All logistics processes must proceed in compliance with the "golden" rule of logistics - "7R":
- Right product - the right product;
- Right quality - in proper quality;
- Right quantity - in the correct quantity;
- Right time - at the set time;
- Right place - to the required place;
- Right customer - a specific consumer;
- Right cost - with optimal costs.
So, the rule "7R" ("logistics mix") can be formulated as follows: "Supply of the right product in the right quantity and quality at the right time at the right place to the specific consumer at optimal cost."
2.). Development of logistics as a scientific economic direction
Logistics, as a new area, needed a deeper theoretical study of scientific foundations and provisions. At the I European Congress (1974), logistics was first given a new definition from the point of view of its application in the non-military field: logistics is the doctrine of systemic planning and control of material, energy, information and passenger flows, as well as their management.
Thus, logistics began to be considered as a scientific direction, the purpose of which is to develop methods and organizational forms for managing flow processes to maximize the demand for products (goods, services, information, energy) and bring it to the consumer within the stipulated time at minimal cost. Over the years, logistics as a scientific direction is becoming more and more widespread. At present, it has become a special discipline closely related to mathematics, statistics and a number of economic sciences. The modern theory of logistics and logistics management is conceptually based on the following methodologies:
· System analysis;
· Cybernetic approach;
Operation research;
· Economic and mathematical modeling.
Or they use more detailed methods: program-target planning, functional cost analysis, forecasting methods, modeling methods.
To promote methodologies and theoretical research into the practice of logistics management in order to coordinate the work of scientists and specialists, many logistics communities, organizations, associations, and institutions have been created and are functioning. The most famous of them are: the American Society for Production and Inventory Management, the American Society for Transportation and Logistics, the International Society for Material Management, the French Association of Logistics in Production, the logistics association in Holland, Italy, Germany, Finland and in a number of other countries. In Russia, the Coordinating Council for Logistics was created not so long ago. Logistics as a scientific basis for managing flow processes is used not only in industry, trade and transport, but also in the service sector, banking and insurance, organization of after-sales service, public utilities, tourism, etc.
3.) Under material flow management one should understand the process of purposeful influence on the subsystems of the logistics system or fragments of the logistics supply chain that are engaged in the promotion of material and information flows from the producer to the places of final consumption. Management decisions are made by the logistics service of the firm, company based on data on the fulfillment of orders, the availability of the necessary products, resources and demand for products in specific market segments (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Base of initial data used in the process of material flow management
Material Management System each company has its own specifics. However, there are also common features. This commonality for all organizations (enterprises, firms, companies) can be represented as an analog model (Fig. 2). The analog model, in fact, represents a closed cycle of the information array, which is the basis for making managerial decisions, that is, for managing material flows.
Rice. 2. Analog model of the material flow control system
Materials management within the boundaries of the logistics system involves the implementation of a set of such functions:
1. coordination of actions of participants in the logistics process;
2. forecasting and planning of material flows;
3. organization of optimal material flows;
4. control of the movement of material flows;
5. regulation of technological processes and operations of the general logistics process.
In practice, the problem of managing material flows is associated with the scheme of their movement within either a logistics system or a logistics landfill. To a greater extent, logisticians work with material flow patterns within the enterprise, that is, within the intra-production logistics system (Fig. 3), and from the producer, that is, from the manufacturer, through the system of warehouses owned by intermediaries, to the end customer (Fig. 4) . When examining these schemes, one should agree that the material flow management system is one of the complex systems. This is explained by the fact that the organizational and economic processes taking place in it are formed under the influence of many factors. It is practically impossible to take into account and study them in a short time. Given these difficulties, it is still necessary to strive to form an adequate system that can adapt to changing market conditions.
Rice. 3. Scheme of movement of the material flow within the boundaries of the intra-production system:
MP VX - incoming material flow; MP OUT - outgoing material flow
Rice. 4. Scheme of the movement of the material flow from the manufacturer
to the client: RC - distribution center
Of the above schemes for moving the material flow, the simplest is the scheme shown in fig. 3. It refers to the in-house logistics system. In terms of the constancy of the technological and organizational components, this scheme is more localized and more stationary. This condition makes it possible to use, for example, such well-known systems for managing material flows:
1. pushing material flow control system;
2. pulling material flow control system.
4.)
5.)material flow- these are products determined in the process of applying various logistics or technological operations to it and related to a certain period of time.
Classification of material flows:
1) external material flow- the material flow flowing in the external environment in relation to the considered logistics system;
2) internal material flow- the material flow flowing within the considered logistics system;
3) input material flow- external material flow entering the logistics system from the external environment;
4) output material flow- internal material flow coming from the considered logistics system to the external environment;
5) cargo flow- the volume of goods transported by certain modes of transport in a certain direction from the point of departure to the destination for a certain period of time (usually considered for a year). Material flows can be considered as material resources if they have a natural-material composition.
The first five rules of logistics are formulated as follows:
product - the right product place - in the right place time - at the right time
quantity - in the required quantity quality - of the required quality
The sixth rule of logistics is formulated:
1) costs - with minimal costs6 +
2) transport - the right mode of transport
3) container - in the required container 4) completeness - correct completeness
4. Which of the following methods for determining the location of a distribution warehouse is unnecessary?
1) method for determining the center of gravity
2) trial point method
3) test lines method6 +
4) partial enumeration method
5. Which of the following statistical coefficients is used in XYZ analysis?
1) correlation coefficient 2) the coefficient of variation 6 +
3) regression coefficient 4) dynamics coefficient
6. Select the correct number indicating the instruction on the procedure for accepting production and technical products and consumer goods by quantity:
1) P-8 2) P-7 3) P-6+ 4) P-5
7. Which part of the warehouse receives goods during non-working hours?
1) receiving area 2) unloading area
3) acceptance expedition6+ 4) storage area
8. Which of the following values does not apply when calculating the required storage area:
1) annual cargo turnover
2) daily cost of using the cargo space of a rented warehouse6 +
3) the number of working days in a year 4) the size of the stock in days of turnover
9. Which of the approaches does the method of layered construction of a product belong to?
1) deterministic6 + 2) stochastic
3) heuristic 4) none of the above
10. Which of the following groups has the following characteristics: the most expensive, well predictable, fairly stable consumption?
1)AY6+ 2) CY 3) BZ 4) AZ
11. What is the object of study in logistics?
1) processes performed by trade
2) material and corresponding information flows6 +
3) markets and conjuncture of specific goods and services
4) economic relations arising in the process of commodity circulation
12. The most expensive of the transportation is the transportation of ... transport.
1) railway 2) aviation6 +
3) automobile 4) water
13. By how many methods can the procedure for issuing an order for replenishment of the warehouse be carried out?
1) one 2) two 3) three6 + 4) four
14. The Pareto rule is also called the rule...
1) 20/20 2) 20/80 +
3) 40/40/20 4) 20/60
15. How many basic network topologies are there?
1) 4 2) 3
+ 3) 2 4) 1
16. Select one condition under which the method of carrying out the order procedure "On stock availability" is applied:
1) the volume and interval of receipts are not constant
2) lack of stocks is unacceptable6 +
3) filling the warehouse according to the established maximum
4) high risk of warehousing
17. Which of the modes of transport has the property of continuity of delivery?
1) automotive 2) pipeline6 +
3) railway 4) water 5) air
18. Which of the following components is not included in Andler's formula?
1) cost of obtaining an order 2) net - need
3) minimum shipment quantity6 + 4) total costs for warehousing
19. A sign of classification, on the basis of which material flows are divided into external, internal, input and output, is:
1) natural - material composition 2) attitude to the logistics system6 +
3) the degree of compatibility of the cargo 4) the consistency of the cargo
20. Which analysis is based on the Pareto rule?
1) SWOT - analysis 2) ABC - analysis6 +
3) SPACE - analysis 4) XYZ - analysis
1. Logistics is...
a) organization of transportation; b) entrepreneurial activity;
c) the science and art of material flow management; d) the art of commerce.
2. The object of research in logistics is ...
a) the processes carried out by the trade;
b) material and corresponding information flows;
c) markets and conjuncture of specific goods and services;
d) economic relations arising in the process of commodity circulation.
3. The task of micrologistics is ...
a) organizing the delivery of goods to the Far North, first by river and then by sea;
b) ensuring consistency in the actions of the supplier, buyer and transport organization;
c) organization of cargo handling in a large seaport.
4. The strongest influence on the development of logistics has ...
a) computerization of process control in the areas of production and circulation;
c) improvement of the tax system; d) an increase in the population in the region.
5. Logistic function is...
a) a set of elements that are in relationship with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity;
b) a combination of various activities in order to obtain the required amount of cargo in the right place, at the right time, at minimal cost;
c) an enlarged group of logistics operations aimed at achieving the goals of the logistics system;
d) a system of measures for a comprehensive study of the market.
6. The unit of measurement of the material flow is ...
a) ruble; b) cubic meter; c) the number of tons per square meter (t / m 2);
d) ton; e) piece; f) the number of tons passing through the section per unit of time (t/year).
