Background for a presentation on robotics. Lego robot program for elementary school students “Already at school, children should have the opportunity to reveal their abilities, prepare for life. Manufacturing companies of educational robots

Truth and its criteria It is important for a person “to
the object of his will... was
an objective blessing...
subject and content
thoughts were objective
true and its subject
feelings were objective
beautiful, i.e. not only
for him, but for everyone
undoubtedly". (V.S. Soloviev)
TRUTH AND ITS CRITERIA

What knowledge should be considered true? To what extent is it accessible to a knowing person? In what ways is it achieved?

"Word
"true"
means
conformity
thoughts
subject."
"truth is
identity of a thing
and
representation"
Thomas Aquinas
Aristotle's position
R. Descartes

"What everyone thinks is certain." (Protagoras)

"which is the same
exists and not
exists, that it and
bad and good that
other opposite
statements to each other
are also true…” (criticism
positions of Protagoras
Aristotle)
“WHAT EVERYONE SEEMS, THEN
RELIABLE". (PROTAGORUS)

How can a person be sure of the truth of his knowledge about a subject?

CRITERIA OF TRUTH

empirics
source and
rationale for all
knowledge sensual
an experience;
Feel
are
the only
source and
basis
knowledge
(sensualists);
Thinking
considered
as a derivative
from sensations;
Criticism of the position of empiricists
at the levels of perception and
submissions to receive
our complete picture of the world
consciousness uses elements
generalized knowledge;
sensory experience can
a distorted view of
reality;
many theoretical postulates,
underlying scientific knowledge,
cannot be substantiated empirically;
sensory experience is the result
understanding, interpretation.

CRITERIA OF TRUTH

rationalists
criterion of truth
the mind comes forward;
For an example of the true
knowledge was accepted
maths,
starting with
obvious truths and
using
logical methods
new
knowledge from
undoubted
parcels.
criticism
Difficulties in defining
unconditional foundations of knowledge
(Descartes - "innate
ideas”, Leibniz “innate intuitions;
Euclidean and non-Euclidean
geometry - ideal
theoretically grounded
knowledge. Which one of them
corresponds
valid
space is
true?

Each of the system
axioms of Euclid
Lobachevsky and Riemann
was theoretically
strict, the question arose
about which one
corresponds
valid
space is
true.
"The fundamental propositions of Euclid are also nothing but
agreement, and it would be just as unreasonable
find out whether they are true or false. (A. Poincare)
Supporters of this point of view are conventionalists.
With this approach, the question of truth is generally removed.

TRUTH AND ITS CRITERIA

The criterion of truth
practice:
TRUE
HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE TRUTH FROM
MISTAKE:
1. KNOWLEDGE IS TRUE WHEN IT IS
LOGICALLY SHARED
2. WHEN KNOWLEDGE IS USEFUL FOR
HUMAN
9
practical
interaction
observable
events with any
others
material
production,
accumulated experience,
scientific experiment.

Truth Criteria

Empiricists believed that the source and
the rationale for all knowledge is sensory
an experience.
Among the rationalists, the criterion of truth was
intelligence.
Conventionalist theories proceeded from the fact that
true scientific knowledge is an agreement between
researchers - "conventions"
Pragmatic theories of truth suggest that
true consciousness is that which
contributes to the solution of practical problems.
10

Practice cannot be regarded as a universal criterion of truth.

If a
practical
task succeeded
decide, it means
completeness of knowledge
about the subject
reached?
Truth criterion - theory
Rejection of an idea
knowledge development

Forms of truth

scientific truth
Ordinary or
worldly truth
artistic
true
moral truth

Kinds of truth

absolute truth
Ideal, limit to
to aspire
our knowledge.
Complete,
exhaustive knowledge
about the subject, that element
knowledge that is not
may be
refuted in the future.
Relative truth
On the way to absolute
the truth we get
relative truths.
Knowledge that will
change,
deepen,
be replaced by new
development process
knowledge.

properties of truth

Specificity -
dependence of truth
from place, time and
other conditions
receipt.
Objectivity -
it's like that
content of our
knowledge that is not
does not depend on
person, not from
humanity.

