N. V. Gogol's play "The Inspector General" was first staged on April 19, 1836 at the St. Petersburg Alexandrinsky Theater. Later, in The Author's Confession, Gogol will say: “In The Government Inspector, I decided to put together everything bad in Russia ... all the injustices that are done in those places and in those cases where justice is most required of a person, and laugh at everything at once.”
Before us is the contemporary era of Gogol. The writer created a sharply satirical comedy imbued with bitter humor, indeed, dumping “everything bad in one heap”, ridiculing all officials, led by the mayor, merchants, townspeople, policemen and other inhabitants of the town, disturbed by the news of a visiting official - probably the auditor.
A small provincial town, where arbitrariness reigns and there is neither justice nor order, where the authorities form a corporation of swindlers and robbers, is perceived as a symbol of the entire Nikolaev system. In the epigraph - “There is nothing to blame on the mirror, if the face is crooked” - the generalizing, accusatory meaning of the “Inspector General” is concluded. Gogol's contemporaries were well aware that a provincial town, from which, as the mayor said, "if you ride for three years, you won't reach any state," there is only a part of a huge bureaucratic whole. The reactionaries shouted that the plot was implausible, considering it unrealistic that such a grated kalach as a mayor could mistake a tavern dandy, “icicle”, “rag” squandered on the road for an auditor. But such cases were not uncommon. The main reason that made all the stealing officials mistake Khlestakov for an auditor is fear. The mayor, a rogue of the first category, is not stupid, but he is afraid that he will be exposed, hence his blindness in relation to Khlestakov. Fear is the main "engine" of the plot of the play. Before us is a whole gallery of frightened officials. Khlestakov is taken for a high rank only because he "does not pay and does not go." The mayor gives Khlestakov money and rejoices that he managed to put a bribe. This means that Khlestakov is “his own”, that is, the same bribe-taker.
The picture of general fraud, bribery and arbitrariness arises from the remarks of officials (the sick are starved; soldiers under uniforms have no
only underwear, but even shirts; the money collected for the church was drunk and eaten away; decided to announce that the church was built, but it burned down and so on). All officials are the offspring of an age-old bureaucratic system, none of them feel their civic duty, each is busy with his own insignificant interests, their spiritual and moral level is extremely low.
Judge Tyapkin-Lyapkin does not look at the papers, because he cannot make out what is true and what is false. Years of red tape and bribes - such is the court in this city.
The superintendent of charitable establishments, Strawberry, has long given up on everything. He knows about theft in hospitals, but he doesn't care about people. He declares: “He will die, so he will die, if he recovers, then he will recover anyway.” Slick and rogue Strawberry is also a scammer: he proves to the imaginary auditor everything about his colleagues. Denunciations under Nicholas I were in full swing.
Khlopov, the superintendent of schools, is a frightened creature, he believes that stupid teachers are more useful, because they are harmless and will not allow free thought.
The image of Khlestakov is one of the most striking types created by Gogol. The character of the protagonist is completely new in literature. Khlestakov is a naive minion who burns through the funds of his landowner father. He is empty, "without a king in his head" and the embodiment of impudence. He has "uncommon lightness in his thoughts." “He is simply stupid,” wrote Gogol, “he chats because they are listening, he lies because he ate well and drank good wine.” He easily moves from pomp to cowardice, from arrogance to humiliation. All his actions are guided by petty vanity, the most important thing for him is to impress. He can commit any meanness, because he has no concept of good and evil. He is both a gambler, and a vile red tape, and a bribe-taker, and a serf-owner (his servant is starving). He is lying, and everyone sees in this lie the fulfillment of their cherished desires, they are not shocked when Khlestakov, having lied, carries complete nonsense.
In addition to officials, merchants, craftsmen, policemen are represented in the play - the whole district of Russia. But the typicality of Gogol's characters is also in the fact that city dwellers and scumbags will exist under any regime. Therefore, the play "The Inspector General" can be called a satire not only on feudal Russia, but also on human and state vices in general.
Feeding his chest with hatred, His lips are armed with satire, He goes through a thorny path With his punishing lyre.