7. Material flow is ...
c) a product having a material form, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to it in a given time interval;
d) material products awaiting entry into the process of industrial or personal consumption, or into the process of sale
8. Logistics operation is...
a) an independent part of the logistics process, performed at one workplace and / or using one technical device;
b) having a material form of products, considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to it in a given time interval;
c) material products awaiting entry into the process of industrial or personal consumption or into the process of sale.
9. A sign of classification, on the basis of which material flows are divided into external, internal, input and output, is ...
a) attitude to the logistics system;
b) the natural-material composition of the cargo moving in the stream;
c) the amount of cargo; d) degree of cargo compatibility; e) cargo consistency.
10. For the logistics service, the criterion for choosing a variant of the organization of goods movement is ...
a) the optimal level of customer service;
b) minimum purchase costs; c) minimum costs for the maintenance of stocks;
d) minimum transportation costs.
11. The purpose of logistics can be expressed in six rules. The first five rules of logistics are formulated as follows: a) the right product the right product b) the right place at the right place c) the right time at the right time
d) quantity in the required quantity e) quality of the required quality
The sixth rule of logistics is formulated: …
a) the color of the desired color b) costs with minimal costs
c) transport by the correct mode of transport d) tare in the right tare e) weight of the right weight
12. Below are a number of statements, of which the following applies to production logistics: ...
a) rational placement of distribution centers in the area minimizes the amount of storage and transport costs;
6) the unit cost of storing goods is the lower, the faster stocks are turned over;
c) a trading and intermediary firm makes a 40% mark-up on the cost of goods;
d) the company switched to the release of only those products for which there is an order.
13. The most essential prerequisite for the use of logistics in business practice is ...
a) increased competition in the commodity market;
b) improving the production of certain types of goods;
c) improvement of the tax system; d) population growth.
14. A pull system in logistics is called ...
a) a production organization system in which semi-finished parts are supplied from the previous technological operation to the next in accordance with a centrally generated production schedule;
b) a production organization system in which parts and semi-finished products are supplied from the previous technological operation to the next one as needed (there is no rigid schedule);
c) a system of inventory management in the channels of the sphere of circulation, in which the decision to replenish stocks in peripheral warehouses is made centrally;
d) a marketing strategy aimed at advancing (in relation to demand) the formation of commodity stocks at wholesale and retail trade enterprises.
15. A push system in logistics is called ...
a) a system of inventory management in the channels of the sphere of circulation with a decentralized decision-making process on replenishment of stocks;
b) a production organization system in which parts and semi-finished products are supplied from the previous technological operation to the next one as needed (there is no rigid schedule);
c) a marketing strategy aimed at advancing (in relation to demand) the formation of commodity stocks in wholesale and retail trade enterprises;
16. Continuous tracking of the movement and change of each flow object, as well as the operational adjustment of its movement are a manifestation of the principle ... of logistics
a) systematic; b) scientific; c) constructiveness; d) specificity.
17. They don’t form a system ...
a) three strangers living in the same house in the city;
b) three friends living in different cities; c) the supplier, the transport company and the buyer, bound by a single contract; d) divisions of the manufacturing enterprise.
18. The direct functions of the logistics service at the enterprise include ...
a) choice of transport; b) market research; c) organization of warehousing and storage;
f) inventory management
19. The company creates stocks in order to reduce ...
a) losses from the purchase of small lots of goods at higher prices;
b) losses from necrosis in stocks of diverted financial resources;
c) the risk of damage to goods; d) labor costs of personnel involved in the storage of goods.
a) in the warehouses of wholesalers;
b) in the warehouses of raw materials of industrial enterprises;
c) on the way from the supplier to the consumer; d) in the warehouses of finished products of manufacturers.
21. Arrange the modes of transport in descending order of the ability to deliver goods directly to the consumer's warehouse:
A: air 3 B: railway 2 B: water 4 G: automotive 1
22. Arrange the modes of transport in descending order of the ability to reliably comply with the delivery schedule:
A: air 4 B: automotive 1 B: water 3 G: railway 2
23. The sequence of stages of choosing a carrier
A: Ranking of carrier selection criteria 2
B: Deciding on the choice of carrier 6
D: Evaluation of possible carriers in the context of the identified criteria 3
E: Determining carrier selection criteria 1
24. Arrange the modes of transport in descending order of the ability to transport different goods
A: air 4 B: water - 1 B: automotive - 3 G: railway - 2
25. Arrange the modes of transport in descending order of the ability to quickly deliver goods
A: railway 3 B: air - 1 B: water - 4 G: automotive - 2
26. Arrange the modes of transport in descending order of the cost of transportation
A: air 1 B; water 4 B: railway 3 G: automotive 2
27. The disadvantage of rail transport is ...
b) a limited number of carriers;
c) relatively high cost of transportation over long distances;
28. The disadvantage of road transport is ...
a) low load capacity; b) a limited number of carriers;
c) large capital investments in the production and technical base;
d) slow delivery.
29. The disadvantage of air transport is ...
a) poor performance b) insufficiently high safety of goods;
c) high cost of transportation; d) insufficient ecological cleanliness.
30. The disadvantage of sea transport is ...
a) poor performance b) low delivery speed;
c) relatively high cost of transportation over long distances;
d) limited types of transported goods.
31. The principle of proportionality of the warehouse process means ...
Stages of the warehouse process;
e) compliance of all parts of the warehouse process in terms of productivity, throughputability or speed
32. The principle of parallelism of the warehouse process means ...
a) the repeatability of the entire cycle and individual operations at equal intervals of time;
b) subordination of all operations of the technological cycle to a single calculated rhythm;
c) elimination or reduction of any kind of interruptions in the technological process;
d) simultaneous execution of individual operations at all stages of the warehouse process;
e) compliance of all parts of the warehouse process in terms of productivity, throughput or speed
33. The principle of the continuity of the warehouse process means ...
a) the repeatability of the entire cycle and individual operations at equal intervals of time;
b) subordination of all operations of the technological cycle to a single calculated rhythm;
c) elimination or reduction of any kind of interruptions in the technological process;
d) simultaneous execution of individual operations on all
stages of the warehouse process.
34. The principle of flow of the warehouse process means ...
a) the repeatability of the entire cycle and individual operations at equal intervals of time;
b) subordination of all operations of the technological cycle to a single calculated rhythm;
c) elimination or reduction of any kind of interruptions in
technological process;
d) simultaneous execution of individual operations on all
stages of the warehouse process;
35. On the basis of their relationship to the logistics system, information flows are divided into ...
a) paper, electronic, mixed; b) input, output, internal, external;
c) primary, derivative; d) homogeneous, heterogeneous.
36. According to the method of formation, information flows are divided into ...
c) primary, derivative; d) homogeneous, heterogeneous.
37. According to the structure, information flows are divided into ...
a) paper, electronic, mixed; b) input, output, internal, external;
c) primary, derivative; d) homogeneous, heterogeneous.
38. The abbreviation EDIFACT is a conditional abbreviation of the expanded name ...
a) a bar code applied to the group and transport packaging;
b) an automatic identification association operating on the territory of the Russian Federation;
c) a promising concept covering all tasks of enterprise automation based on knowledge management systems and neural networks;
d) standard for electronic data interchange in administration, trade and transport.
39. Operations can be carried out in distribution channels on someone else's behalf and at someone else's expense ...
a) dealers b) agents; c) distributors; d) commissioners.
40. The sequence of stages in the development of a logistics strategy ...
a) setting priorities - 3 B) analysis of opportunities - 2
C) development of a strategic plan for the development of the logistics system - 4 D) assessment - 1
41. Logistics costs do not include ...
c) the cost of the formation and storage of stocks;
G ) the cost of maintaining the administrative and managerial apparatus.
42. Variable transportation costs include:
a) overhead costs;
b) the cost of maintenance and current repairs of rolling stock;
c) the cost of maintaining the production and technical base and transport infrastructure;
d) labor costs of administrative and managerial personnel.
43. Fixed transportation costs include ...
a) vehicle insurance costs;
b) the cost of maintaining the production and technical base and transport infrastructure;
c) the cost of maintenance and current repairs of rolling stock, including spare parts and materials;
d) the cost of fuel, lubricants, electricity for propulsion operations.
44. Logistics is usually understood as:
a) management of material and related information and financial flows in order to reduce the total cost of promoting goods from the manufacturer to the final consumer;
b) logically justified actions of the highest levels of management in the management of the enterprise and the organization of information exchange and the circulation of financial resources related to this;
c) logistically ordered functions that make up the algorithm for managing material flows, as well as related information and financial flows, in order to maximize customer satisfaction.
45. The material flow is:
a) vehicles, trains, sea and river vessels, aircraft, pipelines;
b) material resources (raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, components, fuel, spare parts, etc.), work in progress and finished products;
c) roads, railways, ports and marinas for water transport, airports, a network of pipelines with pumping stations.
46. A key role in the management of material flows is played by:
A ) transport and forwarding enterprises of general use;
b) wholesale trade enterprises; c) shops and other retail outlets;
d) commercial and intermediary organizations providing services for the organization of wholesale turnover;
e) enterprises - manufacturers.
47. A logistics operation is:
a) the actions of the logistics operator to manage the material flow, which is not subject to further fragmentation;
b) actions not subject to further fragmentation related to the management of material, information or financial flows;
c) logistically ordered operations that make up a holistic algorithm of the management information model.