TRUTH AND FALSE

"The mind of man
likened to uneven
the mirror, which
mixing with nature
things their nature,
reflects things in
twisted and
disfigured
form.” (F. Bacon)
These are delusions, origins
which are rooted in
most human
nature, especially
our knowledge.
"fullness" -
sign of health.
all power is from God
lack of complete
accurate information about
we are interested in
subject and also
necessary funds for
its processing

Literature: Bogolyubov L.N., Social science Grade 19
Profile level, M., "Enlightenment", 2008
Internet resources:
http://www.sweden4rus.nu/rus/visual/fotos/image.asp?id=3214
http://minomos.narod.ru/Galery/15.htm
http://www.eurosmi.ru/science/41.html
http://his.1september.ru/2002/01/5.html
http://catalog.catalog.catalog.ww.infanata.org/2008/10/page/4/
http://activerain.com/blogs/sashadear
http://www.univer.omsk.su/omsk/Edu/Math/eevklid.htm
http://www.rkm.kz/node/672
http://eva.ru/eva-life/contest/contestphoto.xhtml?contestEntryId=90965&showAll=true

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

2 slide

Description of the slide:

1. What is knowledge? 2. Types of knowledge. 3. Ways of knowing. 4. Intuition. 5. Truth and Its Criteria Lesson Plan

3 slide

Description of the slide:

1. What is knowledge? Cognition is a reflection and reproduction of reality in the thinking of the subject, the result of which is knowledge about the world; the process of searching for truth. Knowledge is the result of cognition, a true reflection of reality in human thinking; scientific information. The process of cognition implies the presence of two sides: The subject of cognition is a person who cognizes an object or phenomenon. An object of knowledge is an object or phenomenon that is studied by a person.

4 slide

Description of the slide:

Ways of acquiring knowledge: spontaneous (a child, playing with a ball, broke glass  learned that glass is fragile); organized (students conduct experiments in a chemistry lesson; a biologist studies animal behavior). The results of cognitive activity reflect not only the properties of the subject being studied, but also how we organize the learning process (means and methods of cognition), and the characteristics of ourselves (our positions, predilections, previously accumulated experience, etc.). There can't be only one right absolute method. Several different theories are allowed to explain the same phenomenon.

5 slide

Description of the slide:

2. Types of knowledge. First classification: knowledge about objects (What is a car? What is an algorithm?). knowledge about the action (how to fry a steak, sew a suit, etc.) knowledge about the property, use of an object (why does a dentist need a drill, a scientist needs a computer, etc.) Second classification: Perceptual (from Latin - perception) or empirical (from Greek - experience) a person receives knowledge through sensory perception of objects (for example, knowledge of how a cow looks, how ammonia smells, how a violin sounds, etc.). Everyday practical knowledge a person draws from the experience of everyday life, from practice. This is elementary information about nature and people (for example, the knowledge that the appearance of clouds portends rain, and blacks are distinguished by dark skin).

6 slide

Description of the slide:

Scientific knowledge is knowledge about the essence of objects and phenomena, about the connections between them; concepts, evidence, theoretical explanation are used (for example, knowledge about the structure of the atom, about chemical composition solution, etc.). Third classification: Fundamental knowledge - theoretical knowledge about the basic laws of the structure and development of man, society, nature. Applied knowledge is knowledge aimed at achieving practical goals and solving specific problems. Fourth classification: Natural science knowledge - information from the sciences: physics, chemistry, biology, geography, astronomy, etc. Humanitarian knowledge - historical, philosophical, psychological, etc.

7 slide

Description of the slide:

3. Ways of knowing. Sensory cognition is carried out with the help of five basic senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. Elements of sensory experience: Sensations (arise as a result of the direct impact of the object on the senses); Perception (a holistic image of an object, formed from a variety of its most diverse properties); Representation (a sensual image of an object, stored in the mind without its direct impact). Example. The man is leafing through a book. The sense organs allow him to see its color, to feel the roughness of the cover. These sensations are combined into a single image of the book, and perception arises. Another time, without seeing the book, the person will be able to imagine it.