N. A. Nekrasov
In the 30s of the 19th century, after the recent defeat of the Decembrists, Russia experienced
difficult time of the Nikolaev reaction. The best representatives of the youth of that time were persecuted. In Russia, general bribery, fraud and arbitrariness reigned. Gogol's comedy "The Inspector General" immediately after its release attracted public attention. Gogol himself described it as follows: “In The Inspector General, I decided to put together everything bad in Russia ... all the injustices that are done in those places and those cases where justice is most required of a person, and at one time laugh at everyone."
More than a century and a half have passed since the comedy was written, but this work does not get old. What is the novelty and originality of the "Inspector"? When reading a comedy, one cannot fail to notice its sharp accusatory humor, dynamism and sharp social sounding. None of the playwrights of that time reached such a depth of typification of reality as Gogol. Each hero of the play is an individuality, and at the same time they are all generalized types of the entire bureaucracy of the 1930s. Each character of the comedy, on the one hand, has some characteristic feature, on the other hand, they are all united by something in common, which allows Gogol's comedy to remain new at all times.
Let's get back to comedy. All her characters are bribe-takers, sycophants and slanderers. The mayor is not a stupid person, but his mind is aimed at personal enrichment and how to present his dark deeds in the best possible way to his superiors. The mayor can put in his pocket the money allocated for the construction of the church, and in the report he will present: “... it began to be built, but burned down ...”, he can free one from recruitment for bribes and send another instead. He is a notorious bribe taker, and at the same time he justifies himself: “... there is no person who does not have some sins behind him. This is how God himself arranged it, and the Voltairians speak against it in vain.
Judge Lyapkin-Tyapkin is a representative of the elected authorities. Already the name of the judge speaks of what is happening in his court. Careerist and bribe taker, he does not delve into the lawsuit. He is only interested in hunting, he takes bribes with greyhound puppies. But it is reputed to
uneducated person and freethinker, as he read five or six books.
The trustee of charitable institutions, Artemy Filippovich Zemlyanika, instead of taking care of his patients, brazenly robs them. Whole healing process comes down to the formula: ““. The closer to nature, the better ... A simple man: if he dies, then he will die anyway; If he recovers, then he will recover.” Gogol characterizes him this way: "A very fat, clumsy and clumsy person, but for all that a sly and a rogue."
Complements the gallery of officials with the image of the superintendent of district schools Luka Lukich Khlopov, an indecisive and extremely intimidated person. He speaks of himself like this: “Someone higher in one rank speaks to me, I just don’t have a soul, and my tongue is stuck in the mud.”
No better than the rest is the postmaster Ivan Kuzmich Shpekin, "a simple-minded to the point of naivety," who opens and reads other people's letters.
The imaginary auditor Khlestakov has all the "dignities" of provincial officials, and in some ways, perhaps even surpasses them. He is a completely empty person, “without a king” in his head, but he does not hold impudence.
If we carefully look into the reality around us, then sooner or later all the characters of Gogol's comedy will be revealed. This is the relevance and enduring value of his satire. Gogol's satire is philosophical satire. Each character is the bearer of his philosophy, which justifies his actions. The mayor sees God's providence in everything: "This is already established by God himself." The postmaster reads other people's letters out of curiosity: "... I love death to know what's new in the world", Lyapkin-Tyapkin, as a "somewhat free-thinking", will not find it difficult to justify any of his actions. We already know Strawberry's opinion regarding treatment. Of course, Gogol condemns this self-confidence of his characters, their uncritical attitude towards themselves, their conviction of superiority over others, small and large swagger, big and small meanness, but still, even in the most unsympathetic creatures, he sees a living spirit.
shu, albeit crushed by vices, but not completely dead.
Gogol does not consider his characters to be terrible villains and completely dead people, he invites you to take a closer look at them, their lives and realize that this is our life, and they are part of ourselves.
Gogol, possessing the mighty talent of an artist, the subtle mind of a philosopher and psychologist, impeccably owning the most dangerous tool of satire, does not move away from the characters he created. He finds the strength to write not about ideal, but about living people with their passions, vices and dreams. Gogol's satire is not a caricature of life and, of course, not a lofty ideal to which one should aspire. This is life itself.
Comedy by N. V. Gogol "The Government Inspector" - replacement
a realistic work of art,
which reveals the world of small and medium-sized
innovations in Russia in the second quarter of the 19th century
ka. He himself wrote about the idea of this co-
media: "In the "Inspector" I decided to collect in
one bunch of everything bad in Russia, what I then
Yes, I knew ... and at one time laugh at
everyone."