48. Logistic function is:
a) a set of logistics operations related to the solution of the problem of managing material, information and financial flows;
49. The basic logistics functions include:
a) supply; b) storage; c) production; d) sales; e) cargo handling;
f) information support.
50. Supporting logistics functions include:
a) warehousing, cargo handling, packaging, after-sales service, information support;
b) supply, storage, distribution, transportation.
51. Logistics systems have properties such as:
a) adaptability, feedback, organization;
b) purposefulness, mutual exchange with the external environment;
c) closeness from the influence of external factors, stability of functional parameters.
52. Macrological systems are formed at the level of:
a) enterprises, organizations, firms.
b) the state, interstate, inter-district, inter-republican relations;
53. The purpose of logistics is to:
a) minimizing the cost of passing the product in each link of the logistics chain;
b) optimization of costs in the links of the logistics chain in order to reduce overall costs;
c) an increase in the amount of goods passing through the supply chain.
54. Logistics is:
a) a means of improving the image of the company;
b) a strategic factor in achieving competitive advantages;
c) an effective way to harmonize various areas of marketing policy.
55. Order management (order processing) is an activity during the period:
a) between the moment of receipt of the order and until the moment of shipment of the finished product to the consumer;
b) between the moment of receipt of the order and until the moment the warehouse is instructed to ship the finished product to the consumer;
c) between the moment of receiving the order and until the end of the life cycle of the finished product transferred to the consumer.
56. Procurement includes:
a) selection of suppliers; negotiating the terms of delivery; conclusion of an agreement; acceptance of goods from the supplier; transport and storage works;
57. The main tasks of transport logistics support include:
a) management of material and related information and financial flows in order to reduce the total cost of promoting goods from the manufacturer to the final consumer;
b) the choice of transport - technological scheme of delivery;
c) coordination of the transport process with the work of the warehouse;
d) the choice of a carrier, including the determination of the mode of transport, the operator of transportation and the type of vehicle;
e) conclusion of a contract for the purchase of the necessary material resources;
f) routing of transportation and control of the movement of cargo in transit.
58. Purchasing logistics tasks include:
a) procurement market research and supplier selection; b) preparation of the procurement budget;
c) organization of shipment of goods; d) organization of post-sales service;
e) coordination and systemic interconnection of purchases with production, marketing and warehousing.
59. The tasks of distribution logistics include:
a) conclusion of a contract for the purchase of the necessary material resources; b) supply control;
c) determination of the optimal number of distribution centers in the service area;
d) organization of post-sales service; e) choice of type of packaging.
60. An intermediary working on behalf of someone else and at his own expense is:
a) a dealer b) a broker; c) distributor; d) commissioner.
61. The role of transport in the logistics supply chain is determined by the fact that:
a) the costs of transportation of raw materials, materials, finished products are predominant in the structure of logistics costs;
b) a significant number of companies - manufacturers of goods are the owners of vehicles and are interested in their efficient use;
c) transport has a significant impact on the costs in the field of core activities of companies - customers of transport services.
62. First of all, the principles of logistics apply:
a) when delivering consumer goods to end consumers;
b) when transporting bulk cargo on technological routes;
c) when delivering valuable high-tech goods.
63. By purpose, the following main groups of transport are distinguished:
a) transport belonging to the owners of the goods and providing for their transportation needs;
c) public transport providing transport services to cargo owners on a commercial basis.
64. Marketing:
a) researches the markets and the conjuncture of specific goods and services;
b) optimizes market behavior for the sale of goods and services;
c) investigates the material flows circulating in the markets;
65. For the carriage of goods by several modes of transport, the following terms are used:
a) multimodal transportation; b) intermodal transportation;
c) mixed transportation; d) unimodal transportation;
66. Intermodal transport means:
a) delivery of cargo by several modes of transport;
c) delivery of cargo by several modes of transport with the participation of a transportation operator, under a single transportation document, in a single transport unit;
67. The production cost includes the following nomenclature items:
a) fuel and energy for technological purposes; b) salary;
c) overhead costs of the enterprise; d) business expenses.
68. Marginal income is:
a) the sum between profit and fixed costs per unit of output;
69. The advantage of unimodal transport is:
a) cheaper delivery; b) absence of reloading operations;
c) simplicity in organization;
70. The order cycle includes the following stages:
a) conducting marketing research; analysis of market segments; choice of pricing strategy; product promotion;
b ) order planning; order transfer; Order Processing; selection and completion of the order; order delivery;
c) choice of forwarder; determination of rational delivery routes; coordination of the time of arrival of goods at the warehouse; drawing up a report on the completed order.
71. Information logistics should implement the following functions:
a) transportation of goods over long distances; b) information analysis and transformation;
c) procurement market research and supplier selection; d) transfer of information;
e) information flow management.
72. Freight is:
a) the price for transportation, established by agreement between the cargo owner and the carrier for each specific transportation;
b) base of payments for transport services.
73. The supply chain should be built on the basis of a modern concept of marketing:
a) sales-supply-production; b) supply-production-sales;
c) production-sales-supply;
74. An intermediary working on his own behalf and at his own expense is:
a) a dealer b) a broker; c) distributor; d) commissioner.
75. At the enterprise level, distribution logistics solves the following tasks:
A - choice of type of packaging; b) determination of the optimal number of distribution centers;
c) organization of shipment of goods; d) choice of material flow distribution scheme.
76. Distribution channels perform a number of functions:
a) carry out research work to collect information necessary for planning the distribution of products and services;
b) determine the optimal number of distribution centers in the service area;
c) adapt the goods to the requirements of the buyer;
d) assume the risks associated with the operation of the channel.
77. The push production management system is:
a) a production organization system in which the objects of labor entering the production site are not ordered directly by this site from the previous technological link;
b) a production organization system in which parts and semi-finished products are fed to the next technological operation from the previous one as needed.
78. The advantages of the pull control system are:
a) avoidance of excess inventory, information about the possibility of quickly acquiring materials, or the availability of spare capacity to quickly respond to changes in demand;
b) strict control of the central management system over the exchange of material flows between different parts of the enterprise;
d) reduction of the processing batch.
79. Marginal income is:
A) the difference between price and variable costs per unit of output;
b) the difference between the price of the product and the amount of fixed costs;
c) the difference between fixed and variable costs per unit of output.
80. Current stocks are:
a) stocks of finished products from manufacturers, stocks of wholesalers and retailers, as well as stocks in transit;
b) the main part of inventories. Such stocks ensure the continuity of production and trade processes between successive deliveries;
c) it is the level of stock that is economically viable in the system.
81. Are the object of study of logistics?
material flows
- material flows and related information flows
Costs for organizing the movement of material flows
82. Does the dimension of the material flow take into account?
Unit of measurement (pieces, tons, etc.)
Unit of measurement of costs for the movement of material flow (rubles per ton, rubles per kg, etc.)
- unit of measurement and time period (pieces per day, tons per year, etc.)
83. An enlarged group of logistics operations aimed at realizing the goals of the logistics system - is this?
- logistic function- logistics system - central logistics operation
84. Procurement, planning and production management, marketing can be elements?
- micrologistics system- any logistics system - macro-logistics system
85. The fundamental difference between the logistic approach to management and the traditional one is?
Consideration as an object of management of a separate division, enterprise
- consideration as a control object of a through material flow
Consideration as a control object of the interaction of the enterprise with the external environment in the organization of the material flow
86. Do external material flows in logistics include?
- flowing in the environment external to the system
Flowing in an environment external to the system, directly related to the system
Material flows transmitted to the environment external to the system
87. Does a system in which at least one intermediary stand in the way of a material flow belong to a system?
With direct connections layered- with flexible connections
88. Special computer programs that help specialists make decisions related to the management of material flows?
- expert systems- layouts - material models
89. Does it solve the problems of managing material flows in the process of providing an enterprise with material resources?
- purchasing logistics- production logistics - distribution logistics
90. Does the "make or buy" problem involve an answer?
Purchase of goods from the manufacturer or intermediary
- determination of the profitability of independently producing or purchasing from a manufacturer or intermediary
Sell the product yourself or through an intermediary
91. When choosing a supplier of objects of labor that are insignificant from the point of view of production and trade processes, is it decisive?
- price (purchase and delivery costs)
Supplier Reliability
Order lead times
92. Which of the following operations are related to procurement logistics?
- determination of needs for logistical supplies
93. Supply chain "Just in time" in procurement logistics - is it a system?
Production and delivery of components or goods to the place of production consumption or by the time of sale in a trading enterprise in the required quantity and at the right time
Production of goods in the required quantity and at the right time
- supply of components or goods in the required quantity and at the right time
94. A system in which parts and semi-finished products are supplied to the subsequent technological operation as needed, the production program of the next link is determined by the size of the order of the next link, is it?