8 slide

Description of the slide:

Rational knowledge (logical) is carried out with the help of thinking, reason. Singling out the essential from the data received by the senses, a person strives to penetrate deeper into the essence of things, to understand the patterns of phenomena. Elements of rational knowledge: Concept (reflection of objects in their general and essential features); Judgment (a thought in which something is affirmed or denied through the connection of concepts); Inference (inferences from logically connected judgments). Example. People, comparing apples, pears, plums, identifying their similarities and differences, essential properties, identified them in a group of similar objects, which was called the “fruit” (concept).

9 slide

Description of the slide:

Which of these sources of knowledge - mind or feelings - is decisive in cognitive activity? Supporters of sensationalism (Latin "sensus" - feeling), empiricists (Greek "empiric" - experience) recognized the decisive role of sensory experience, believed that sensations and perceptions are the basis of knowledge. Supporters of rationalism - rationalists (Greek "ratio" - mind) recognized the mind as the main form of reliable knowledge. Both stages of knowledge should be in unity, mutually complementing each other. One without the other does not lead to objectively correct knowledge, to truth.

10 slide

Description of the slide:

11 slide

Description of the slide:

12 slide

Description of the slide:

PROPERTIES OF TRUTH Truth is the correspondence of knowledge to an object, reality Truth acts as the consent of the mind with itself, since knowledge is the disclosure of the spiritual fundamental principle of the world. The most important sign of true knowledge is clarity.

To enjoy preview presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

“Only he is smart who understands That he is unlearned, that he knows little!” Abu Shakur

What unites the statements? “The sum does not change from a change in the places of the terms” “Green is obtained by mixing yellow and blue” “Man is a biosocial creature”

§22. Truth and its criteria

Which definition is more accurate? Truth is unshakable, unchanging statements over time. The truth is those conclusions with which everyone agrees. Truth is what a person believes. Truth - reliable, correct knowledge Truth - the correspondence of our knowledge about the subject to the subject itself.

Thomas Aquinas R. Descartes Aristotle The most important property of true knowledge is its objectivity, independence from a person's consciousness, his passions and interests. The word "truth" means the correspondence of thought to the subject. Truth is the identity of thing and representation.

Types of Truth Absolute Truth Relative Truth The ideal, the limit to which our knowledge strives. Complete, exhaustive knowledge about the subject, that element of knowledge that cannot be refuted in the future. On the way to absolute truth, we get relative truths. Knowledge that will change, deepen, be replaced by new ones in the process of developing knowledge.

Claim: Number 1 shows juice

What time is it now?

Is the apple big?

How can a person be sure of the truth of his knowledge? Rationalists Empiricists Pragmatists Conventionalists

It is much easier to find an error than the truth. Whoever seeks truth is not alien to delusions. There is nothing more dangerous for a new truth than an old delusion. I.V. Goethe

Properties of truth Concreteness is the dependence of truth on the place, time and other conditions of its receipt. Objectivity is the content of our knowledge, which does not depend either on a person or on humanity.

Preview:

Subject: social science

Class: 10 "k"

Topic: "Truth and Its Criteria"

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

• to introduce students to the definition, concept, structure and criteria of truth;
• expand students' knowledge in the process of analysis and the ability to express their point of view;
• to promote the development of mental and emotional-sensual spheres of activity of students;
• create conditions for the formation of personal and collective qualities (the ability to work in a team);
• develop creative activity.

Special materials and equipment:

• photocopies with statements and tasks
• lesson presentation

Lesson type: learning new material.

1. Organizational moment.

Greetings. Checking the readiness of students for the lesson.

2. Learning new material.

Slide number 1.

“Only he is wise who understands

That he is uneducated, that he knows little!”

Abu Shukur

Why do you think, I started the lesson with the saying of the ancient Eastern sage....(student answer: knowledge is power)

Slide number 2.