Comedy introduces the reader and viewer into
the world of a quiet provincial town, from where
“at least three years jump, not to any state
you won't get there." The measured course of life
in the city explodes "unpleasant news"
about the arrival of the secret auditor, about which at the beginning
the play is reported by the mayor to his entourage
niyu. The plot conceived by Gogol allowed
him to reveal deeply the vices that struck
provincial bureaucracy.
Having learned about the forthcoming visit of the state
military inspector, all city officials
immediately direct their efforts to comply with
nee external decency. We see,
that none of the mayor's orders
connection with the visit of the auditor does not contain any
what is sensible in essence - everything is directed
just to keep up appearances. By-
this, instead of dealing with
I eat the urgent tasks of the city, officials on-
direct their efforts to restore "order-
381
ka "(removal of a hunting rapnik hanging
in the presence, cleaning the street along which
the inspector is coming). “As for the internal dis-
order and what he calls in the letter An-
Drey Ivanovich sins, I can't do anything
to tell. Yes, and it is strange to say: there is no person,
who would not have any
sins. This is how God himself arranged it, ”-
the mayor says.
On the example of the mayor is full of races
covers "everything bad" that characterized
official of that time. To my mind,
very succinctly described this character
comedy, saying that the mayor is "more
all concerned not to miss something
that floats in the hands. This is not some
stupid official. Mayor - human
age of common sense, cunning and prudent
in all cases, scams and frauds. He
feels in the city sovereign ho-
zein. Heading the whole "corporation of
official thieves and robbers, city-
no one thinks bribery is quite normal
small phenomenon. For example, he is for a bribe
freed the merchant's son from recruitment,
giving instead of him as a soldier the husband of a locksmith
Poshlepkina.
For the mayor there are no
moral and other restrictions: he can
celebrate name days twice a year
get more requisitions from merchants, he puts
in your pocket the money allotted for the construction
the ministry of the church, by submitting a report that
she "began to build, but burned down." Not counting
chatting with ordinary people, “merchants and citizens
tribute", the mayor leads a completely different
himself with the "auditor" Khlestakov. He zaiski-
wales before him, pleasing at every step.
And manages to "screw" him instead of two hundred
four hundred rubles.
Gogol's satire is also ruthless and by the
the mayor's gun. In each of the officials
kov the author emphasizes some special
ness, thereby creating individual
portraits. For example, Judge Lyapkin-Tyapkin
read five or six in my entire life
books and "therefore somewhat free-thinking." "About-
development” of the judge allows him to keep
Xia independently with the mayor, and, more importantly,
her, - to bring under the bribery of "ideas-
new rationale". Trustee of the charitable
establishments Strawberries, "fat man
but the rogue is thin, brazenly robs the sick
which, on the contrary, should be taken care of
But he does not bother: "A simple man
if he dies, he will die anyway; if he recovers
then he will recover.” County superintendent?
schools Khlopov - a scared man to death
lovek, in awe of one *
only in the name of the boss. "Talk to me#
one rank someone higher, I have a pro-
a hundred and there is no soul, and the tongue is stuck in the mud "
Luka Lukic confesses. Not a ray at all
these characters "simple-minded to naive-
this man" postmaster Shpekin, who knows
life from other people's letters opened by him.
Comedy introduces the reader not only (
officials of the county town, but also with small
Petersburg official Khlestakov, who
who was mistaken for a secret auditor. It!
the character is distinguished by the desire to appear
"higher rank" and the ability to "shine
among their own kind with full mental
and spiritual emptiness. "Microscopic
pettiness and gigantic vulgarity "- so op-
V. G. Belinsky redistributed the main features
Khlestakovism characterizing bureaucratic
the quality of Russia at that time. First Khles-
takov does not understand what he is taken for,
and enjoys the "niceness" of his new
provisions. He makes up stories about his
high position in St. Petersburg, which is called
throwing dust in the eyes. Moreover, as
writes Khlestakov "is not a liar by trade
lu; he himself will forget that he is lying, and he himself
almost believes what he says. It is Khle-
Stakov - the ideal of a person in his society
ve - became the most striking image of an official
that time, a symbol of the era.