European material flow management system
- hauling material flow control system
pusher material flow control system
95. Which of the following operations are related to production logistics?
- optimization of material flows within the enterprise
Ensuring the relationship of the logistics system with the total material flow
96. Which of the following operations are related to distribution logistics?
Determination of needs for logistics items
- organization of delivery and control over the transportation of goods
Ensuring the coordination of actions of direct participants in the transport process
97. A linearly ordered set of participants in the logistics process that carry out logistics operations to bring the external material flow from one logistics system to another represents?
logistics chain - logistics channel- logistics service
98. Selection of a specific distributor, carrier, insurer, freight forwarder, banker, etc. carried out when choosing?
- logistics channel- supply chain - no correct option
99. The fundamental difference between distribution logistics and the traditional sales system is?
Subordination of the process of managing material and information flows to the goals and objectives of marketing
- system interconnection of the distribution process with the processes of production and procurement
Both options
100. Distribution logistics does not solve problems?
About the channel for the movement of products - about the packaging of products - about the route of movement of goods
About the service level - all answers are correct (does not solve any of the problems listed)
- no correct answer (solves all of the listed problems)
101. The movement of goods from the supplier to the consumer bypassing intermediaries is called the channel distribution?
First level - zero level- second level
102. Which of the following operations relate to transport logistics?
Optimization of material flows within the enterprise
Organization of delivery and control over the transportation of goods
- ensuring the coordination of actions of direct participants in the transport process
103. What are the signs of intermodal transportation?
Using multiple modes of transport
- the use of several modes of transport and the presence of a single transportation operator
Using only air or sea modes of transport
104. Determine the correct sequence of vehicles on the basis of an increase in the cost of transportation?
- pipeline, water, rail, road, air transport
Water, rail, road, air transport
Rail, water, road, air transport
105. Is the narrow range of goods possible for transportation a disadvantage?
Water transport - road transport - pipeline transport
106. Is dependence on weather conditions a disadvantage?
- water and air transport- road and rail transport
Pipeline transport
107. What are the tariffs called, which are set with a deviation from the general tariffs in the form special surcharges or discounts?
- exceptional- preferential - local
108. What is the purpose of information logistics?
Providing the decision maker with market information in a timely manner
Having the right information (for material flow management) in the right place, at the right time, the right content (for the decision maker), at minimal cost
Creating an infobase for later use and making it available to any user
109. Ways along which the information and material flow move?
- - may not match- - always coincide - always in the opposite direction
110. A contract of carriage by sea is called a "charter" if:
- - the vessel makes an associated voyage on a charter basis
- - the ship is on a non-scheduled charter voyage
111. What is physical distribution?
1. Delivery of products from the seller to the consumer.
2. Distribution of various types of products.
3. Provision of services for the safety of products.
112. Which definition for a system with a fixed order size in the answer is correct ?
1. Replenishment of stocks is a constant value, and the next delivery of goods is carried out at
reduction of stocks to a critical level (order point).
2. Replenishment of the stock is carried out by certain fixed batches.
3. Both answers are correct.
113. On what basis are the warehouses of firms classified? ?
Logic originated from the Greek word logistike - the art of calculating, reasoning. The history of the origin and development of logistic goes into the distant past. The first positions of logisticians appeared in Dr. Athens. During the period of the Roman Empire, there were servants of logisticians or logistics, who were engaged in the distribution of products, the formation of stocks, the exchange of m / y provinces. In Byzantium in the 1st millennium AD. the tasks of the log-ki were to arm the army, supply it with military property.
The first scientific works on log-ki appeared in France at the beginning of the 19th century, the author A. Jomini was a military specialist.
The logistic received during the period of World War II was especially rapidly developed, which was used to solve strategic tasks and to clearly interact with the turnaround industry, supply bases and transport in order to provide the army with weapons in a timely manner -eat and food. In the 60s, the logistician gradually moved from the military region to the civil one, and then to the production. At the end of the 20th century, logistics science included purchasing, transport, production, information, and marketing logic. T / o log-ka seeks to max-but satisfy the requests of consumption-la with min-mi z-tami for production.
Logic is the science of planning, control and management of transporting, storing, and other mother and non-material operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to production ion, intra-factory processing of raw materials and materials and p / f, bringing the GP to the consumer in accordance with the interests and requirements of the latter, as well as the transfer of storage and processing of the corresponding inf-tion and the corresponding fin. streams. Log-ka is the science of managing commodity movement.
2. Concepts and basic concepts of logistics
K is a system of views, this or that understanding of phenomena, processes.
The system of views on the improvement of economic activity by rationalizing the management of material flows characterizes the concept of logistics. The main components of this concept are:
Implementation of the principle of a systematic approach in solving logistics problems (controlled on the basis of information obtained from the external environment)
Decision-making based on economic compromises (interests of various business units)
Cost accounting throughout the entire supply chain (cost management for bringing the material flow from primary to final consumption.
Orientation to logistics as a factor in increasing the competitiveness of enterprises. (In terms of their influence on income from the sale of goods.)
material flow(MP) - a set of resources of the same name, which are in the process of applying various logistics operations to them (warehousing - an elementary MP).
The set of elementary MPs that are formed at the enterprise make up a common mat. the flow that ensures the functioning of the enterprise. The MP has dimensions (volume, time, quantity, mass), the form of existence of the MP can be the turnover of the warehouse or the cargo flow (the number of goods transported by individual modes of transport from the point of departure to the point of destination for a certain period of time).
Information flow(IP) does not always correspond to given. MP, i.e. IP and MP can be synchronous and asynchronous.
Logistic operation - a separate set of actions aimed at transforming IP or IP. A logistics operation can be material (transportation, warehousing, loading) and intangible (collection of data on MP, storage and transmission of data).
Logistics channel- a partially ordered set, consisting of a supplier, consumer, carriers, intermediaries, insurers, etc.
A consumer or supplier in a market economy has the opportunity to choose according to various criteria using various methods for calculating ratings.
Production cycle- part of the logistics cycle (from launching an operation to complete production).
Logistic cycle- includes the scope of circulation. Logistics costs - the costs of performing logistics operations (warehousing, saving ...). According to eq. the content of logistics costs are:
Logistics system- an adaptive feedback system that performs certain logistical functions or operations, consisting of subsystems, which has developed links with the external environment.
Seven rules of logistics:
1. the product must be necessary for the consumer
2. the product must be of appropriate quality
3. the product must be in the required quantity
4. the product must be delivered at the right time
5. the product must be delivered to the right place
6.Product must be delivered at minimum cost
7. The product must be specific to the consumer
3.Logistics function and operation
The logistics function is an enlarged group of logistics operations aimed at realizing the goals of the logistics system.
Each of the logistics functions provides a homogeneous (in terms of purpose) set of actions.
The main logistics functions include planning the material support of production orders, inventory management, product distribution management. Logistic functions can also include forecasting, control, regulation.
A logistics operation is a separate set of actions aimed at transforming the material and information flow. These include warehousing, transportation, packaging, etc. It distinguishes between external and internal logistics operations. External logistics operations include all activities in the field of supply and marketing of finished products, and internal - operations to manage the material flow in production. In addition, the options may be one-sided or two-sided, associated with the transfer of ownership of the goods from one legal entity to another.
4 Mater. flow
Material flows are formed as a result of transportation, storage and other material operations with raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products - from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer.
Mat. a flow is a set of inventory items related to a time interval, considered in the process of applying various logistic operations to them.
The totality of resources of the same name, located all the way from a specific source of production to the moment of consumption, forms an elementary material flow. The set of elementary flows that are formed at the enterprise constitutes the general material flow that ensures the normal functioning of the enterprise.
Allocate external and internal, incoming and outgoing mater. flows.
External mat. a flow is a flow that flows in an environment external to this logistics system.
The internal m.p. is a p. cat. flows in the internal environment ao rel. this logistics system.
Incoming is an external flow entering this logistics system.
The outgoing material item is the flow from the given logistics system that goes out into the external environment
Math management. p. provides for the determination of the parameters of the trajectory of the movement of materials, which include:
Naim. mat. resources, - number of mat. resources, - starting point (supplier selection), - time (order lead time)
The concept of distribution logistics.
The task is to bring the goods to the consumer with minimal costs and in the shortest possible time.
Place of distribution logistics and its
functions in the logistics system
Distribution logistics is associated with the movement of goods in the field of distribution:
Planning and controlling the physical movement of materials and finished products from their places of origin to their places of use.
There are two approaches to defining distribution logistics functions. The first one covers a complex of operations for the shipment of finished products from the supplier's warehouse. The second one is wider. In this case, it is considered that distribution logistics implements the entire process of circulation of material products, starting from the moment when it enters the consumer's warehouse. It should be borne in mind that distribution tasks are solved at the level of micro- and macrologistics.
Planning the implementation process;
The choice of product packaging, its packaging and conservation;
Organization of shipment of products;
Control over transportation to the place of consumption and delivery of products to the consumer;
Organization of after-sales service.
At the macro level, the tasks of distribution logistics include:
Choice of scheme of distribution of material flows;
Formation of how to distribute;
Location of distribution centers.
5. Logistician. systems and their types.
A logistics system is an adaptive feedback system that performs certain logistics functions or operations, consists of subsystems, and has developed links with the external environment.
Logistics information systems are related information networks that start with daily customer requirements (which are purely stochastic) and extend through distribution and production to suppliers. These systems are usually divided into three groups.