“The sum does not change from a change in the places of the terms”

"Green is made by mixing yellow and blue"

"Man is a biosocial being"

• We will study exactly what combines these expressions.

(we bring students to the fact that all these expressions are true and look for a synonym for the word "true" - true)

So what are we with let's meet todayand what we need to know.

(together we formulate the goals and objectives of the lesson)

Slide number 3.

§22. Truth and its criteria

• Write down the topic of the lesson in a notebook
• While your notebooks are open, pleasewrite your own definition"truths" focusing only on their own knowledge. At the end of the lesson, we will compare the definitions.

(students write down the definition for a couple of minutes)

• Guys, there are sheets with definitions on your desks. Which of the proposed definitions of truth (in task No. 1) seems to you the most accurate? Why?

(when analyzing the answers, we point out the shortcomings /underlined/ of each definition except the true one)

• So the generally accepted definition of truth is...(we correct the students' answers and give examples to refute the first 4 definitions)

Slide number 4.

1. Truth is immutable , statements that do not change with time.(heliocentrism)
2. Truth is those conclusions with which everyone agrees. (thunder and lightning - Perun)
3. Truth is what a person believes. ( atheist and religious person
4. Truth is reliable right knowledge (punishment of the student by the teacher with peas)

TRUE is... correspondence of our knowledge about the subject to the subject itself.

(exact term coming out animation later)

Slide number 5. Philosophers and their definitions of truth

• Guys, you, of course, noticed that there are many interpretations of our term. And all because there are several kinds of truth(absolute, relative)
• Look at the worksheets on your desks. In task number 2, you need to correlate the definition with the concept itself.

Slide number 6.

(the definition under the letter "B" is redundant)

• The difference between absolute and relative truths is in the degree of accuracy and completeness of the reflection of reality. Truth is always concrete, it is always associated with a certain place, time and circumstances.

(write down the types of truth in a notebook)

• Now let's look at the slides and determine what types of truth the examples correspond to.

Slide number 7.

Example One - Juice (Relative True)

Slide number 8.

Example two - twice two (absolute truth)

• So, on what do the criteria of truth depend? Let's look at the slides...

Slide number 9. Clock slide.

What time is it now? If it were a real clock, then the people on the left and right could answer differently.

• Please take a look at your individual sheets.

What is shown in task number 3?

Slide number 10. Faces.

Who is pictured? What if it's upside down?

Slide number 11. Apple.

Big or small...let's raise our hands.

• So guys what do the criteria of truth depend on? From the position from which you define. In other words - from those criteria on which you rely. Criteria of truth - that which certifies truth and distinguishes it from error.

• Depending on the positions, different criteria of truth are distinguished.
• Take a look at task number 4 on the sheets and use the arrows to correlate the views with the criteria of truth.
• But first, let's remember what ideas each of these areas of knowledge relies on.(short student responses)

Slide number 12. Truth Criteria Table

views	Truth Criteria
empirics	sensory experience (truth is only what you can feel)
Rationalists	Intelligence (truth is only what can be realized and described by logic and reason)
Conventionalists	Convention (true scientific knowledge is an agreement between researchers - a "convention")
Pragmatists	Practice (the true consciousness is that which contributes to the solution of practical problems)

Slide number 13. The final slide with Goethe's aphorisms.

You guys are in class now. Do not be afraid to make mistakes, because only those who do nothing do not make mistakes!

Summing up the lesson:

• Reflection (what did you learn?)
• Comparison of previously written definitionswith book version
• What did you like / dislike
• marks with comments and D/Z (pp. 227-234, write out the holy of truth)

Preview:

Task number 1.

Which of the proposed definitions of truth (in task No. 1) seems to you the most accurate? Why?

1. Truth is unshakable, unchanging statements over time.
2. The truth is those conclusions with which everyone agrees.
3. Truth is what a person believes.
4. Truth is reliable, correct knowledge.
5. Truth is the correspondence of our knowledge about the subject to the subject itself.

