing 100 kg with 70 kg of explosive was adopted. The bomb was uncorrectable. Having descended on a parachute, she immediately began to dive and exploded at a given depth. PLAB-100 had low efficiency. In this connection, the pilots preferred to use conventional high-explosive bombs, catching boats that had risen to the periscope depth. Before the war, there were 13.5 thousand PLAB-100s in warehouses. During the war, only 3.7 thousand were spent. Of these, 1.1 thousand were not for their intended purpose.
Only in the mid-60s, two new anti-submarine bombs appeared - PLAB-50 (cluster) and PLAB-250-120 - which became a step forward, albeit not a very big one. They were equipped with induction fuses, which made the moment of detonation more successful. Moreover, even a sonar fuse was installed. However, these bombs were also uncorrectable, "free-sinking", it all depended on how close the bomb fell from the boat.
That, in fact, is all the bomb weapons that the naval aviation of the Russian Navy had until 1994, when the Zagon-1 was put into service. And when they started talking seriously about anti-submarine bombs.
Until that time, the emphasis was on anti-submarine aircraft torpedoes (PLAT), which began to come to naval aviation in 1962. The very first such torpedo - AT-1 - turned out to be many times more effective than "free-sinking" bombs. She was able to hit boats at a depth of up to 200 meters and having a speed of up to 25 knots. The weight of the explosive was 70 kilograms. This was quite enough, since the explosion when the induction fuse was triggered occurred at a distance of up to 5 meters from the submarine's hull. The range of the AT-1 was 5000 m.
But the main thing is that AT-1 could independently search for a boat using both active and passive sonars, and, having found it, attack. The search for the target was carried out when the torpedo moved in a spiral with a radius of 60-70 meters. If the torpedo passed the boat further than 6 meters, then a new search began for more accurate targeting. After the expiration of the control time, the "lost" torpedo self-destructed.
In the mid-60s, the AT-2 torpedo appeared. In it, the volume of explosive, as well as the range, have almost doubled. The maximum depth of destruction reached 400 meters. The speed when searching for a target was 23 knots, and at the time of the attack - 40 knots. Various modifications of this effective torpedo came out until the early 80s.
However, in the early 60s, when the military was in euphoria from the unlimited possibilities provided by a nuclear chain reaction and uncontrolled thermonuclear fusion, an anti-submarine bomb appeared that did not require precision bombing. First in the USA, since the Americans were the first to create a uranium and then a plutonium bomb. Anti-submarine free-fall ammunition was named Mk.90 Betty.
Serial production of "Betty" began in 1955. Four years later, the plane with the bomb crashed into the ocean, and the search for the bomb failed. In 1960, the United States began to release a lightweight bomb, since one "Betty" could destroy not only a couple of Soviet submarines, but also a couple of American ones that were at a considerable distance. The new bomb was named "Lulu".
The Soviet Union responded symmetrically in 1963 by producing similar munitions. The first Soviet nuclear anti-submarine bomb was called 5F48 "Scalp". And soon the 8F59 appeared, the carrier of which was a modified version of the Ka-25 helicopter.
In conclusion, it must be said that aviation anti-submarine weapons, having gone through a couple of turns of their development, have now to some extent returned to their original point, when there were only “free-sinking” bombs. Not technically, of course, but conceptually. "Zagon-2" is a rather formidable and effective means of fighting against submarines. And it has a significant advantage over aircraft torpedoes. Bombs are much simpler in design, more technologically advanced and much cheaper. After all, in the Soviet Union, money going to defense was not counted. Now every product, including defense value, has its own price.
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