Information systems for making long-term decisions about structures and strategies (so-called planning systems). They serve mainly to create and optimize links in the supply chain. Scheduled systems are characterized by batch processing of tasks.
Information systems for decision-making in the medium and short term (the so-called dispositive or dispatching systems). They are aimed at ensuring the smooth operation of logistics systems. We are talking, for example, about the disposal (disposition) of intra-factory transport, stocks of finished products, the provision of materials and contract deliveries, the launch of orders for production. Some tasks can be processed in batch mode, others require interactive processing (on-line) due to the need to use as up-to-date data as possible. The dipositive system prepares all the initial data for decision making and records the current state of the system in the database.
Information systems for the execution of daily activities (the so-called executive systems). They are used mainly at the administrative and operational levels of government, but sometimes also contain some elements of a short-term disposition. Especially important for these systems is the speed of processing and fixing the physical state without delay (ie, the relevance of all data), so in most cases they work in on-line mode. We are talking, for example, about warehouse management and inventory control, preparation of dispatch, operational management of production, management of automated equipment. Process and equipment management requires the integration of commercial information systems and automation control systems.
Building information systems requires systems thinking. The structure of the enterprise logistics system, material flow, providing logistics, information systems are interconnected and interdependent. In order for logistics information systems to provide the required efficiency of logistics processes, they must be integrated vertically and horizontally.
6.Production logistics
Comparison of push and pull systems Characteristics of the traditional (push) approach: production of parts in accordance with the schedule (parts arrive as they are ready from the previous operation to the next) The pull system is that the subsequent department orders and withdraws parts, assembly units, etc. . from the previous section to the next. The hauling system is conceived to reduce inventory.
Under the pushing, with my understanding, s-ma org-and production in which part and p / f are served from the previous technological operation to the next one in accordance with a pre-formed rigid schedule, and also, this is such the marketing strategy of which is aimed at advancing (in relation to demand) the formation of stocks of goods in wholesale and retail trade organizations.
Within the framework of pushing s-m, micro-logistic concepts were developed: MRP, MRP-2, ERP, DRP, DRP-2.
Pulling s-ma- this is a production organization in which part and p / f are submitted to the subsequent technological operation from the previous one as needed or this marketing strategy is aimed at leading in relation to the formation of commodity stocks, stimulation of demand for prod-th in the retail trade link. Within the framework of this approach, micrologistic concepts have been developed: JIT, KANBAN, LP.
JIT is a s / s production organization based on the synchronization of the work of various enterprise workshops connected by a technological chain to synchronize the supply schedule and the production schedule. KANBAN-essence is that all production subdivisions of the plant, including final assembly lines, are supplied with mother resources, only in the quantity and by that time that are necessary to fulfill the order of the consumer subdivision.
Advantages of the pull system
Rejection of excess inventory, information about the possibility of quickly acquiring materials, or the availability of spare capacity to quickly respond to changes in demand.
Replacing the policy of selling manufactured goods with a policy of producing salable goods.
The task of full capacity utilization is replaced by minimizing the time for products to pass through the technological process.
Reducing the optimal resource batch, reducing the processing batch.
Fulfillment of orders with high quality
Reduction of all types of downtime and irrational in-plant transportation.
7. The concept of purchasing logistics.
Procurement logistics is the process of providing enterprises with material resources, placing resources in the warehouses of the enterprise, storing them and issuing them to production.
The purpose of procurement logistics is to meet the production needs for materials with the highest possible cost efficiency.
This goal is achieved by solving a number of tasks that can be grouped as follows:
1. Maintaining reasonable terms for the purchase of raw materials, materials and components.
2. Ensuring the exact correspondence of the quantity of supplies to the needs for them.
3. Compliance with production requirements for the quality of raw materials, materials and components.
Without purchasing logistics, the normal operation of the enterprise is impossible. It is a link between different producers and coordinators of their work.
Procurement logistics performs the following functions:
Formation of a strategy for the acquisition of material resources, and forecasting the need for them;
Receiving and evaluating proposals from potential suppliers;
Selection of suppliers;
Determining the needs for material resources and calculating the quantity of ordered materials and products;
Coordination of the price of ordered resources and conclusion of supply contracts;
Control over the delivery of materials;
"incoming quality control of material resources and their placement in a warehouse;
Bringing material resources to production units;
Maintenance of stocks of material resources in warehouses at the normative level.
The described functions are implemented by the logistics service (purchasing department) in close relationship with other departments of the enterprise: marketing department, production, production preparation service, accounting, financial and legal departments.
Logistic channels and chains
A distribution channel is a set of orgs or departments that take over or help transfer other orgs and individuals ownership of a particular product or service on the way from production to consumption -Yu. The use of distribution channels brings certain benefits to production: -savings in financial resources for distribution of products; - the possibility of investing in savings in the main production; -sale of prod-ii more ef-mi sp-mi; - high efficiency to ensure the wide availability of the product and bringing it to the target districts; -reduction of V works on the distribution of products.
The decision on the choice of distribution channels must be made by the management of the organization. The selected channels directly affect the speed, time, efficiency of movement and the safety of the product when it is delivered from the manufacturer to the final consumer.
Distribution channels of goods can be defined by the number of their constituent levels. The channel level is an intermediary who does the work of bringing the product and property rights closer to the final consumer. The length of the channel is determined by the number of intermediate levels m / y production and consumption.
Horizontal channels consist of an independent producer and one or more independent intermediaries. Each member of the channel is a separate enterprise, striving to ensure maximum profit for itself. max possible profit of the department-th member of the channel can go to the detriment of max profit-making with me as a whole, because none of the members of the channel has sufficient control over the activities of the other members.
Vertical distribution channels - channels consisting of a manufacturer and 1 or several intermediaries acting as one single unit One of the members of the channel or owned by the other participating companies, or grant them certain privileges. Such a member is a m / b manufacturer, wholesale or retail intermediary. Vertical channels arose as a means of controlling the behavior of the channel. They are economical and
exclude duplication of functions
A supply chain is a linearly ordered set of individuals or legal entities (intermediaries, manufacturers, public warehouses, etc.).
This set carries out logistical operations to bring the external material flow from one enterprise to another and the production, consumption of material resources.
According to the place of formation, logistics channels are divided into external and internal:
External - add up between different enterprises and are formed outside the gates of the enterprise.
Internal - between sections of the enterprise itself, as a rule, cyclical and periodically renewed.
External chains can be of several types: cyclic (in the presence of long-term contracts between enterprises), short-term and long-term.
Classes of complexity of supply chains
1. A simple supply chain It develops either within one enterprise, or between 2 enterprises located in the same city, or there is a contract for direct deliveries. Transportation is carried out either by the seller or by the buyer.
2. Medium complexity(carrying intermediary)
3. Complicated
Pricing in logistics
The pricing methodology in the logistics system of the enterprise includes: 1) the concept of pricing (to ensure the competitiveness of the product, the required profitability for both the manufacturer and the consumer); 2) classification of prices with the allocation of their individual types, primarily market prices, and in-house planned and estimated prices, taking into account the added production costs of a given unit and the same profitability of products for all units; 3) the structure of prices with the allocation of their elements (cost, profit, allowances, taxes, margins) and taking into account their ratios; 4) price functions (accounting and measuring, accounting and control, distribution, etc.). Among them is the function of balancing supply and demand, which provides a direct market link between the manufacturer and the consumer of the product. The most important is also the stimulating function of prices, which makes it possible to restrain the consumption of individual products depending on the level of quality and the cost of production; 5) pricing principles - provide the required level of profitability and increase the stimulating role of prices; b) pricing methods (cost - costing method, the method of average production costs, the method of discounts and premiums for quality, etc.); 7) pricing management - comes down to choosing a goal (for example, conquering the market), analyzing production costs and competitors' prices, choosing the type of prices in
Logistic s-ma MRP1, MRP2 Kanban.
A logistics system is a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other and form a certain integrity designed to manage flows. As links log. systems can be enterprises - suppliers of material resources, manufacturing enterprises and their divisions, marketing, transport enterprises, banks, exchanges, etc.
There are several methods of supply, a reference point for a specific need, pr-va. One of them is s / s planning of mat-x needs MRP1, MRP2. MCI is a s / s org-ii production and mat-no-technological support, belonging to the class of pushing s / s. The goals of MRP-s / s: - meeting the needs in materials, components for planning production and delivery to consumers,
Planning pr-x operations, delivery schedules, purchasing operations.
The presence of shortcomings in MRP s-max led to the creation of MRP2 s-m, with greater planning flexibility, better organization of supplies and response to changes in demand.
An important place in MRP2 is demand forecasting, order placement and inventory management.
C / s MRP II - aims to integrate all the main processes, realizable enterprises, such as supply, stocks, production, sales and plans, control over the implementation of the plan, s-you , Finns, etc. The task of MRP II is the optimal formation of the flow of materials (raw materials), p / f and GP
The MCI concept includes 3 stages: 1) program planning of sales plans, taking into account production plans, etc. 2) distribution of maths, taking into account the remnants. 3) purchase management.