Task number 2.

Match the definition with the concept itself.

Task number 3.

What is shown in the pictures?

1. Empiricists

1. Pragmatists

1. Conventionalists

BUT). Sensations are the only source and foundation of knowledge. The source and justification of all knowledge is sensory experience

B). Mathematics was taken as a model of true knowledge, starting from obvious truths and using methods of logical derivation of new knowledge from undoubted premises. Reason is the criterion of truth.

G). Any practical knowledge confirmed by accumulated experience and scientific experiments contributes to solving the pressing problems of reality.

• 1. The branch of philosophy that studies the possibilities of cognition, its forms and methods, the conditions for its truth is:
• Epistemology
• Ontology
• Agnosticism
• Conventionalism

• 2. The branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental principles of being is:
• Epistemology
• Ontology
• Agnosticism
• Conventionalism

• 3. Are the judgments correct:
• A.) AGNOSTICISM - KNOWLEDGE IS A RESULT
• AGREEMENTS OF SCIENTISTS
• B.) CONVENTIONALISM - (FROM GR.
• UNKNOWABLE) - A MAN CAN
• UNDERSTAND ONLY THE INNER ESSENCE
• THINGS, BUT NOT EXTERNAL.
• Only A is true
• Only B is true
• Both statements are correct
• Both statements are not correct

• 4. Knowledge is:
• The result of a special cognitive process of people.
• The process of human activity, the main content of which is the reflection of objective reality in his mind
• The process of human activity, the main content of which is labor activity reflecting the objective reality in his mind.
• The process of human activity, the main content of which is the reflection of objective reality in his mind, and the result is the acquisition of new knowledge about the world around him.

• 5. The form of cognitive
• activities:
• Psychological
• ethical
• social
• Personal.

• 6. Types of cognitive
• activities:
• Real and not real.
• rational and sensual
• Social and religious
• Pessimistic and optimistic.

• 7. Establish correspondence: Thinkers of the past on the essence of being

TRUTH AND ITS CRITERIA

• It is important for a person “that the object of his will ... be an objective good ... the object and content of his thought be objectively true and the object of his feelings be objectively beautiful, that is, not only for him, but for everyone unconditionally.” (V.S. Soloviev)

What knowledge should be considered true? To what extent is it accessible to a knowing person? In what ways is it achieved?

• "truth is the identity of thing and representation"

• Thomas Aquinas

• "The word "truth" means the correspondence of thought to the subject."

• R. Descartes

• the most important property of true knowledge is its objectivity, independence from the consciousness of a person, his passions and interests.

• Aristotle's position

"WHAT EVERYONE SEEMS IS RELIABLE." (PROTAGORUS)

• “that the same thing exists and does not exist, that it is both bad and good, that other statements opposing each other are also true ...” (criticism of the Protagoras position by Aristotle)

How can a person be sure of the truth of his knowledge about a subject? CRITERIA OF TRUTH

• empirics

• the source and justification of all knowledge is sensory experience;
• sensations are the only source and foundation of knowledge (sensualists);
• Thinking is seen as derived from sensations;

• Criticism of the position of empiricists

• at the levels of perception and representation, in order to obtain a holistic picture of the world, our consciousness uses elements of generalized knowledge;
• sensory experience can give a distorted view of reality;
• many theoretical postulates underlying scientific knowledge cannot be substantiated empirically;
• sensory experience is the result of understanding, interpretation.

CRITERIA OF TRUTH

• rationalists

• reason is the criterion of truth;
• Mathematics was taken as a model of true knowledge, starting from obvious truths and using methods of logical derivation of new knowledge from undoubted premises.

• criticism

• Difficulties in determining the unconditional foundations of knowledge (Descartes - "innate ideas", Leibniz - "innate intuitions;
• Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry is the ideal of theoretically substantiated knowledge. Which of them corresponds to the actual space, is true?

• Each of the system of axioms of Euclid, Lobachevsky and Riemann was theoretically strict, the question arose of which of them corresponds to the real space, is true.