All created by Gogol in the comedy "Revi-
zor” images of officials embody typical
nye features characteristic of the state
ny employees of Nikolaev Russia. remember-
my vulgarity and duplicity, they are different
extremely low education - Khlesta-
kov pretends to be the writer who created the
man "Moscow Telegraph". In fact
that was the name of the well-known public literary
tour magazine. But such an obvious absurd
the post went unnoticed among the county-
nogo officials. Unite the main
comedy characters and their occupations - booty-
ki, card games and gossip. Besides, how
we see none of them can be called honest
a person who works for the good of his
homeland, which, in fact, is the goal
public service.
Satire by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol
directed to show the true face
bureaucratic Russia and thereby try
change anything. He spoke about
media "Inspector" as a work, "close-
designed to create a good influence
on society." It seems to me that the writer
managed. Comedy immediately became one of the
my most popular works of his time
nothing that speaks of the closeness to life described
in it events and realism of characters.
Gogol is known as a great satirist in Russian literature of the 19th century. True, it should immediately be noted that the essence of his work is far from being reduced to satire and denunciation. For Gogol it is extremely important task It was necessary to embody his social and moral ideal in artistic creations, but such a reality appeared to his eyes that he had to involuntarily deal with deviations from the ideal more. In a world where God and the devil are fighting, the devilish principle turned out to be more obvious and tangible. The world for Gogol was an arena of the devil's activity, which introduces dissonance, absurdity, and alogism into the divine harmony. It is to these properties of reality that Gogol draws primary attention. His comedy is based on the objective comedy of reality, distorted and illogical. The main direction of Gogol's laughter was the disclosure of the discrepancy between what should be and what is, between appearance and inner content. The principles of Gogol the satirist were most clearly embodied in the comedy The Inspector General, about which the author said: “I wanted to put together all the bad things that I knew then in Russia, and at one time laugh at everything.” The world of a small county town, in which the action of The Inspector General takes place, was an artistic model for all of Russia.
Gogol's main source of comedy is the discrepancy between the claims of the characters and their true essence. It is not funny in itself that a mayor, for example, takes bribes, indulges in embezzlement and idleness of officials, etc. The funny thing is that at the same time he tries to present himself as the "father of the city", almost an exemplary ruler. Hence his concern for outward decency. The instructions that he gives to officials are deeply comical internally, as they clearly show that the mayor does not think about essence, but about appearance. Arapnik must be removed from the court "for a while", and as soon as the auditor passes, you can hang him again; patients should not be treated for real, but put on clean caps, etc. From time to time, the mayor gets into the role so much that he completely forgets about the real state of affairs: so, giving the order to “sweep the old fence hastily and put up poles, as if for planning,” he completely forgets that “forty carts of all sorts of rubbish are piled near that fence ". But that would be nothing: the mayor has forgotten himself so much that he himself complains: “What a nasty city! just put some kind of monument somewhere or just a fence - the devil knows where they come from and they will inflict all sorts of rubbish! The proximity of the “monument” and the “fence” causes laughter, especially since what kind of monument is there, when they cannot build a church - they plundered the amounts allocated for it.
One of Gogol's most powerful comic devices is the constant reservations of the characters, who, without noticing it themselves, reveal to us the essence of the life of the county town. So, the judge openly says that he takes bribes, but with what? - greyhound puppies, and this is not like a bribe; The mayor reprimands the quarterly, who, instead of taking cloth from the merchant for a uniform, pulled off the whole thing: “Look! you don’t take it according to order!” etc. All this shows how deeply bribery is ingrained into the daily life of the city.
As already mentioned, Gogol's comedy is largely created by absurdity, illogicality. So, the assumption of an imminent war in connection with an ordinary revision of a provincial town is in itself absurd and therefore ridiculous, but the comic is greatly enhanced by the fact that this assumption, without saying a word, is expressed at once by two characters - the judge and the postmaster. The fact that the assessor in court “has such a smell as if he had just left the distillery” is paradoxically explained by the fact that his “mother dropped him in childhood”. From the fact that the teacher “tailored such a face as I have never seen before”, it is concluded that free-thinking thoughts are instilled in young people, etc. The world of Gogol's comedy is thoroughly absurd and illogical, and therefore ridiculous.