S-ma MRP1, MRP2, was developed in the 60s. Its development coincided with the advent of computers, 3rd generation technology and the ability to quickly adjust production and supply plans in real time
KANBAN - translated as a sign card. For the first time, s-ma was developed by Toyota Motors, in the early 60s.
The essence of s-we is that all production subdivisions of the plant, including final assembly lines, are supplied with mother resources only in the amount and by such a date that we need to complete order subdivision consumer-la.
2 types of plastic cards serve as a means of transmitting information in this s-me: 1) a selection card, in which the number of parts indicated is indicated, which was taken in the previous processing or assembly section . 2) Card of the production order, in which the number of parts indicated, which was made or assembled in the previous section.
Information logistics
The concept and tasks of information logistics. Achieving logistics goals requires constant monitoring and influencing logistics processes through management. Management in this case is aimed at coordinating the activities of all subdivisions involved in the production and sale of products. The tool of such association is information support.
Information flows are those connecting "threads" that connect all elements of the logistics system. Information arises during the performance of various logistics operations and accompanies the material flow at all stages of its progress. Information is used in the development and adoption of management decisions in the logistics system.
Information logistics organizes the flow of data accompanying the material flow and is the essential link for the enterprise that connects supply, production and sales.
The task of information logistics is to ensure a high degree of information filling of the management system, a. also providing each level of the logistics system management hierarchy with the information it needs
of good quality and within the required time frame.
The main functions of the information process in logistics.
Information logistics organizes information flows
and implements information processes occurring in the logistics system.
The information flow is information that is in an orderly movement in given directions with fixed initial, intermediate and final points.
An information process is a process in which information is considered as the main object with a certain sequence of changes. In this case, there is a collection, analysis, transformation, storage, search and dissemination of information.
During the information process in the logistics system, the following functions are implemented:
Collection of information in the places of its occurrence;
Analysis of information and its transformation;
Accumulation of information and its storage;
Transportation of information;
Information flow filtering, i.e. selection of the necessary
for one or another level of data and document management;
Inventory Logistics
The stock is an indispensable element of any economic system, smoothing out the uneven production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods. Having a margin can be seen as both a positive and a negative point in the economics of an organization - it's all about the extent to which the margin is justified. Excess stock diverts significant financial resources. Stocks are a reserve of material assets of an organization (system). Organizations typically stock hundreds or even thousands of items, ranging from small things like pencils, paper clips, bolts, nuts, to manufacturing equipment, trucks, cars, and so on.
Most of the inventory is associated with the activities of the organization. Thus, an industrial firm has stocks of raw materials, components, parts, finished products, as well as equipment, tools and spare parts for equipment, etc. for an industrial organization, a stock is a set of objects of labor and tools stored in the relevant economic structures as a sphere of production, as well as areas of circulation.
inventories
Inventory management is the process of forecasting, standardizing, planning, organizing, controlling, stimulating and regulating the timing and volume of fulfillment of orders to replenish the stock rate in the procurement-production-distribution logistics system (i.e., in the supply system with materials, semi-finished products, purchased products and in the system of distribution of finished products and services). Material inventory management can be represented as a process of continuous search for solutions to two main tasks: 1) determining the size of the required stock (stock rate); 2) creation of a system for managing the actual size of the stock and its timely replenishment in accordance with the established norm in order to minimize the costs of the movement of material flow in the organization (logistics system). The set of rules by which these decisions are made is called the inventory management strategy. Each such strategy is associated with certain costs for bringing the material flow to the consumer. The strategy that minimizes these costs is called the optimal one. The search for optimal strategies to achieve the most beneficial compromise between conflicting requirements to reduce storage costs and ensure solvent demand is the subject of inventory management theory.
Warehouse logistics.
Under the warehouse we mean buildings, structures, equipped with special technological equipment, automation, mechanization for the implementation of certain functional operations.
The main functions of the warehouse: 1. Creation of the necessary assortment in accordance with the order of the consumer. 2 Concentration of stocks, their storage and storage. 3.Unitization of cargoes (combining small cargoes into a larger batch) 4.Provision of services to the client: packaging of products; filling and unpacking containers; checking the functioning of devices; giving a presentation; transp-but-forwarding services; primary processing.
Types of warehouses, in contrast to their place in the logistics chain: 1. Supply log warehouses; 2. Production log warehouses (tools, WIP, devices); 3. Distribution log warehouses: -distributing warehouses of production; -wholesale warehouses; - warehouses of retail trade. 4. Warehouses of transp-th organizations (air terminals, river, sea).
Types of intermediaries in the logistics channels.
When forming a channel for the distribution of goods, a decision on the construction of the channel is put forward for the 1st place, it is necessary to determine the type of intermediaries used.
Dealers- These are wholesale intermediaries, which conduct operations on their own behalf and at their own expense. The goods are purchased by them under a supply agreement, the dealer becomes their own product after full payment for the supply. The relation between the manufacturer and the dealer ceased after the fulfillment of the conditions under the supply contract. In the logistic chain, dealers occupy the position closest to final needs. There are 2 types of dealers. Exclusive Dealers yavl is the only representative of the production in the region and is endowed with exclusive rights to sell products. Dealers cooperating with the manufacturer on a franchise basis, called authorized.
Distributors are wholesalers and retailers who operate on behalf of the manufacturer and at their own expense. The distributor is not a self-producer. Under the contract, they acquired the right to sell products. The distributor may act on his own behalf. Then, within the framework of the contract for the granting of the right to sell, a supply contract is concluded. In the logistics chain, distributors usually occupy the position of m / y manufacturers and dealers.
commission agents- wholesale and retail intermediaries conducting operations on their own behalf from the expense of the manufacturer. The manufacturer remains its own product until it is transferred and paid by the final consumer. The contract for the supply of products was concluded on behalf of the commission agent, he was an intermediary only for the manufacturer, and not for the final consumer, whose money was transferred to the account of the commission agent. At the same time, the risk of accidental damage and loss of products lies with the manufacturer.
Agents- intermediaries acting as a representative or assistant of another, the main person (principal) in relation to him. Agents are legal entities that conclude transactions on behalf of the principal
Brokers– intermediaries at the conclusion of transactions, bringing counterparties together. Brokers do not own sales like dealers or distributors and do not control sales -
The concept of warehouse-oh cargo units.
Cargo. unit is an element of an end-to-end logistics process, a certain number of goods that are loaded, transported, unloaded and stored as a single mass
Dimensions; - a way to maintain integrity and geometric shape during logistics operations
The ability to maintain the integrity of the cargo was achieved by the bundling operation, i.e. form the world-e on the base module palletTwo kinds of cargo. unit:
Primary gr.ed. – cargo in transport containers (boxes)
Enlarged gr.ed. - a cargo package formed on a pallet from primary cargo units.
The costs associated with loading, unloading and transporting gr. units are inversely proportional to its mass and corresponding to its size. When choosing the size of gr.ed-tsy, a compromise is necessary.
Existing har-mi cargo-oh units yavl.:
Dimensions; - a way to maintain integrity and geometric shape during logistics operations.
Huge importance in the storage system is given to the definition of the optimal type and size of the carrier, on which the warehouse cargo unit is formed. Such commodity carrier m / w: rack, mesh, box, flat pallets and semi-pallets. The choice of a carrier is influenced by: - the type and dimensions of packaging and transport containers; -with-ma of a complete set of the order; - turnover of goods; -applied technological equipment for scadir cargo; - features of hoisting and transport machines and mechanisms for servicing their warehouse.
The ability to maintain the integrity of the cargo was achieved by the bundling operation, i.e. formworld-e on base unit pallet
Logistic service at the enterprise.
At enterprises, 2 forms of org-ii MTO are used, functioning on the principles of log-ki - centralized and decentralized. The main advantages of centralizing the management of MTO services are to reduce costs and create conditions for the development of a single procurement, marketing and transport policy of firms. The central form of MTO management is used in firms that produce homogeneous products and have a small number of enterprises located in the same region. The decentralized form of management is used at enterprises placing in various regions and specializing in the production of certain products. A mixed form of management is used at enterprises that consume different materials and have a large V supply of some of them.
Each of the m / b forms has a grouped or scattered supply and distribution service.
Centralized management with grouped services, with which the central service - MTO is responsible for the movement of mats within the enterprises for the flows of incoming raw materials, p / f and GP, sending consumer -lyam, for providing the production process with all the necessary. With such an organization, the material management service reports to the vice president of the company and m / b combined with the production and design service. Functions: supply and marketing of products, planning and control of its production. The centralized management of the MTO without groups of its services is applied, to which the departmental subdivisions of the service are of the greatest importance for the activities of the company as a whole. As a department of the th link, there can be a department of procurement and org-ii of the transp-th supply. Decentralized management with a group of MTO services provides for a department responsible for the supply of production and sales at each enterprise of the company specializing in the production of certain products.
Role in the logistics development of Russian reforms
In the conditions of the modern market, firms are increasingly consumer-oriented, which is manifested in their desire to meet the possible needs of consumers. For a specific consumer, a high level of quality of a particular product or service means the presence of such a combination of consumer properties that satisfies his needs. One of these important properties is the cost of a product or service, which largely depends on the costs associated with various operations and works. Reducing overall costs can be achieved by applying the concept and principles of logistics in the practice of companies.