• "The fundamental propositions of Euclid are also nothing but an agreement, and it would be just as unreasonable to inquire whether they are true or false." (A. Poincare)
• Supporters of this point of view are conventionalists.
• With this approach, the question of truth is generally removed.

TRUTH AND ITS CRITERIA

• TRUE

• HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE TRUTH FROM FALSE:
• 1. KNOWLEDGE IS TRUE WHEN IT IS LOGICALLY SHARED
• 2. WHEN KNOWLEDGE IS USEFUL FOR A HUMAN

• The criterion of truth is practice:
• practical interaction of the observed phenomenon with any other,
• material production, accumulated experience, scientific experiment.

Truth Criteria

• Empiricists believed that the source and justification of all knowledge is sensory experience.
• For rationalists, reason was the criterion of truth.
• Conventionalist theories proceeded from the fact that true scientific knowledge is an agreement between researchers - "conventions"
• Pragmatic theories of truth assume that the consciousness that contributes to the solution of practical problems is true.

Practice cannot be regarded as a universal criterion of truth.

• Truth criterion - theory

• If the practical problem was solved, does it mean that the completeness of knowledge about the subject has been achieved?

• Rejection of an idea
• knowledge development

Forms of truth

• scientific truth
• Ordinary or worldly truth

• artistic truth
• moral truth

Kinds of truth

• absolute truth

• Relative truth

• The ideal, the limit to which our knowledge strives.
• Complete, exhaustive knowledge about the subject, that element of knowledge that cannot be refuted in the future.

• On the way to absolute truth, we get relative truths.
• Knowledge that will change, deepen, be replaced by new ones in the process of developing knowledge.

properties of truth

• Specificity is the dependence of truth on the place, time and other conditions for its receipt.
• Objectivity -
• this is the content of our knowledge, which does not depend either on man or on humanity.

TRUTH AND FALSE

• “The human mind is likened to an uneven mirror, which, mixing its nature with the nature of things, reflects things in a distorted and disfigured form.” (F. Bacon)
• These are delusions, the origins of which are rooted in human nature itself, in the peculiarities of our knowledge.

• “fullness” is a sign of health.

• all power is from God

• lack of complete and accurate information about the subject of interest to us, as well as the necessary means for its processing

• http://www.sweden4rus.nu/rus/visual/fotos/image.asp?id=3214
• http://minomos.narod.ru/Galery/15.htm
• http://www.eurosmi.ru/science/41.html
• http://his.1september.ru/2002/01/5.html
• http://catalog.catalog.catalog.ww.infanata.org/2008/10/page/4/
• http://activerain.com/blogs/sashadear
• http://www.univer.omsk.su/omsk/Edu/Math/eevklid.htm
• http://www.rkm.kz/node/672
• http://eva.ru/eva-life/contest/contest-photo.xhtml?contestEntryId=90965&showAll=true

• Literature: Bogolyubov L.N., Social science Grade 10
• Profile level, M., "Enlightenment", 2008

cognition, cognitive activity, elements of cognition, stages of cognition, sensory cognition, rational cognition, forms of cognition, types of cognition, philosophers about truth, truth, absolute truth, relative truth, problem of truth, properties of truth, agnostics, empiricists, rationalists, pragmatists, objective truth, subjective truth, scientific knowledge, levels of scientific knowledge, methods of scientific knowledge, non-scientific (ordinary) knowledge, social knowledge, knowledge by means of art, self-knowledge, class 10 social science lesson, human activity, knowledge as activity, what is knowledge, what is truth

Download:

Preview:

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

Lesson of social science grade 10 Farzullaeva N.Yu., teacher of social science, MBOU Churovskaya secondary school Cognition as an activity. Truth and its criteria

Francis Bacon, English philosopher (1581 - 1626) "Knowledge is power"

What is knowledge? In the process of his activity, a person acquired knowledge. Knowledge is a set of information, information about the world around and about oneself, tested in practice and reflected in human thinking. Knowledge arises as a result of cognitive activity.