The situation of the comedy itself is also comical, which is already not so much a misunderstanding as an absurdity: the mayor, wise by experience, “mistakes an icicle, a rag for a real person.” From this initial situation, Gogol extracts all the comic possibilities lurking in it. He makes an imaginary inspector an empty, naive, "somewhat stupid" Khlestakov, who contains, in essence, the same thing that fills the life of the whole city: the desire to show off, to present oneself not as he really is. Because Khlestakov ingenuously accepts all the signs of attention shown to him by the mayor, the whole intrigue started by the mayor to deceive the auditor becomes even more ridiculous. The clash of these two comic characters looks doubly ridiculous: at the first meeting, the comedy is on the rise, because both interlocutors are afraid of each other in the most sincere way. The “conscientious delusion”, in which the mayor and officials are located throughout the comedy, generally serves as an inexhaustible source of comic, causes funny scenes and situations - it is enough to recall, for example, how officials give bribes to Khlestakov or how Khlestakov proposes to the daughter of the mayor. In addition, Gogol often uses external comedy techniques that support internal comedy: the mayor grabs a box instead of a hat, cut off Bobchinsky ?! and falls along with the door, etc. All this makes the comedy even more funny.
Objectively, Gogol's satire was aimed primarily at bureaucracy and bureaucracy. But Gogol's comedy can also be interpreted in a broader sense - as a satire on everything that distracts a person from lofty moral tasks, on the absurdity of life, subject to petty and transient interests, on a person's eternal tendency to seem different than he really is. And of course, Gogol gave the highest example of a truly funny comedy - it has not lost this property so far.
Searched here:
- essay on auditor
- essay on literature on the topic auditor
In October 1935, Gogol turned to Pushkin with a request to give him some "purely Russian anecdote" as a plot for a comedy. Pushkin shared with Gogol a story about an official who, in provincial town was taken for an important state person. Gogol's pen turned the anecdote into a comedy of great generalizing meaning.
The action of the comedy takes place in a remote provincial town, but the orders rooted in it and the events taking place are shown not as a private phenomenon, but as a consequence of the feudal and bureaucratic system of Russia. The world drawn by Gogol reflects the most important parts of this system: the court, public education and enlightenment, hospitals, police, post office ...
The subject of ridicule is the city authorities, who, in connection with the arrival of the auditor, expect retribution for their dark deeds ... Gogol emphasized that "the fright of each of the characters is not similar to one another, just as their characters are not similar." They each have unique individual characteristics. So, for example, the caricature “Voltairianism” of judge Lyapkin-Tyapkin, who has read 5 or 6 books in his lifetime and is “because somewhat free-thinking”, an extreme hunter for “profound conjectures” and brings some ideological basis under his bribery: “I say everything openly, that I take bribes, but with what! ... Borzoi puppies. It's a completely different matter!" The trustee of charitable establishments, Strawberry, despite his thickness and outward sluggishness, is a big "slicker and rogue", he is very helpful and fussy, loves to inform on his colleagues. Postmaster Shpekin is "a simple-minded to the point of naivety" who loves to read other people's letters, he even keeps the ones he likes as a keepsake and reads them aloud to his friends. The character of the mayor is revealed in the most versatile way. He, "is most concerned with not missing what floats in his hands." The city is entrusted to him, and he disposes of it with sovereignty, having become the head an entire corporation scammers. He considers bribery a completely natural phenomenon, determined only by the rank and social position of the bribe-taker. "Look! You don’t take it according to order!” - he says to the quarterly. He calmly pockets the money allocated for the construction of the church. In anticipation of the auditor, at first he is quite cheerful, hoping to deceive him too. Panic fear seizes the mayor only when he hears that the inspector has been living incognito in the city for two weeks. Gogol achieves a remarkable comic effect, showing the hasty efforts of the "father of the city" to somehow cover up "holes and holes." Crouching before a high state person, the mayor deftly slips Khlestakov four hundred instead of two hundred rubles and rejoices when he takes the money. We can say that this has already become the norm in the city. But it is no coincidence that Gogol chooses this unremarkable county town for the action of the comedy; thus, he seems to emphasize that such customs are common throughout the state, and in this city, as in a drop of water, all of Russia was reflected. Such governors, judges, trustees, postmasters were in every small and great city of the Russian Empire. Therefore, Gogol's laughter is a bitter laugh: he was hurt and ashamed to see all this.
Herzen said: “No one has ever written such a complete course on the pathological anatomy of a Russian official before him. Laughing, he mercilessly penetrates into the innermost corners of this impure, malicious soul.
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