Success in business depends not only on the performance of an individual company, but also on its partners - suppliers, dealers, distributors, carriers, freight forwarders, etc. The need to ensure the interconnection of various tasks, functions and processes requires a comprehensive, integrated and integrated approach based on the principles of logistics.
Ensuring large-scale coordination of the activities of both business structures and federal bodies (sectoral ministries, the State Customs Committee, RTI, etc.), as well as science and education, will ensure a reduction in the level of costs on a national scale. This serves the interests of consumers and will be a real step towards increasing the competitiveness of Russian goods and services.
The main difficulties, in my opinion, on the way of development of logistics in Russia:
Irrational development of distribution systems for goods and services (lack of a well-thought-out strategy for the development of distribution systems in industry and trade, lack of organized commodity markets at the level of large and medium-sized wholesalers);
Weak level of development of modern systems of electronic communications, electronic networks, communication and telecommunications systems;
backward transport infrastructure, primarily in the field of roads; insufficient number of cargo terminals, as well as their low technical and technological level;
The absence of modern vehicles that meet international standards on almost all modes of transport; a high degree of physical and moral deterioration of the rolling stock of transport;
Low level of development of the production and technical base of the warehouse; lack of modern technological equipment for product processing; low level of mechanization and automation of warehouse operations;
insufficient development of the industry for the production of modern containers and packaging, etc.
A fairly serious problem is the training of personnel in the field of logistics. It is necessary to introduce logistical thinking as soon as possible into the practice of top and middle-level managers, personnel of various enterprises, etc. Intensive training of personnel in the specialty "Logistics", retraining and advanced training in this area of personnel of middle and top management are necessary.
Service in logistics
Service work, i.e. to meet someone's needs is called a service.
The logistics service is inextricably linked with the distribution process and is a set of services provided in the process of supplying goods to the consumer. The object of the logistics service is the enterprises of the industrial and non-industrial spheres, the population. The logistics service is carried out either by the supplier himself or by a forwarding company specializing in after-sales service.
All work in the field of logistics services can be divided into three main groups:
1.2. DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS In logic, the term "concept" denotes a thought in which objects of a certain class are generalized and distinguished according to certain common and, in the aggregate, specific features for them.
Overview Sheet1 Sheet2 Sheet3 Sheet4 Sheet5 Sheet6 Sheet7 Sheet 1: Sheet1 Name of the shipping company Income, thous. Expenses, thousand UAH The initial cost of the OPF, mln.
sample list of exam questions LOGISTICS Define the term "logistics". Name the goal of logistics and six conditions under which the goal of logistics is considered to be achieved.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURES FOR MANAGEMENT OF LOGISTICS SYSTEMS Contents: INTRODUCTION. BASES OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS. 2.2. COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLASSICAL AND
Referats: "Autobāzes noliktava" Introduction: In this abstract, we will talk about the logistics of the car depot and, in particular, about the operation of the warehouse of this enterprise.
Postavka: Product Quality (KACH); Delivery of products (DOST); Product price (SENA); Product range (ASSOR); Discounts for regular customers
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1. THE CONCEPT AND TYPES OF THE AGREEMENT FOR THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS Under the contract for the carriage of goods, the transport organization (carrier) undertakes to deliver the cargo entrusted to it by the sender to the destination and issue it to the person (recipient) authorized to receive the cargo, and about ...
Logistics Lecture 1 1. The concept of logistics. The history of the emergence and development of logistics in our country and abroad. 2. The essence of logistics and its importance for the organization of entrepreneurial activity.
In foreign and domestic economic literature there is a broad interpretation of the term "logistics", in which the object is not limited to material flows. Today, the concept of logistics incorporates the management of energy, financial, human flows. But the main potential lies in the rationalization of material flow management.
Logistics is the theory and practice of coordinating material and information resources. The activity of logistics has an ultimate goal, which has come to be called the 6 rules of logistics.
1. Cargo is a necessary commodity.
2. Quality - the required quality.
3. Quantity - in the right amount.
4. Time - delivery within a clearly defined time frame.
5. Place - to a certain place.
6. Costs - at the lowest cost.
The goal of logistics activities can be considered achieved if the above 6 rules are observed, i.e. the necessary goods of the required quality and in the required quantity should be delivered at a certain time to a designated place at the lowest cost.
The laws of the market are both simple and harsh: the one who is aware of what the client wants and how to realize these desires is successful. Services and goods do not appear by themselves. They need to be pre-purchased or produced, then delivered to the destination, i.e. fulfill the target order. Due to the fact that order processing is carried out at different times and in different departments, the problem of the head of a logistics company is to organize the coordinated work of all departments in order to serve the customer with high quality.
That is why you should adhere to 6 rules of logistics that allow the logistics organization to implement the tasks and perform the work flawlessly.
3.2 Six rules of logistics
Activities in the field of logistics have an ultimate goal, which is called the "six rules of logistics":
1. Cargo - the right product.
2. Quality - the required quality.
3. Quantity - in the required quantity.
4. Time - must be delivered at the right time.
5. Place - to the right place.
6. Costs - with minimal costs.
The goal of the logistics activity is considered to be achieved if these six conditions are met, i.e. the right product of the right quality in the right quantity delivered at the right time, to the right place with minimal cost.
3.3 Logistics functions
In the process of managing material flows, many different tasks are solved: forecasting demand and production, and, consequently, the volume of transportation, determining the optimal volumes and directions of material flows, organizing warehousing, packaging, transportation, etc. Let's consider who solves these tasks.
Material flows are formed as a result of the activities of various enterprises and organizations that produce and consume certain products, provide or use certain services. At the same time, the following enterprises and organizations play a key role in the management of material flows:
- public transport companies, various forwarding companies;
- wholesalers;
- manufacturing enterprises, whose warehouses of finished products perform a variety of logistics operations.
The forces of these enterprises and organizations form material flows, the process of goods movement is directly carried out and controlled.
Each of the listed participants in the logistics process specializes in the implementation of any group of logistics functions.
However, under the term function In the future, we will understand a set of actions that are homogeneous from the point of view of the purpose of these actions, and differ markedly from another set of actions that also have a specific goal. Logistic function is an enlarged group of logistics operations aimed at achieving the goals of the logistics system. These include the following:
1. Formation of economic relations for the supply of goods or the provision of services, their development, adjustment and rationalization.
2. Determining the volumes and directions of material flows.
3. Forecast estimates of the need for transportation.
4. Determination of the sequence of promotion of goods through the places of storage, determination of the optimal coefficient of warehouse links in the organization of goods movement.
5. Development, placement and organization of storage facilities.
6. Management of stocks in the sphere of circulation.
7. Carrying out transportation, as well as all necessary operations along the route of goods to their destinations.
8. Performing operations immediately preceding and completing the transportation of goods (packaging, labeling, preparation for loading, loading and unloading).
9. Management of warehouse operations (delivery and acceptance of goods in terms of quantity and quality, organization of delivery in small lots, etc.).
All these functions have two characteristic features:
- they are interconnected and aimed at managing the material flow. The whole complex of logistics functions, in aggregate, is subordinated to a single goal;
- the carriers of the listed functions are the subjects participating in the logistics process.
The criterion for the effectiveness of the implementation of logistics functions is the degree of achievement of the ultimate goal of logistics activities, expressed by six rules of logistics.
Golden Rules of Logistics
The study of logistics science should be based on an understanding of the basic rules of the logistics approach, which are commonly referred to as the "golden" rules of logistics.
Activities for the control of material flows, as well as trading, manufacturing and other activities, have been carried out since the early periods of economic development. The novelty of the logistics approach to the management process is in the change of priorities in favor of strengthening the importance of monitoring the process of movement of material resources. More recently, the efficiency gain potential of streamlining economic processes has become clear.
The rules of logistics are a system of views on the rationalization of economic reality by optimizing flow processes. So, the "golden" rules of logistics.
1. The rule of a systematic approach. Optimization of material flows is possible both within the same organization and a separate unit. However, the maximum efficiency can be obtained by optimizing the material flow along the entire length, i.e. from the primary source of raw materials to the consumer.
2. Rejection of the production of universal handling and processing equipment. The use of equipment suitable for specific conditions, which is possible subject to the release of a wide range of means of production.
3. Creation of modern conditions for labor activity, humanization of production technology. The logistical approach should create prerequisites for attracting specialists with high professional potential to the industry, but at the same time, working conditions should improve.
4. Cost accounting throughout the supply chain. Minimization of costs is possible provided that the system of costs will allow to allocate funds for logistics. This is how the necessary criterion for choosing the best variant of the logistics system appears - a minimum of costs throughout the logistics chain.
Logistics is the theoretical and practical management of material flows and the flows of information associated with them.
For clarity, the process of material flow control can be compared with the control of a water jet from a tap: it can be opened at full power or closed, add hot water, make the flow colder, spray using a mixer, use a hose to direct in the desired direction. The result of such actions is a change in the direction, intensity of the flow, its qualitative characteristics (in particular, temperature), a change in structure (when spraying through a shower screen).
In economic systems, a huge variety of material flows circulate. Despite the complexity of managing them, the process is in many ways similar to managing a conventional tap stream:
- The tap is open - the goods go from the supplier to the buyer.