What is knowledge? Cognition is a reflection and reproduction of reality in the thinking of the subject, the result of which is new knowledge about the world. Cognition is the process of obtaining knowledge.

Elements of cognitive activity Since cognition is one of the types of human activity, therefore, the main elements are also distinguished in it: The subject of cognition is the one who receives knowledge (a person, society) Object is what is cognized (a separate object, the surrounding world, the inner world person) Methods of cognition - ways to get the truth (depending on the type of cognition). The purpose of knowledge is the acquisition of true knowledge about the objective world. The result of knowledge is knowledge.

Stages of knowledge

Forms of knowledge

Forms of sensory cognition Sensation - This is the data of the senses about the individual properties of individual objects Perception - This is a holistic image of an object that sums up individual sensations into a certain integrity, the selection of an object from the surrounding reality Representation - This is the highest form of sensory cognition, an image of an object stored in memory outside of direct contact with him. (can be formed about objects with which there was no contact).

Forms of rational cognition Concept - A thought that singles out a certain class of objects from reality by pointing to their common features. A judgment is a thought containing a statement about the existence of a state of affairs in reality. Inference (theory) A system of interrelated concepts and judgments that reveals a set of laws and patterns in any subject area

The stages of cognition Are in unity, pass into each other, complement each other. When sensory and rational cognition is not enough, intuition (a flash of insight, the ability of a person to comprehend the truth without any justification with evidence) can play an important role in cognition. Many statements based on common sense, conventional wisdom, are not true.

Philosophers on Truth

The Problem of Truth

properties of truth

Truth is a true, correct reflection of reality in thought

Absolute truth This is an undoubted, unchanging, once and for all established knowledge about an object or phenomenon. It completely exhausts the subject of study and cannot be refuted with the further development of knowledge. Many philosophers consider it an ideal, a model to which our knowledge should strive. In reality, such knowledge is almost impossible.

Relative Truth On the way to absolute truth, a person receives relative truths, that is, incomplete, limited knowledge. The relativity of truth is determined by a number of reasons: The cognizable world is infinite and changeable; The possibilities of cognition depend on the real historical conditions of their time; Cognition is determined by the level of development of production, spiritual culture, available means of observation, experiment.

Types of knowledge Ordinary Scientific Philosophical Artistic Social Self-knowledge

1. Scientific knowledge It differs from other types of knowledge in the desire to obtain objective truth, independent of the personality of the researcher. The result obtained should not depend on predilections, private opinions, authorities. Aimed at obtaining such knowledge that is not only related to today, but can also be used in the future. Special methods and forms of knowledge are used.

Levels of scientific knowledge Empirical level - finding new facts, generalization and search for trends in the flow of a particular process. It means everything that is given to a person on the basis of sensory experience, i.e. his ability to feel, perceive, reflect external influences, experience and understand something. Theoretical level - the formulation of general patterns, the creation of a holistic scientific theory, and then the formation of a general scientific picture of the world.

Methods of scientific knowledge Level 1 - experience, common sense, observation, experiment Level 2 - generalization, analysis, synthesis, modeling

2. Ways of non-scientific (ordinary) knowledge Myths are the earliest way of understanding natural and social reality. Experience of everyday life, life practice. folk wisdom and common sense. Parascience. Knowledge through art.

3. Social cognition The object and subject of cognition coincide. There are inconsistencies in the conclusions and assessments that arise in the study of society. The complexity of the object under study - society. Limiting the possibility of conducting observations and experiments on society. Many scientists believe that only a description of social phenomena is possible, and not an explanation.

4. Self-knowledge Getting a person to know about himself. Forms of self-knowledge: Self-recognition Self-esteem Self-confession Self-knowledge can be carried out in the process of other activities - play, communication, labor, etc.

5. Artistic knowledge 1. Knowledge of the world through artistic images. 2. Images help to present an ideal thought through a real idea and understand this incarnation through the expression of a thought. 3. Subjective reflection of reality