- The crane is open at full capacity - the intensity of supplies has increased.
- The tap is closed - the supply has stopped.
- Changed the addressee - the flow went in a different direction.
- We changed the qualitative composition of the flow - the assortment has changed.
Of course, material flow management is a much more complex process. Expressed as a formula, it would look something like “decision + implementation”. To make informed decisions, you need a certain amount of knowledge. You can get them by signing up for logistics courses in Moscow.
We can also talk about logistics as an interdisciplinary scientific direction, which is in direct connection with the search for new ways to improve the efficiency of material flows.
Having mastered scientific knowledge, you can confidently make decisions in the field of wealth management. As for their implementation, this requires the presence of a specific economic activity, the essence of which will be in the process of managing material flows in the field of production and circulation.
Summing up the above, we can conclude that logistics is the science of the process of planning, controlling and managing transportation, warehousing, some other operations of a material and non-material nature, the completion of which is necessary when bringing raw materials and materials to the enterprise, processing these raw materials, semi-finished products, materials in the process. production, subsequent bringing the products to the addressee (consumer) in full accordance with his requirements and interests. All this applies to the management of the transfer, storage, processing of information related to the described processes.
An accurate reflection of the managerial nature of activities in logistics is its definition as the management of all activities that contribute to the movement and coordination of supply and demand for specific types of goods in a specific place within a given time.
The main goal of logistics is the delivery of products with strict observance of deadlines at the lowest possible cost for storage, production process, packaging, marketing, transportation, which makes it possible to achieve a significant improvement in the conditions for the functioning of the economy as a whole.
The golden rules of logistics are a reflection of its main goal:
CARGO - necessary goods
QUALITY - good quality
QUANTITY - in the required quantity
TIME - must be delivered with the exact observance of the specified time
Rules and indicators of logistics
Logistics as a science has an empirical nature and a relatively short history. Because of this, the specific laws of logistics - the necessary, essential, stable, repetitive relationships between phenomena - are in a state of becoming. The function of goal-setting is largely carried out by the “six rules” of logistics, formulated as follows: “Give:
1) required quantity
2) desired product
3) given quality
4) at the right time
5) by the deadline
6) for the agreed price.
Note that the "six rules" of logistics given here are a necessary and sufficient condition for the economic and mathematical modeling of formalized logistics processes. The appearance in the literature of the "seventh" and subsequent rules from this point of view is redundant, but acceptable under certain conditions (we will touch on this issue in more detail when considering the logistics service).
We draw attention to the applicability of these rules not only to raw materials, materials, purchased semi-finished products (circulating assets), but also to fixed assets and labor resources. These problems are solved within the framework of outsourcing and outstaffing.
Logistics as a science and as a field of professional activity, due to its specific focus, cannot but have clear criteria measurements, which are reflected in certain indicators. Of course, taking into account the variety of technologies in logistics, one can cite an extremely large number of indicators that are somehow related to logistics. The task of optimizing the number and content of logistic indicators is traditional: for the completeness of information, the possible maximization of indicators is required, for the convenience of working with them, their minimization.
As the main logistic indicators most commonly referred to as:
- the frequency of turnover of all stocks, defined as the ratio of turnover to the volume of warehouse stocks;
- the total cost of logistics per unit of turnover;
- the degree of readiness of the supplier (in percent), calculated as the quotient of dividing the volume of satisfied needs in the specified period by the total volume of needs;
- logistics costs (as a percentage of total costs);
- the period of turnover of material resources for individual warehouses (day);
- the cost of a shipped unit of production;
— costs per ton-kilometer of transported goods;
— the degree of risk associated with the maintenance of reserves. We also include indicators of deliveries, rhythm and warehouse operation, which supplement those listed above in terms of assessing individual aspects of the logistics process.
Delivery indicators (producer goods delivery indices) characterize the volume, structure, rhythm of deliveries. Fulfillment of obligations in terms of the physical volume of deliveries is calculated by comparing the volume of products actually delivered against contractual obligations with its volume stipulated in the supply contracts. Fulfillment of obligations on the range of delivered products is determined by comparing the actual volume of delivered products and the range provided for in the contracts.
Rhythm indicators (variability indices) are the ratio of the amount of actually produced products within the planned target for each time interval of the period under study to the total volume of the task for the period as a whole.
Warehouse performance indicators (warehousing indices) are technical and economic indicators used for a comprehensive analysis of various areas of warehouse operation. The system of these indicators can be represented by three enlarged groups:
1) indicators of the intensity of work of warehouses (freight turnover, specific cargo turnover, load unevenness coefficient, total work of the warehouse, intensity of cargo passage);
2) performance indicators for the use of warehouse space (capacity, usable area, utilization rate, load capacity of the warehouse);
3) indicators of the level of cargo safety and financial indicators (the number of cases of non-safety of goods, warehouse expenses, storage costs, income, labor productivity of warehouse workers).
In Germany, the 23 most commonly used logistics indicators were obtained through a survey. The criterion was that they were named by representatives of more than 70% of the surveyed firms. These metrics include:
1) the ratio of the number of orders to the selected period of time;
2) the need for materials related to the period of time;
3) personnel costs related to the period;
4) number of personnel;
5) the number of sick leave;
6) share of stocks in relation to turnover;
7) the cost of orders for the period;
8) average stock availability;
9) difference in inventory indicators to the number of inventories;
10) the number of those absent from work;
11) the value of stock in warehouses, attributed to the associated capital;
12) number of warehouse items;
13) duration of warehouse turnover;
14) average recovery time of the stock;
15) number (frequency) of revolutions;
16) value expression of differences between inventory and the number of inventories;
17) the level of readiness for deliveries;
18) share of stocks in turnover;
19) the share of the cost of materials related to the cost of manufacturing (material consumption);
20) the number of order positions for the period;
21) the average duration of storage in the warehouse;
22) the ratio of the cost of warehousing to the area of the warehouse;
23) share of third-party organizations in turnover. Although the list of indicators used at German enterprises is very extensive, in our opinion, they should be treated critically: some of them (p. 5, 10) are not logistical, in the strict sense of the word, since these are indicators that reflect some aspects of the functioning of enterprises and departments engaged in logistics activities, characterizing the company as an entrepreneurial structure.
The effectiveness of the use of logistics is assessed not so much by its specific indicators and the trend of their change, but by its influence on the change in the economic and financial results of the company's activities: an increase in profits, an increase in labor productivity, etc.
If it is necessary to evaluate the logistics technology itself, the quality of logistics as a system of physical distribution, then it is more expedient to judge this by the following indicators:
— reliability of delivery terms;
- the ability of the system to immediately meet demand.
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1. The product must be needed by the consumer
2. The product must be of appropriate quality
3. The product must be in the required quantity
4. The product must be delivered at the right time
5. The product must be delivered to the right place
6. The product must be delivered at minimum cost
7. The product must be delivered to a specific consumer
This is achieved in two main ways.:
timely receipt of funds by the enterprise in the amount necessary to finance its further activities;
ensuring efficient spending of funds, profitable and consistent with the mission of the enterprise.
financial logistics- This is a section of logistics that studies the optimization of financial flows directed to the acquisition of resources and received by enterprises from buyers of book products and partners in the movement of products in the logistics chain.
Selling goods or services, the company receives revenue that goes to cover costs, pay taxes. The remaining part forms the profit (or loss, if the proceeds were not enough for the specified payments) of the enterprise. The profit of the enterprise is used for various purposes. At certain moments in the life of an enterprise, it becomes necessary to attract borrowed funds to ensure its activities.
Optimization of financial flows consists of managing the stages of the logistics financial cycle:
purchasing,
industrial,
distribution activities.
Exists three main ways to maximize cash flow obtained at the end of the logistic cycle of their movement, i.e. as a result of the sale of produced goods and services:
Increasing the difference between the proceeds from the sale of goods (services) and costs.
Cash flow acceleration.
Eliminate unnecessary costs, loss and damage to goods.
2. The circulation of funds in the enterprise. Logistic financial cycle.
Operating cycle represents a period of full turnover of the entire amount of current assets, during which there is a change of their individual types. It characterizes the time interval between the acquisition of inventories and the receipt of funds from the sale of products made from them.
At the first stage monetary assets (including their equivalents in the form of short-term financial investments) are used to purchase raw materials and materials.
At the second stage incoming stocks of tangible current assets as a result of direct production activities are converted into stocks of finished products.
At the third stage Stocks of finished products are sold to consumers and are converted into current receivables before they are paid.
At the fourth stage collected(i.e. paid) current receivables are again converted into monetary assets (part of which may be held in the form of highly liquid short-term financial investments until they are called for production).
Production cycle enterprise characterizes the period of complete turnover of material elements of current assets used to service the production process, starting from the moment raw materials and semi-finished products arrive at the enterprise and ending with the moment of shipment of finished products made from them to customers.
Financial cycle (cash turnover cycle) The enterprise represents the period of time between the start of payment to suppliers of raw materials and materials received from them (repayment of accounts payable) and the beginning of the receipt of funds from buyers for the products supplied to them (repayment of receivables).
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